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Feng H, Xi F. Miltirone Attenuates Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis in MPP +-Induced Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease Through Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3137-3149. [PMID: 35810264 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miltirone is a phenanthrene-quinone derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Our study aimed to explore the protective effect of miltirone on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease (PD). PharmMapper database was employed to predict the targets of miltirone. PD-related genes were identified using GeneCards database. The overlapping genes between miltirone and PD were screened out using Venn diagram. KEGG analysis was performed using DAVID and KOBAS databases. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity were detected by CCK-8 assay, a ROS assay kit, TUNEL, and caspase-3 activity assay, respectively. Effect of miltirone on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway was explored by western blot analysis. A total of 214 targets of miltirone and 372 targets related to PD were attained, including 29 overlapping targets. KEGG analysis demonstrated that the 29 overlapping targets were both significantly enriched in the PI3K/Akt pathway. MPP+ stimulation reduced the cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells and neuronal primary cultures derived from human brain. Miltirone or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuated MPP+-induced reduction in cell viability, ROS production, SOD activity reduction, apoptosis, and increase of caspase-3 activity. Additionally, miltirone recuperated MPP+-induced inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, reversed the inhibitory effect of miltirone on MPP+-induced ROS generation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and neuronal primary cultures. In conclusion, miltirone attenuated ROS-dependent apoptosis in MPP+-induced cellular model of PD through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 41 Linyin Road, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fuqiang Xi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 41 Linyin Road, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Konrath EL, Arbo MD, Arbo BD, Hort MA, Elisabetsky E, Leal MB. Plants with Anti-Addictive Potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:185-215. [PMID: 33861445 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is prevalent among individuals of modern society, being a major cause of disability and premature loss of life. Although the drug addiction have profound social, economical and health impact in the world population, its management remains a challenge as available pharmacological treatments remains ineffective for most people. The limited efficacy and adverse effects have led to a search for alternative therapies to treat drug addiction. In this context, natural products are an important source for new chemical substances with a potential therapeutic applicability. Therefore, this chapter will present data obtained after an extensive literature search regarding the use of medicinal plants as a pharmacological alternative for drug addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dutra Arbo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirna Bainy Leal
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Singh L, Joshi T, Tewari D, Echeverría J, Mocan A, Sah AN, Parvanov E, Tzvetkov NT, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Poznański P, Huminiecki L, Sacharczuk M, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk JO, Feder-Kubis J, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1593. [PMID: 32116660 PMCID: PMC7034411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Singh
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation & Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, Almora, India
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Emil Parvanov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Division BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department Global R&D, NTZ Lab Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O. Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Çiçek SS. Structure-Dependent Activity of Natural GABA(A) Receptor Modulators. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071512. [PMID: 29932138 PMCID: PMC6100244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five subunits from eight subfamilies, each assembled in four hydrophobic transmembrane domains. This pentameric structure not only allows different receptor binding sites, but also various types of ligands, such as orthosteric agonists and antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, as well as second-order modulators and non-competitive channel blockers. A fact, that is also displayed by the variety of chemical structures found for both, synthetic as well as nature-derived GABA(A)-receptor modulators. This review covers the literature for natural GABA(A)-receptor modulators until the end of 2017 and discusses their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Zhu Z. Miltirone-induced apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through upregulation of p53 signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8841-8846. [PMID: 29928326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredients of natural plants are important sources of antitumor agents. Miltirone is a major effective ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine and it is considered to have anti-infection and immunosuppressive activities. Clinically, it is often used for the treatment of arthritis and immune diseases. The effect of miltirone on cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells has not been investigated to date. The present study aimed to examine the anticancer effect of miltirone in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. Treatment with miltirone suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis in HCC827 and A549 platinum-resistant lung cancer cells. It was also revealed that miltirone increased caspase-3/8 activity as well as B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X-protein, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), p53 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein expression, whereas it inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 protein expression in HCC827 and A549 platinum-resistant lung cancer cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that miltirone induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through ROS-p53, AIF, PARP and MMP2/9 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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Zhu W, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Lu L. Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:279-295. [PMID: 28807162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes recent developments in preclinical and clinical research on Chinese herbal medicines and their neurochemical mechanism of action for the treatment of drug addiction. We searched Chinese and English scientific literature and selected several kinds of Chinese herbal medicines that have beneficial effects on drug addiction. Ginseng (Renshen) may be clinically useful for the prevention of opioid abuse and dependence. Rhizoma Corydalis (Yanhusuo) may be used to prevent relapse to chronic drug dependence. Alkaloids of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gouteng) appear to have positive effects on methamphetamine and ketamine addiction. Both Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) and Radix Pueraiae (Gegen) have beneficial inhibitory effects on alcohol intake. Sinomenine has been shown to have preventive and curative effects on opioid dependence. l-Stepholidine, an alkaloid extract of the Chinese herb Stephania intermedia (Rulan), attenuated the acquisition, maintenance, and reacquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference and antagonized the heroin-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines may be used to complement current treatments for drug addiction, including withdrawal and relapse. As the molecular mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese herbal medicines are elucidated, further advances in their use for the treatment of drug addiction are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China.
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Hoffmann KM, Herbrechter R, Ziemba PM, Lepke P, Beltrán L, Hatt H, Werner M, Gisselmann G. Kampo Medicine: Evaluation of the Pharmacological Activity of 121 Herbal Drugs on GABAA and 5-HT3A Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:219. [PMID: 27524967 PMCID: PMC4965468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kampo medicine is a form of Japanese phytotherapy originating from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). During the last several decades, much attention has been paid to the pharmacological effects of these medical plants and their constituents. However, in many cases, a systematic screening of Kampo remedies to determine pharmacologically relevant targets is still lacking. In this study, a broad screening of Kampo remedies was performed to look for pharmacologically relevant 5-HT3A and GABAA receptor ligands. Several of the Kampo remedies are currently used for symptoms such as nausea, emesis, gastrointestinal motility disorders, anxiety, restlessness, or insomnia. Therefore, the pharmacological effects of 121 herbal drugs from Kampo medicine were analyzed as ethanol tinctures on heterologously expressed 5-HT3A and GABAA receptors, due to the involvement of these receptors in such pathophysiological processes. The tinctures of Lindera aggregata (radix) and Leonurus japonicus (herba) were the most effective inhibitory compounds on the 5-HT3A receptor. Further investigation of known ingredients in these compounds led to the identification of leonurine from Leonurus as a new natural 5-HT3A receptor antagonist. Several potentiating herbs (e.g., Magnolia officinalis (cortex), Syzygium aromaticum (flos), and Panax ginseng (radix)) were also identified for the GABAA receptor, which are all traditionally used for their sedative or anxiolytic effects. A variety of tinctures with antagonistic effects Salvia miltiorrhiza (radix) were also detected. Therefore, this study reveals new insights into the pharmacological action of a broad spectrum of herbal drugs from Kampo, allowing for a better understanding of their physiological effects and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin M Hoffmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Robin Herbrechter
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul M Ziemba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Lepke
- Kronen Apotheke Wuppertal Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Beltrán
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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Wang L, Hu T, Shen J, Zhang L, Li LF, Chan RLY, Li MX, Wu WKK, Cho CH. Miltirone induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS-dependent apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Life Sci 2016; 151:224-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Akaberi M, Iranshahi M, Mehri S. Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology. Phytother Res 2016; 30:878-93. [PMID: 26988179 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salvia, from the Lamiaceae family, has diverse biological properties that are primarily attributable to their diterpene contents. There is no comprehensive review on the molecular signaling pathways of these active components. In this review, we investigated the molecular targets of bioactive Salvia diterpenes responsible for the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular diseases. The effects on different pathways, including apoptosis signaling, oxidative stress phenomena, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and tau phosphorylation, have all been considered to be mechanisms of the anti-Alzheimer properties of Salvia diterpenes. Additionally, effects on the benzodiazepine and kappa opioid receptors and neuroprotective effects are noted as neuropharmacological properties of Salvia diterpenes, including tanshinone IIA, salvinorin A, cryptotanshinone, and miltirone. Tanshinone IIA, as the primary diterpene of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has beneficial activities in heart diseases because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effects on transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, tanshinone IIA has also been proposed to have cardioprotective properties including antiarrhythmic activities and effects on myocardial infarction. With respect to the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia diterpenes, comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to evaluate these valuable molecules as lead compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akaberi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Stankiewicz AM, Goscik J, Dyr W, Juszczak GR, Ryglewicz D, Swiergiel AH, Wieczorek M, Stefanski R. Novel candidate genes for alcoholism--transcriptomic analysis of prefrontal medial cortex, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of Warsaw alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:27-38. [PMID: 26455281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal models provide opportunity to study neurobiological aspects of human alcoholism. Changes in gene expression have been implicated in mediating brain functions, including reward system and addiction. The current study aimed to identify genes that may underlie differential ethanol preference in Warsaw High Preferring (WHP) and Warsaw Low Preferring (WLP) rats. METHODS Microarray analysis comparing gene expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc), hippocampus (HP) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was performed in male WHP and WLP rats bred for differences in ethanol preference. RESULTS Differential and stable between biological repeats expression of 345, 254 and 129 transcripts in NAc, HP and mPFC was detected. Identified genes and processes included known mediators of ethanol response (Mx2, Fam111a, Itpr1, Gabra4, Agtr1a, LTP/LTD, renin-angiotensin signaling pathway), toxicity (Sult1c2a, Ces1, inflammatory response), as well as genes involved in regulation of important addiction-related brain systems such as dopamine, tachykinin or acetylcholine (Gng7, Tac4, Slc5a7). CONCLUSIONS The identified candidate genes may underlie differential ethanol preference in an animal model of alcoholism. COMMENT Names of genes are written in italics, while names of proteins are written in standard font. Names of human genes/proteins are written in all capital letters. Names of rodent genes/proteins are written in capital letter followed by small letters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Software Department, Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wanda Dyr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Danuta Ryglewicz
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA71130, USA.
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Roman Stefanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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Wu CF, Efferth T. Miltirone Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in CCRF-CEM Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1339-1347. [PMID: 26035463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Miltirone (1) is a diterpene quinone extracted from a well-known Chinese traditional herb (Salvia miltiorrhiza). We investigated the cytotoxic effects of miltirone toward sensitive and multidrug-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Miltirone inhibited multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cells better than drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM wild-type cells, a phenomenon termed collateral sensitivity. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that miltirone induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, miltirone stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption, which in turn induced DNA damage and activation of caspases and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Downregulation of CCNB1 (cyclin B1) and CDC2 mRNA and upregulation of CDKN1A (p21) mRNA were in accord with miltirone-induced G2/M arrest. Moreover, miltirone decreased cell adherence to fibronectin. Molecular docking revealed that miltirone bound to the ATP-binding site of IKK-β. In conclusion, miltirone was collateral sensitive in multidrug-resistant P-gp-overexpressing cells, induced G2/M arrest, and triggered apoptosis via ROS-generated breakdown of MMP and DNA damage. Therefore, miltirone may be a promising candidate for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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12
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Hügel HM, Jackson N. Danshen diversity defeating dementia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhou X, Wang Y, Hu T, Or PMY, Wong J, Kwan YW, Wan DCC, Hoi PM, Lai PBS, Yeung JHK. Enzyme kinetic and molecular docking studies for the inhibitions of miltirone on major human cytochrome P450 isozymes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:367-374. [PMID: 23102508 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that major tanshinones isolated from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) inhibited human and rat CYP450 enzymes-mediated metabolism of model probe substrates, with potential in causing herb-drug interactions. Miltirone, another abietane type-diterpene quinone isolated from Danshen, has been reported for its anti-oxidative, anxiolytic and anti-cancer effects. The aim of this study was to study the effect of miltirone on the metabolism of model probe substrates of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6 and 3A4 in pooled human liver microsomes. Miltirone showed moderate inhibition on CYP1A2 (IC(50)=1.73 μM) and CYP2C9 (IC(50)=8.61 μM), and weak inhibition on CYP2D6 (IC(50)=30.20 μM) and CYP3A4 (IC(50)=33.88 μM). Enzyme kinetic studies showed that miltirone competitively inhibited CYP2C9 (K(i)=1.48 μM), and displayed mixed type inhibitions on CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 with K(i) values of 3.17 μM, 24.25 μM and 35.09 μM, respectively. Molecular docking study further confirmed the ligand-binding conformations of miltirone in the active sites of these human CYP450 isoforms, and provided some information on structure-activity relationships for the CYPs inhibition by tanshinones. Taken together, CYPs inhibitions of miltirone were weaker than dihydrotanshinone, but stronger than cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Fang XS, Hao JF, Zhou HY, Zhu LX, Wang JH, Song FQ. Pharmacological studies on the sedative-hypnotic effect of Semen Ziziphi spinosae (Suanzaoren) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) extracts and the synergistic effect of their combinations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:75-80. [PMID: 19682877 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi spinosae (Suanzaoren in China) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen in China) are conventional herbal drugs in traditional Chinese medicine and have been used widely for the treatment of insomnia. In the present study, the sedative-hypnotic activity of the active fractions extracted from Suanzaoren and Danshen were studied using the method of pentobarbital-induced sleep in the mouse model. Qualitative analysis of the standardized extracts was carried out by HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the water extract of Suanzaoren (SWE) (400 and 800 mg/kg body wt.) and the ether extract of Danshen (DTT) (300 and 600 mg/kg body wt.) can shorten sleep latency significantly, increase sleeping time and prolong movement convalescence time induced by sodium pentobarbital (55 mg/kg body wt.) administration in mice. Furthermore, the combination of SWE and DTT showed significant synergistic effect (p<0.05) in decreasing sleep latency and increasing sleeping time, but not in prolonging the movement convalescence time, which might be helpful for energy recovery in the treatment of insomnia. The results suggest that SWE, DTT, and the combination of SWE and DTT possess significant sedative-hypnotic activity, which supports the popular use of Suanzaoren and Danshen for treatment of insomnia and provide the basis for new drug discovery. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the combination of SWE and DTT may be preferable for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sh Fang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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15
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Lu L, Liu Y, Zhu W, Shi J, Liu Y, Ling W, Kosten TR. Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 35:1-11. [PMID: 19152199 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802455469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate clinical trials and neurochemical mechanisms of the action of traditional herbal remedies and acupuncture for treating drug addiction. METHODS We used computerized literature searches in English and Chinese and examined texts written before these computerized databases existed. We used search terms of treatment and neurobiology of herbal medicines, and acupuncture for drug abuse and dependence. RESULTS Acupuncture showed evidence for clinical efficacy and relevant neurobiological mechanisms in opiate withdrawal, but it showed poor efficacy for alcohol and nicotine withdrawal or relapse prevention, and no large studies supported its efficacy for cocaine in well-designed clinical trials. Clinical trials were rare for herbal remedies. Radix Puerariae showed the most promising efficacy for alcoholism by acting through daidzin, which inhibits mitocochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and leads to disulfiram-like alcohol reactions. Peyote also has some evidence for alcoholism treatment among Native Americans. Ginseng and Kava lack efficacy data in addictions, and Kava can be hepatotoxic. Thunbergia laurifolia can protect against alcoholic liver toxicity. Withania somnifera and Salvia miltiorrhiza have no efficacy data, but can reduce morphine tolerance and alcohol intake, respectively, in animal models. CONCLUSIONS Traditional herbal treatments can compliment pharmacotherapies for drug withdrawal and possibly relapse prevention with less expense and perhaps fewer side effects with notable exceptions. Both acupuncture and herbal treatments need testing as adjuncts to reduce doses and durations of standard pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L, Simpkins JW, Jung ME. Phenolic compounds protect cultured hippocampal neurons against ethanol-withdrawal induced oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1773-1787. [PMID: 19468338 PMCID: PMC2680646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol withdrawal is linked to elevated oxidative damage to neurons. Here we report our findings on the contribution of phenolic antioxidants (17beta-estradiol, p-octyl-phenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) to counterbalance sudden ethanol withdrawal-initiated oxidative events in hippocampus-derived cultured HT-22 cells. We showed that ethanol withdrawal for 4 h after 24-h ethanol treatment provoked greater levels of oxidative damage than the preceding ethanol exposure. Phenolic antioxidant treatment either during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal only, however, dose-dependently reversed cellular oxidative damage, as demonstrated by the significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced malondialdehyde production and protein carbonylation, compared to untreated cells. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment schedule had no significant impact on the observed neuroprotection. In addition, the efficacy of the three phenolic compounds was practically equipotent in protecting HT-22 cells in spite of predictions based on an in silico study and a cell free assay of lipid peroxidation. This finding implies that free-radical scavenging may not be the sole factor responsible for the observed neuroprotection and warrants further studies to establish, whether the HT-22 line is indeed a suitable model for in vitro screening of antioxidants against EW-related neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Marianna E. Jung
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
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BEHERE RISHIKESHV, MURALIDHARAN KESAVAN, BENEGAL VIVEK. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of substance use disorders-a review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009; 28:292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Jung ME, Wilson AM, Ju X, Wen Y, Metzger DB, Simpkins JW. Ethanol withdrawal provokes opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in an estrogen-preventable manner. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:692-8. [PMID: 19050172 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that the major endogenous estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2), protects against oxidative injury during ethanol withdrawal (EW) in a cultured hippocampal cell line (HT22). Here, we investigated whether the pro-oxidant nature of EW mediates opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (PTP) in a manner protected by E2. Excess PTP opening provokes mitochondrial membrane swelling (MMS) and the collapse of membrane potential (DeltaPsim). HT22 cells were collected at the end of ethanol exposure (100 mM) for 24 h or at 4 h of EW to assess MMS by monitoring absorbance decline at 540 nm and to assess DeltaPsim using flow cytometry. Protective effects of E2 on PTP were compared with an antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and an E2 analog, ZYC26 [(3-hydroxy-2-adamantyl(1)-4-methyl-estra-1,3,5(10)-17-one], with higher antioxidant potency than E2. To assess cellular consequences of PTP opening, effects of a PTP inhibitor (cyclosporin A) on EW-induced cell death were assessed using the calcein assay. Major findings were that: 1) EW resulted in rapid MMS and DeltaPsim collapse; 2) cyclosporin A attenuated EW-induced cell death; and 3) E2 treatment restricted to the EW phase protected against the PTP opening more prominently than BHT and to a similar degree to ZYC26. These findings suggest that EW provokes PTP opening partly but not entirely through the pro-oxidant nature and that E2 counteracts EW-associated factors to protect against the PTP opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Wu MH, Tsai WJ, Don MJ, Chen YC, Chen IS, Kuo YC. Tanshinlactone A from Salvia miltiorrhiza modulates interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:210-7. [PMID: 17616290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Tanshen), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is popularly used to treat cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, effects of tanshinlactone A (C(16)H(12)O(4); M.W. 268), newly discovered from Salvia miltiorrhiza, on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cell proliferation were investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The results indicated that tanshinlactone A inhibited PBMC proliferation activated with PHA with an IC(50) of 15.6+/-1.9 microM. Cell viability test indicated that inhibitory effects of tanshinlactone A on PBMC proliferation were not through direct cytotoxicity. Furthermore, tanshinlactone A significantly decreased the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene expression in PHA-activated PBMC. It reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), P38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) in PHA-treated PBMC. We suggested that the inhibitory effects of tanshinlactone A on PHA-induced PBMC proliferation, appeared to be mediated, at least in part, through reduction of MAPK activation and IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. Therefore, data demonstrate for the first time that tanshinlactone A is likely an immunomodulatory agent for PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung St., Shih-Pai, 112 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Mostallino MC, Mura ML, Maciocco E, Murru L, Sanna E, Biggio G. Changes in expression of the delta subunit of the GABA (A) receptor and in receptor function induced by progesterone exposure and withdrawal. J Neurochem 2006; 99:321-32. [PMID: 16879715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type A receptors for GABA (GABA(A) receptors) that contain the delta subunit are located predominantly at extrasynaptic sites and are implicated in modulation of neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition. We have examined the effects of chronic exposure to and subsequent withdrawal of progesterone or the progesterone metabolite 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THPROG) on expression of the delta subunit of GABA(A) receptors and on receptor function in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Progesterone treatment for 1 day increased the amounts of both delta subunit mRNA and protein, whereas such treatment for 6 days induced marked decreases in the abundance of both the mRNA and protein. Subsequent progesterone withdrawal up-regulated expression of the delta subunit, which was significantly increased at 9-12 h after withdrawal. These effects of progesterone were mimicked by 3alpha,5alpha-THPROG and blocked by the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. They were also accompanied by parallel changes in the function of GABA(A) receptors in hippocampal neurons. These results show that chronic exposure to and withdrawal of progesterone induce differential effects on both expression of the delta subunit of GABA(A) receptors and receptor function that are mediated by 3alpha,5alpha-THPROG. They are consistent with the notion that this progesterone metabolite plays a key physiological role in modulation of GABAergic synapses.
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Jung ME, Wilson AM, Simpkins JW. A nonfeminizing estrogen analog protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity in immortalized hippocampal cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:543-50. [PMID: 16873607 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that 17beta-estradiol protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity in rats. Here, we investigated whether a cellular model of ethanol withdrawal could be developed in a cultured hippocampal cell line (HT22) and whether an adamantyl-containing nonfeminizing estrogen analog, ZYC26 [(3-hydroxy-2-adamantyl(1)-4-methyl-estra-1,3,5(10)-17-one], protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity. HT22 cells were exposed to ethanol (0-500 mM) for 24 h in the presence or absence of ZYC26 or 17beta-estradiol. The ethanol solution was then removed from the cells for 4 h to create ethanol withdrawal. Samples were collected at the end of a 24-h ethanol exposure or at 4 h of ethanol withdrawal to assess cell viability using a calcein assay, lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde, and protein oxidation by measuring carbonyl contents. When tested, ethanol concentrations were constantly maintained during a 24-h ethanol exposure and eliminated at 4 h of ethanol withdrawal. Ethanol withdrawal decreased cell viability and increased the levels of malondialdehyde and carbonyls more than ethanol exposure. ZYC26 reduced the cell death and malondialdehyde levels at a lower dose (1 microM) than 17beta-estradiol (10 microM). The increased carbonyl contents were reduced only by ZYC26 treatment. These data suggest that ethanol withdrawal can be created in HT22 cells in a manner that is more toxic than ethanol exposure and that ZYC26 is a more potent cytoprotectant than 17beta-estradiol against cell death and oxidative damage induced by ethanol withdrawal. Therefore, ZYC26 can be a potential alternative estrogen therapy for a cellular and oxidative imbalance associated with ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Meng XF, Zou XJ, Peng B, Shi J, Guan XM, Zhang C. Inhibition of ethanol-induced toxicity by tanshinone IIA in PC12 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:659-64. [PMID: 16723082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the effects of tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) on the neurotoxicity induced by ethanol in PC12 cells and to explore its protective role. METHODS PC12 cell survival was measured by MTT assay. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were detected by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) fluorescence and calorimetric method, respectively. The percentage of cell apoptosis was monitored by flow cytometry. The expression of p53 was detected by immuno-fluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS Ethanol significantly impaired the survival of PC12 cells as demonstrated by MTT assay. Ethanol also induced significant ROS formation and increased LDH release. Pre-incubation with Tan IIA in the culture medium significantly reversed these changes. Ethanol caused cell apoptosis and the upregulation of p53 protein. The anti-apoptosis effects of Tan IIA on ethanol-induced toxicity were accompanied by the downregulation of pro-apoptotic p53 protein expression. CONCLUSION Tan IIA can protect neurons from apoptosis and might serve as a potential therapeutic drug for neurological disorders induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. The pharmacological effects ofSalvia species on the central nervous system. Phytother Res 2006; 20:427-37. [PMID: 16619340 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salvia is an important genus consisting of about 900 species in the family Lamiaceae. Some species of Salvia have been cultivated world wide for use in folk medicine and for culinary purposes. The dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, for example, has been used extensively for the treatment of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, sleep disorders, hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, chronic renal failure, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, carbuncles and ulcers. S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, S. haematodes, S. triloba and S. divinorum are other species with important pharmacological effects. In this review, the pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system will be reviewed. These include sedative and hypnotic, hallucinogenic, skeletal muscle relaxant, analgesic, memory enhancing, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antiparkinsonian activity, as well as the inhibition of ethanol and morphine withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Imanshahidi
- Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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