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Yamamoto H, Sugano K. Drug Crystal Precipitation in Biorelevant Bicarbonate Buffer: A Well-Controlled Comparative Study with Phosphate Buffer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2854-2864. [PMID: 38718215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether the precipitation profile of a drug in bicarbonate buffer (BCB) may differ from that in phosphate buffer (PPB) by a well-controlled comparative study. The precipitation profiles of structurally diverse poorly soluble drugs in BCB and PPB were evaluated by a pH-shift precipitation test or a solvent-shift precipitation test (seven weak acid drugs (pKa: 4.2 to 7.5), six weak base drugs (pKa: 4.8 to 8.4), one unionizable drug, and one zwitterionic drug). To focus on crystal precipitation processes, each ionizable drug was first completely dissolved in an HCl (pH 3.0) or NaOH (pH 11.0) aqueous solution (450 mL, 50 rpm, 37 °C). A 10-fold concentrated buffer solution (50 mL) was then added to shift the pH value to 6.5 to initiate precipitation (final volume: 500 mL, buffer capacity (β): 4.4 mM/ΔpH (BCB: 10 mM or PPB: 8 mM), ionic strength (I): 0.14 M (adjusted by NaCl)). The pH, β, and I values were set to be relevant to the physiology of the small intestine. For an unionizable drug, a solvent-shift method was used (1/100 dilution). To maintain the pH value of BCB, a floating lid was used to avoid the loss of CO2. The floating lid was applied also to PPB to precisely align the experimental conditions between BCB and PPB. The solid form of the precipitants was identified by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning microscopy. The precipitation of weak acids (pKa ≤ 5.1) and weak bases (pKa ≥ 7.3) was found to be slower in BCB than in PPB. In contrast, the precipitation profiles in BCB and PPB were similar for less ionizable or nonionizable drugs at pH 6.5. The final pH values of the bulk phase were pH 6.5 ± 0.1 after the precipitation tests in all cases. All precipitates were in their respective free forms. The precipitation of ionizable weak acids and bases was slower in BCB than in PPB. The surface pH of precipitating particles may have differed between BCB and PPB due to the slow hydration process of CO2 specific to BCB. Since BCB is a physiological buffer in the small intestine, it should be considered as an option for precipitation studies of ionizable weak acids and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Yamamoto
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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2
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Koziolek M, Augustijns P, Berger C, Cristofoletti R, Dahlgren D, Keemink J, Matsson P, McCartney F, Metzger M, Mezler M, Niessen J, Polli JE, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Dressman J. Challenges in Permeability Assessment for Oral Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37896157 PMCID: PMC10609725 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug permeation across the intestinal epithelium is a prerequisite for successful oral drug delivery. The increased interest in oral administration of peptides, as well as poorly soluble and poorly permeable compounds such as drugs for targeted protein degradation, have made permeability a key parameter in oral drug product development. This review describes the various in vitro, in silico and in vivo methodologies that are applied to determine drug permeability in the human gastrointestinal tract and identifies how they are applied in the different stages of drug development. The various methods used to predict, estimate or measure permeability values, ranging from in silico and in vitro methods all the way to studies in animals and humans, are discussed with regard to their advantages, limitations and applications. A special focus is put on novel techniques such as computational approaches, gut-on-chip models and human tissue-based models, where significant progress has been made in the last few years. In addition, the impact of permeability estimations on PK predictions in PBPK modeling, the degree to which excipients can affect drug permeability in clinical studies and the requirements for colonic drug absorption are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Drug Product Development, Development Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantin Berger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology and SciLifeLab Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Fiona McCartney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany;
| | - Janis Niessen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21021, USA;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hens B, Seegobin N, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Clear N, McAllister M, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. Dissolution Challenges Associated with the Surface pH of Drug Particles: Integration into Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling. AAPS J 2022; 24:17. [PMID: 34982285 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to differentiate between in vitro dissolution profiles of ibuprofen as input for GastroPlus™ and to see the impact on systemic exposure. In vitro dissolution profiles of ibuprofen obtained under low- and high-buffered dissolution media were used as input using the z-factor approach. In a second step, a customized surface pH calculator was applied to predict the surface pH of ibuprofen under these low- and high-buffered dissolution conditions. These surface pH values were adopted in GastroPlus™ and simulations were performed to predict the systemic outcome. Simulated data were compared with systemic data of ibuprofen obtained under fasted state conditions in healthy subjects. The slower dissolution rate observed when working under low-buffered conditions nicely matched with the slower dissolution rate as observed during the clinical aspiration study and was in line with the systemic exposure of the drug. Finally, a population simulation was performed to explore the impact of z-factor towards bioequivalence (BE) criteria (so-called safe space). Concerning future perspectives, the customized calculator should be developed in such a way to make it possible to predict the dissolution rate (being informed by the particle size distribution) which, in its turn, can be used as a surrogate to predict the USP2 dissolution curve. Subsequently, validation can be done by using this profile as input for PBPK platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK.
| | - Nidhi Seegobin
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Merck & Co., Inc, 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Nicola Clear
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA.
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Jamei M, Abrahamsson B, Brown J, Bevernage J, Bolger MB, Heimbach T, Karlsson E, Kotzagiorgis E, Lindahl A, McAllister M, Mullin JM, Pepin X, Tistaert C, Turner DB, Kesisoglou F. Current status and future opportunities for incorporation of dissolution data in PBPK modeling for pharmaceutical development and regulatory applications: OrBiTo consortium commentary. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hofmann M, García MA, Al-Gousous J, Ruiz-Picazo A, Thieringer F, Nguyen MA, Månsson W, Galle PR, Langguth P. In vitro prediction of in vivo absorption of ibuprofen from suspensions through rational choice of dissolution conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:229-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Litou C, Psachoulias D, Vertzoni M, Dressman J, Reppas C. Measuring pH and Buffer Capacity in Fluids Aspirated from the Fasted Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Healthy Adults. Pharm Res 2020; 37:42. [PMID: 31989335 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The design of biorelevant conditions for in vitro evaluation of orally administered drug products is contingent on obtaining accurate values for physiologically relevant parameters such as pH, buffer capacity and bile salt concentrations in upper gastrointestinal fluids. METHODS The impact of sample handling on the measurement of pH and buffer capacity of aspirates from the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated, with a focus on centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycling as factors that can influence results. Since bicarbonate is a key buffer system in the fasted state and is used to represent conditions in the upper intestine in vitro, variations on sample handling were also investigated for bicarbonate-based buffers prepared in the laboratory. RESULTS Centrifugation and freezing significantly increase pH and decrease buffer capacity in samples obtained by aspiration from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the fasted state and in bicarbonate buffers prepared in vitro. Comparison of data suggested that the buffer system in the small intestine does not derive exclusively from bicarbonates. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of both pH and buffer capacity immediately after aspiration are strongly recommended as "best practice" and should be adopted as the standard procedure for measuring pH and buffer capacity in aspirates from the gastrointestinal tract. Only data obtained in this way provide a valid basis for setting the physiological parameters in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max von Laue St. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Psachoulias
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Zografou, Greece.,Drug Products and MDD III, Lavipharm S.A., Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Zografou, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max von Laue St. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Fraunhofer IME, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Zografou, Greece.
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Bermejo M, Hens B, Dickens J, Mudie D, Paixão P, Tsume Y, Shedden K, Amidon GL. A Mechanistic Physiologically-Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Approach to Assess the In Vivo Performance of an Orally Administered Drug Product: From IVIVC to IVIVP. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010074. [PMID: 31963448 PMCID: PMC7023481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of in silico modeling to predict the in vivo outcome of an oral drug product is gaining a lot of interest. Fully relying on these models as a surrogate tool requires continuous optimization and validation. To do so, intraluminal and systemic data are desirable to judge the predicted outcomes. The aim of this study was to predict the systemic concentrations of ibuprofen after oral administration of an 800 mg immediate-release (IR) tablet to healthy subjects in fasted-state conditions. A mechanistic oral absorption model coupled with a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model was built in Phoenix WinNonlinWinNonlin® software and in the GastroPlus™ simulator. It should be noted that all simulations were performed in an ideal framework as we were in possession of a plethora of in vivo data (e.g., motility, pH, luminal and systemic concentrations) in order to evaluate and optimize these models. All this work refers to the fact that important, yet crucial, gastrointestinal (GI) variables should be integrated into biopredictive dissolution testing (low buffer capacity media, considering phosphate versus bicarbonate buffer, hydrodynamics) to account for a valuable input for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) platform programs. While simulations can be performed and mechanistic insights can be gained from such simulations from current software, we need to move from correlations to predictions (IVIVC → IVIVP) and, moreover, we need to further determine the dynamics of the GI variables controlling the dosage form transit, disintegration, dissolution, absorption and metabolism along the human GI tract. Establishing the link between biopredictive in vitro dissolution testing and mechanistic oral absorption modeling (i.e., physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM)) creates an opportunity to potentially request biowaivers in the near future for orally administered drug products, regardless of its classification according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph Dickens
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-764-2464.; Fax: +1-734-764-6282
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9
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Cristofoletti R, Hens B, Patel N, Esteban VV, Schmidt S, Dressman J. Integrating Drug- and Formulation-Related Properties With Gastrointestinal Tract Variability Using a Product-Specific Particle Size Approach: Case Example Ibuprofen. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3842-3847. [PMID: 31539541 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of dissolution integrated to a physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling approach, considering a product-specific particle size distribution and a self-buffering effect of the drug, is introduced and appears to be a promising translational modeling strategy to support drug product development, manufacturing changes and setting clinically relevant specifications for immediate release formulations containing ibuprofen and other weak acids with similar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827.
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikunjkumar Patel
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Valvanera Vozmediano Esteban
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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