1
|
Wang Y, Pleasure D, Deng W, Guo F. Therapeutic Potentials of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Models: Concept Revisiting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102853. [PMID: 34935305 PMCID: PMC8844485 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a fundamental role in DNA repair and gene expression. Excessive PARP1 hyperactivation, however, has been associated with cell death. PARP1 and/or its activity are dysregulated in the immune and central nervous system of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and animal models. Pharmacological PARP1 inhibition is shown to be protective against immune activation and disease severity in MS animal models while genetic PARP1 deficiency studies reported discrepant results. The inconsistency suggests that the function of PARP1 and PARP1-mediated PARylation may be complex and context-dependent. The article reviews PARP1 functions, discusses experimental findings and possible interpretations of PARP1 in inflammation, neuronal/axonal degeneration, and oligodendrogliopathy, three major pathological components cooperatively determining MS disease course and neurological progression, and points out future research directions. Cell type specific PARP1 manipulations are necessary for revisiting the role of PARP1 in the three pathological components prior to moving PARP1 inhibition into clinical trials for MS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinha S, Molla S, Kundu CN. PARP1-modulated chromatin remodeling is a new target for cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2021; 38:118. [PMID: 34432161 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression requires certain tumorigenic mutations in genes encoding for different cellular and nuclear proteins. Altered expressions of these mutated genes are mediated by post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is mainly regulated by the chromatin remodeling enzyme complexes and histone modifications. Upon DNA damage, Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) plays a very important role in the induction of chromatin modifications and activation of DNA repair pathways to repair the DNA lesion. It has been targeted to develop different anti-cancer therapeutic interventions and PARP inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. But it has been found that the cancer cells often develop resistance to these PARP inhibitors and chromatin remodeling helps in enhancing this process. Hence, it may be beneficial to target PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling, which may allow to reverse the drug resistance. In the current review, we have discussed the role of chromatin remodeling in DNA repair, how PARP1 regulates modifications of chromatin dynamics, and the role of chromatin modifications in cancer. It has also been discussed how the PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling can be targeted by PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents to establish novel anti-cancer therapeutics. We have also considered the use of PARG inhibitors that may enhance the action of PARP inhibitors to target different types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sefinew Molla
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pillay N, Brady RM, Dey M, Morgan RD, Taylor SS. DNA replication stress and emerging prospects for PARG inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:160-170. [PMID: 33524442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation has central functions in maintaining genome stability, including facilitating DNA replication and repair. In cancer cells these processes are frequently disrupted, and thus interfering with poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation can exacerbate inherent genome instability and induce selective cytotoxicity. Indeed, inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are having a major clinical impact in treating women with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, based on a defect in homologous recombination. However, only around half of ovarian cancers harbour defects in homologous recombination, and most sensitive tumours eventually acquire PARP inhibitor resistance with treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop alternative treatment strategies to target tumours with both inherent and acquired resistance to PARP inhibition. Several novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG) have been described, with promising anti-cancer activity in vitro that is distinct from PARP inhibitors. Here we discuss, the role of poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation in genome stability, and the potential for PARG inhibitors as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Pillay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Divisions of Structural Biology & Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Malini Dey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In this review, Slade provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. The author also highlights the clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discusses the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity and mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy. Oxidative and replication stress underlie genomic instability of cancer cells. Amplifying genomic instability through radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been a powerful but nonselective means of killing cancer cells. Precision medicine has revolutionized cancer therapy by putting forth the concept of selective targeting of cancer cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors represent a successful example of precision medicine as the first drugs targeting DNA damage response to have entered the clinic. PARP inhibitors act through synthetic lethality with mutations in DNA repair genes and were approved for the treatment of BRCA mutated ovarian and breast cancer. PARP inhibitors destabilize replication forks through PARP DNA entrapment and induce cell death through replication stress-induced mitotic catastrophe. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) exploit and exacerbate replication deficiencies of cancer cells and may complement PARP inhibitors in targeting a broad range of cancer types with different sources of genomic instability. Here I provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. I highlight clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discuss the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dea Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selective small molecule PARG inhibitor causes replication fork stalling and cancer cell death. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5654. [PMID: 31827085 PMCID: PMC6906431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation (PARylation) by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARylation removal by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) critically regulate DNA damage responses; yet, conflicting reports obscure PARG biology and its impact on cancer cell resistance to PARP1 inhibitors. Here, we found that PARG expression is upregulated in many cancers. We employed chemical library screening to identify and optimize methylxanthine derivatives as selective bioavailable PARG inhibitors. Multiple crystal structures reveal how substituent positions on the methylxanthine core dictate binding modes and inducible-complementarity with a PARG-specific tyrosine clasp and arginine switch, supporting inhibitor specificity and a competitive inhibition mechanism. Cell-based assays show selective PARG inhibition and PARP1 hyperPARylation. Moreover, our PARG inhibitor sensitizes cells to radiation-induced DNA damage, suppresses replication fork progression and impedes cancer cell survival. In PARP inhibitor-resistant A172 glioblastoma cells, our PARG inhibitor shows comparable killing to Nedaplatin, providing further proof-of-concept that selectively inhibiting PARG can impair cancer cell survival.
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Sullivan J, Tedim Ferreira M, Gagné JP, Sharma AK, Hendzel MJ, Masson JY, Poirier GG. Emerging roles of eraser enzymes in the dynamic control of protein ADP-ribosylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1182. [PMID: 30862789 PMCID: PMC6414514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosylation is essential for the regulation of several cellular pathways, enabling dynamic responses to diverse pathophysiological conditions. It is modulated through a dynamic interplay between ADP-ribose readers, writers and erasers. While ADP-ribose synthesis has been studied and reviewed extensively, ADP-ribose processing by erasing enzymes has received comparably less attention. However, major progress in the mass spectrometric identification of ADP-ribosylated residues and the biochemical characterization of ADP-ribose erasers has substantially expanded our knowledge of ADP-ribosylation dynamics. Herein, we describe recent insights into the biology of ADP-ribose erasers and discuss the intricately orchestrated cellular processes to switch off ADP-ribose-dependent mechanisms. ADP-ribose erasing enzymes are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of protein ADP-ribosylation dynamics in living systems. Here, the authors review recent advances in the discovery and characterization of ADP-ribose erasers and discuss their role within the cellular ADP-ribosylation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia O'Sullivan
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maria Tedim Ferreira
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ajit K Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inflammation, and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 83:83/1/e00038-18. [PMID: 30567936 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review presented here details recent research involving members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins. Among the 17 recognized members of the family, the human enzyme PARP1 is the most extensively studied, resulting in a number of known biological and metabolic roles. This review is focused on the roles played by PARP enzymes in host-pathogen interactions and in diseases with an associated inflammatory response. In mammalian cells, several PARPs have specific roles in the antiviral response; this is perhaps best illustrated by PARP13, also termed the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Plant stress responses and immunity are also regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PARPs promote inflammatory responses by stimulating proinflammatory signal transduction pathways that lead to the expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Hence, PARP inhibitors show promise in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and conditions with an inflammatory component, such as diabetes, arthritis, and stroke. These functions are correlated with the biophysical characteristics of PARP family enzymes. This work is important in providing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and host responses, as well as in the identification of inhibitors. This is important because the identification of inhibitors has been shown to be effective in arresting the progression of disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Biochemical and genetic analysis of a unique poly(ADP-ribosyl) glycohydrolase (PARG) of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:285-295. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Gravells P, Grant E, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Specific killing of DNA damage-response deficient cells with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:81-91. [PMID: 28254358 PMCID: PMC5360195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of proteins following DNA damage is well studied and the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as therapeutic agents is an exciting prospect for the treatment of many cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) has endo- and exoglycosidase activities which can cleave glycosidic bonds, rapidly reversing the action of PARP enzymes. Like addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) by PARP, removal of PAR by PARG is also thought to be required for repair of DNA strand breaks and for continued replication at perturbed forks. Here we use siRNA to show a synthetic lethal relationship between PARG and BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, FAM175A (ABRAXAS) and BARD1. In addition, we demonstrate that MCF7 cells depleted of these proteins are sensitive to Gallotannin and a novel and specific PARG inhibitor PDD00017273. We confirm that PARG inhibition increases endogenous DNA damage, stalls replication forks and increases homologous recombination, and propose that it is the lack of homologous recombination (HR) proteins at PARG inhibitor-induced stalled replication forks that induces cell death. Interestingly not all genes that are synthetically lethal with PARP result in sensitivity to PARG inhibitors, suggesting that although there is overlap, the functions of PARP and PARG may not be completely identical. These data together add further evidence to the possibility that single treatment therapy with PARG inhibitors could be used for treatment of certain HR deficient tumours and provide insight into the relationship between PARP, PARG and the processes of DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
James DI, Smith KM, Jordan AM, Fairweather EE, Griffiths LA, Hamilton NS, Hitchin JR, Hutton CP, Jones S, Kelly P, McGonagle AE, Small H, Stowell AIJ, Tucker J, Waddell ID, Waszkowycz B, Ogilvie DJ. First-in-Class Chemical Probes against Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) Inhibit DNA Repair with Differential Pharmacology to Olaparib. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3179-3190. [PMID: 27689388 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) performs a critical role in the repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSBs). However, a detailed understanding of its mechanism of action has been hampered by a lack of credible, cell-active chemical probes. Herein, we demonstrate inhibition of PARG with a small molecule, leading to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chain persistence in intact cells. Moreover, we describe two advanced, and chemically distinct, cell-active tool compounds with convincing on-target pharmacology and selectivity. Using one of these tool compounds, we demonstrate pharmacology consistent with PARG inhibition. Further, while the roles of PARG and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are closely intertwined, we demonstrate that the pharmacology of a PARG inhibitor differs from that observed with the more thoroughly studied PARP inhibitor olaparib. We believe that these tools will facilitate a wider understanding of this important component of DNA repair and may enable the development of novel therapeutic agents exploiting the critical dependence of tumors on the DNA damage response (DDR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Griffiths
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - James R Hitchin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P Hutton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Jones
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E McGonagle
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Small
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra I J Stowell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Tucker
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang BH, Tseng WL, Li HY, Wang ML, Chang YL, Sung YJ, Chiou SH. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1: Cellular Pluripotency, Reprogramming, and Tumorogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15531-45. [PMID: 26184161 PMCID: PMC4519911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribos)ylation (PARylation) is the catalytic function of the Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (Parps) family for post-translational modification in cellular process. Being a major member of Parps, Parp1 is a crucial nuclear factor with biological significance in modulating DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription, DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling through PARylation of downstream proteins. In addition, high expression level and activity of Parp1 are correlated with pluripotent status, reprogramming, and cancer. Furthermore, epigenetic modulation of Parp1 is explored for regulating wide variety of gene expression. Genetic and pharmaceutical disruption of Parp1 further confirmed the importance of Parp1 in cell growth, DNA repair, and reprogramming efficiency. Taken together, the proximity toward the understanding of the modulation of Parp1 including interaction and modification in different fields will provide new insight for future studies. In this review, the biological significance of Parp1 in transcription and the epigenetic modulation of Parp1 in pluripotent status, reprogramming process and cancer will be summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lien Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yang Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- VGH-YM Genomic Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Jen Sung
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Islam R, Koizumi F, Kodera Y, Inoue K, Okawara T, Masutani M. Design and synthesis of phenolic hydrazide hydrazones as potent poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3802-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Illuzzi G, Fouquerel E, Amé JC, Noll A, Rehmet K, Nasheuer HP, Dantzer F, Schreiber V. PARG is dispensable for recovery from transient replicative stress but required to prevent detrimental accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) upon prolonged replicative stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7776-92. [PMID: 24906880 PMCID: PMC4081103 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in numerous bio-logical processes including DNA repair, transcription and cell death. Cellular levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) are regulated by PAR polymerases (PARPs) and the degrading enzyme PAR glycohydrolase (PARG), controlling the cell fate decision between life and death in response to DNA damage. Replication stress is a source of DNA damage, leading to transient stalling of replication forks or to their collapse followed by the generation of double-strand breaks (DSB). The involvement of PARP-1 in replicative stress response has been described, whereas the consequences of a deregulated PAR catabolism are not yet well established. Here, we show that PARG-deprived cells showed an enhanced sensitivity to the replication inhibitor hydroxyurea. PARG is dispensable to recover from transient replicative stress but is necessary to avoid massive PAR production upon prolonged replicative stress, conditions leading to fork collapse and DSB. Extensive PAR accumulation impairs replication protein A association with collapsed forks resulting in compromised DSB repair via homologous recombination. Our results highlight the critical role of PARG in tightly controlling PAR levels produced upon genotoxic stress to prevent the detrimental effects of PAR over-accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Illuzzi
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Fouquerel
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Amé
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélia Noll
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Kristina Rehmet
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heinz-Peter Nasheuer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IREBS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, ESBS, 300 Blvd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Feng X, Koh DW. Roles of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in DNA damage and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:227-81. [PMID: 23809438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the primary enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), an essential biopolymer that is synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) in the cell. By regulating the hydrolytic arm of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, PARG participates in a number of biological processes, including the repair of DNA damage, chromatin dynamics, transcriptional regulation, and cell death. Collectively, the research investigating the roles of PARG in the cell has identified the importance of PARG and its value as a therapeutic target. However, the biological role of PARG remains less understood than the role of PAR synthesis by the PARPs. Further complicating the study of PARG is the existence of multiple PARG isoforms in the cell, the lack of optimal PARG inhibitors, and the lack of viable PARG-null animals. This review will present our current knowledge of PARG, with a focus on its roles in DNA-damage repair and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Finch KE, Knezevic CE, Nottbohm AC, Partlow KC, Hergenrother PJ. Selective small molecule inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:563-70. [PMID: 22220926 DOI: 10.1021/cb200506t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) post-translational modification is essential for diverse cellular functions, including regulation of transcription, response to DNA damage, and mitosis. Cellular PAR is predominantly synthesized by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). PARP-1 is a critical node in the DNA damage response pathway, and multiple potent PARP-1 inhibitors have been described, some of which show considerable promise in the clinic for the treatment of certain cancers. Cellular PAR is efficiently degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), an enzyme for which no potent, readily accessible, and specific inhibitors exist. Herein we report the discovery of small molecules that effectively inhibit PARG in vitro and in cellular lysates. These potent PARG inhibitors can be produced in two chemical steps from commercial starting materials and have complete specificity for PARG over the other known PAR glycohydrolase (ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3, ARH3) and over PARP-1 and thus will be useful tools for studying the biochemistry of PAR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Finch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Claire E. Knezevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Amanda C. Nottbohm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Kathryn C. Partlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan HP, Wong DZH, Ling SK, Chuah CH, Kadir HA. Neuroprotective activity of galloylated cyanogenic glucosides and hydrolysable tannins isolated from leaves of Phyllagathis rotundifolia. Fitoterapia 2011; 83:223-9. [PMID: 22093753 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The galloylated cyanogenic glucosides based on prunasin (1-7), gallotannins (8-14), ellagitannins (15-17), ellagic acid derivatives (18, 19) and gallic acid (20) isolated from the leaves of Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Melastomataceae) were investigated for their neuroprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 hybridoma cell line. Among these compounds, the gallotannins and ellagitannins exhibited remarkable neuroprotective activities against oxidative damage in vitro as compared to galloylated cyanogenic glucosides and ellagic acid derivatives in a dose-dependent manner. They could be explored further as potential natural neuroprotectors in various remedies of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Poay Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Steffen JD, Coyle DL, Damodaran K, Beroza P, Jacobson MK. Discovery and structure-activity relationships of modified salicylanilides as cell permeable inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). J Med Chem 2011; 54:5403-13. [PMID: 21692479 DOI: 10.1021/jm200325s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in response to DNA strand breaks, which involves the concerted activities of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), modulates cell recovery or cell death depending upon the level of DNA damage. While PARP inhibitors show high promise in clinical trials because of their low toxicity and selectivity for BRCA related cancers, evaluation of the therapeutic potential of PARG is limited by the lack of well-validated cell permeable inhibitors. In this study, target-related affinity profiling (TRAP), an alternative to high-throughput screening, was used to identify a number of druglike compounds from several chemical classes that demonstrated PARG inhibition in the low-micromolar range. A number of analogues of one of the most active chemotypes were synthesized to explore the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for that series. This led to the discovery of a putative pharmacophore for PARG inhibition that contains a modified salicylanilide structure. Interestingly, these compounds also inhibit PARP-1, indicating strong homology in the active sites of PARG and PARP-1 and raising a new challenge for development of PARG specific inhibitors. The cellular activity of a lead inhibitor was demonstrated by the inhibition of both PARP and PARG activity in squamous cell carcinoma cells, although preferential inhibition of PARG relative to PARP was observed. The ability of inhibitors to modulate PAR metabolism via simultaneous effects on PARPs and PARG may represent a new approach for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamin D Steffen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Blenn C, Wyrsch P, Althaus FR. The ups and downs of tannins as inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase. Molecules 2011; 16:1854-77. [PMID: 21343889 PMCID: PMC6259645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage to cells activates nuclear poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) and the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) synthesized is rapidly cleaved into ADP-ribose (ADPR) by PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) action. Naturally appearing tannin-like molecules have been implicated in specific inhibition of the PARG enzyme. This review deals with the in vitro and in vivo effects of tannins on PAR metabolism and their downstream actions in DNA damage signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blenn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Giansanti V, Donà F, Tillhon M, Scovassi AI. PARP inhibitors: new tools to protect from inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1869-77. [PMID: 20417190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) consists in the conversion of β-NAD(+) into ADP-ribose, which is then bound to acceptor proteins and further used to form polymers of variable length and structure. The correct turnover of poly(ADP-ribose) is ensured by the concerted action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes, which are responsible for polymer synthesis and degradation, respectively. Despite the positive role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in sensing and repairing DNA damage, generated also by ROS, PARP over-activation could allow NAD depletion and consequent necrosis, thus leading to an inflammatory condition in many diseases. In this respect, inhibition of PARP enzymes could exert a protective role towards a number of pathological conditions; i.e. the combined treatment of tumors with PARP inhibitors/anticancer agents proved to have a beneficial effect in cancer therapy. Thus, pharmacological inactivation of poly(ADP-ribosylation) could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to limit cellular injury and to attenuate the inflammatory processes that characterize many disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giansanti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erdélyi K, Bai P, Kovács I, Szabó E, Mocsár G, Kakuk A, Szabó C, Gergely P, Virág L. Dual role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in the regulation of cell death in oxidatively stressed A549 cells. FASEB J 2009. [PMID: 19571039 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133264+fj.09-133264+[pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) has been shown to mediate cell death induced by genotoxic stimuli. The role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the enzyme responsible for polymer degradation, has been largely unexplored in the regulation of cell death. Using lentiviral gene silencing we generated A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with stably suppressed PARG and PARP1 expression (shPARG and shPARP1 cell lines, respectively) and determined parameters of apoptotic and necrotic cell death following hydrogen peroxide exposure. shPARG cells accumulated large amounts of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins and exhibited reduced PARP activation. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death is regulated by PARG in a dual fashion. Whereas the shPARG cell line (similarly to shPARP1 cells) was resistant to the necrotic effect of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, these cells exhibited stronger apoptotic response. Both shPARP1 and especially shPARG cells displayed a delayed repair of DNA breaks and exhibited reduced clonogenic survival following hydrogen peroxide treatment. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor could not be observed, but cells could be saved by methyl pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, indicating that energy failure may mediate cytotoxicity in our model. These data indicate that PARG is a survival factor at mild oxidative damage but contributes to the apoptosis-necrosis switch in severely damaged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Erdélyi K, Bai P, Kovács I, Szabó E, Mocsár G, Kakuk A, Szabó C, Gergely P, Virág L. Dual role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in the regulation of cell death in oxidatively stressed A549 cells. FASEB J 2009; 23:3553-63. [PMID: 19571039 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) has been shown to mediate cell death induced by genotoxic stimuli. The role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the enzyme responsible for polymer degradation, has been largely unexplored in the regulation of cell death. Using lentiviral gene silencing we generated A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with stably suppressed PARG and PARP1 expression (shPARG and shPARP1 cell lines, respectively) and determined parameters of apoptotic and necrotic cell death following hydrogen peroxide exposure. shPARG cells accumulated large amounts of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins and exhibited reduced PARP activation. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death is regulated by PARG in a dual fashion. Whereas the shPARG cell line (similarly to shPARP1 cells) was resistant to the necrotic effect of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, these cells exhibited stronger apoptotic response. Both shPARP1 and especially shPARG cells displayed a delayed repair of DNA breaks and exhibited reduced clonogenic survival following hydrogen peroxide treatment. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor could not be observed, but cells could be saved by methyl pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, indicating that energy failure may mediate cytotoxicity in our model. These data indicate that PARG is a survival factor at mild oxidative damage but contributes to the apoptosis-necrosis switch in severely damaged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Erdélyi K, Bai P, Kovács I, Szabó É, Mocsár G, Kakuk A, Szabó C, Gergely P, Virág L. Dual role of poly(ADP‐ribose) glycohydrolase in the regulation of cell death in oxidatively stressed A549 cells. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133264 fj.09-133264 [pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Center for Molecular Medicine Debrecen Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - István Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Dermatology Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Center for Molecular Medicine Debrecen Hungary
| | - Annamária Kakuk
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas USA
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Center for Molecular Medicine Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Center for Molecular Medicine Debrecen Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chandak PG, Gaikwad AB, Tikoo K. Gallotannin ameliorates the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by preventing the activation of PARP. Phytother Res 2009; 23:72-7. [PMID: 18693296 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is known to be activated under conditions of oxidative stress and/or radiation exposure. The role of this enzyme has been well demonstrated in the streptozotocin (STZ) induced model of diabetes. Inhibition of PARP by specific inhibitors is known to prevent the development of STZ induced diabetic nephropathy by reduction in oxidative stress induced apoptosis. This study shows for the first time the role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitors as an alternative approach for inhibition of PARP. Gallotannin (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) treatment for 4 weeks led to a significant reduction in the levels of plasma creatinine which is a well known marker for diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with gallotannin resulted in protection up to a certain level of glomerular damage, suggesting compensatory glomerular hypertrophy. As a PARG inhibitor gallotannin treatment also showed protection in PARP cleavage which is a hallmark for apoptotic cell death signifying the protective role of gallotannin in cell death signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gopaldas Chandak
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) - 160 062, Punjab, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mono-galloyl glucose derivatives are potent poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitors and partially reduce PARP-1-dependent cell death. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:1235-49. [PMID: 18806807 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Maintenance of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymers at homoeostatic levels by PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) is central in cell functioning and survival. Yet the pharmacological relevance of PARG inhibitors is still debated. Gallotannin, a complex mixture of hydrolysable tannins from oak gall, inhibits PARG but which of its constituents is responsible for the inhibition and whether the pharmacodynamic properties are due to its antioxidant properties, has not yet been established. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A structure-activity relationship study was conducted on different natural and synthetic tannins/galloyl derivatives as potential PARG inhibitors, using a novel in vitro enzymic assay. Cytotoxicity was assayed in cultured HeLa cells. KEY RESULTS Mono-galloyl glucose compounds were potent inhibitors of PARG, with activities similar to that of ADP-(hydroxymethyl) pyrrolidinediol, the most potent PARG inhibitor yet identified. When tested on HeLa cells exposed to the PAR polymerase (PARP)-1-activating compound 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 3-galloyl glucose weakly inhibited PAR degradation. Conversely, the more lipophilic, 3-galloyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene glucose, despite being inactive on the pure enzyme, efficiently prolonged the half-life of the polymers in intact HeLa cells. Also, PARG inhibitors, but not radical scavengers, reduced, in part, cell death caused by MNNG. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our findings identify mono-galloyl glucose derivatives as potent PARG inhibitors, and emphasize the active function of this enzyme in cell death.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen CH, Liu TZ, Chen CH, Wong CH, Chen CH, Lu FJ, Chen SC. The efficacy of protective effects of tannic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and propyl gallate against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and DNA damages in IMR-90 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:962-8. [PMID: 17628875 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intimately involved in the oxidative damage of tissues for a wide variety of pulmonary diseases. Thus, it is desirable to search for chemopreventive agents that can counteract ROS-mediated injury to the pulmonary tissues. Using a human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells as the experimental model, we first demonstrated that nearly 90% of intracellular ROS could be removed when H(2)O(2)-treated cells (200 microM) simultaneously incubated with 10 microg/mL of tannic acid (TA), gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and propyl gallate (PA). Using C(11)-BODIPY(581/591 )as a lipid peroxidation probe, we also attested that all these compounds examined (10 microg/mL) could alleviate H(2)O(2)-evoked lipid peroxidation phenomena. Next, we examined the protective effects of these compounds on the depletion of intracellular glutathione (iGSH) in H(2)O(2)-treated cells using CMF-DA probe. Interestingly, PA was demonstrated to be the only compound that could effectively protect the integrity of iGSH from being depleted by this system. Finally, the protective effects of these compounds against oxidative DNA damage were evaluated using 8-oxoguanine formation as a marker. Our data indicated that all four compounds suppressed the formation of 8-oxoguanine effectively. Taken together, our data suggested that TA, GA, EA, and PA can protect cells from oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsein Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biopharmaceutics, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poitras MF, Koh DW, Yu SW, Andrabi SA, Mandir AS, Poirier GG, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Spatial and functional relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in the brain. Neuroscience 2007; 148:198-211. [PMID: 17640816 PMCID: PMC2000859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are members of a family of enzymes that utilize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) as substrate to form large ADP-ribose polymers (PAR) in the nucleus. PAR has a very short half-life due to its rapid degradation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). PARP-1 mediates acute neuronal cell death induced by a variety of insults including cerebral ischemia, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism, and CNS trauma. While PARP-1 is localized to the nucleus, PARG resides in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Surprisingly, there appears to be only one gene encoding PARG activity, which has been characterized in vitro to generate different splice variants, in contrast to the growing family of PARPs. Little is known regarding the spatial and functional relationships of PARG and PARP-1. Here we evaluate PARG expression in the brain and its cellular and subcellular distribution in relation to PARP-1. Anti-PARG (alpha-PARG) antibodies raised in rabbits using a purified 30 kDa C-terminal fragment of murine PARG recognize a single band at 111 kDa in the brain. Western blot analysis also shows that PARG and PARP-1 are evenly distributed throughout the brain. Immunohistochemical studies using alpha-PARG antibodies reveal punctate cytosolic staining, whereas anti-PARP-1 (alpha-PARP-1) antibodies demonstrate nuclear staining. PARG is enriched in the mitochondrial fraction together with manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and cytochrome C (Cyt C) following whole brain subcellular fractionation and Western blot analysis. Confocal microscopy confirms the co-localization of PARG and Cyt C. Finally, PARG translocation to the nucleus is triggered by NMDA-induced PARP-1 activation. Therefore, the subcellular segregation of PARG in the mitochondria and PARP-1 in the nucleus suggests that PARG translocation is necessary for their functional interaction. This translocation is PARP-1 dependent, further demonstrating a functional interaction of PARP-1 and PARG in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Poitras
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Broadway Research Building, 733 North Broadway, Suite 731, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tikoo K, Bhatt DK, Gaikwad AB, Sharma V, Kabra DG. Differential effects of tannic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2027-35. [PMID: 17470369 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic drug. Major drawback of cisplatin therapy is its nephrotoxicity. The objective of this study was to check the effect of tannic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Post-treatment of tannic acid prevents cisplatin (5mg/kg) induced nephrotoxicity and decreases poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, phosphorylation of p38 and hypoacetylation of histone H4. In contrast, co-treatment of tannic acid potentiates the nephrotoxicity. Comparative nephrotoxicity studies show that co-treatment of tannic acid with reduced dose of cisplatin (1.5mg/kg) developed almost similar nephrotoxicity. MALDI protein profiling of plasma samples provides indirect evidence that tannic acid co-treatment increases bioavailability of cisplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Massullo P, Sumoza-Toledo A, Bhagat H, Partida-Sánchez S. TRPM channels, calcium and redox sensors during innate immune responses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 17:654-66. [PMID: 17178241 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melastatin-related TRPM ion channels have emerged as novel therapeutic targets due to their potential ability to modulate the function and fate of immune cells during inflammation, innate, and adaptive immunity. Four family members, TRPM1, TRPM2, TRPM4 and TRPM7 have a strong presence in the immune system. TRPM channels regulate ion-homeostasis by sensing cellular redox status and cytoplasmic calcium levels. TRPM2 for example, is highly expressed in phagocytes. This channel is activated by intracellular ADP-ribose upon exposure to oxidative stress and induces cell death. Here we will review the functional links between TRPM-mediated ion conductance, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pam Massullo
- Columbus Children's Research Institute, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Blenn C, Althaus F, Malanga M. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase silencing protects against H2O2-induced cell death. Biochem J 2006; 396:419-29. [PMID: 16526943 PMCID: PMC1482814 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PAR [poly(ADP-ribose)] is a structural and regulatory component of multiprotein complexes in eukaryotic cells. PAR catabolism is accelerated under genotoxic stress conditions and this is largely attributable to the activity of a PARG (PAR glycohydrolase). To overcome the early embryonic lethality of parg-knockout mice and gain more insights into the biological functions of PARG, we used an RNA interference approach. We found that as little as 10% of PARG protein is sufficient to ensure basic cellular functions: PARG-silenced murine and human cells proliferated normally through several subculturing rounds and they were able to repair DNA damage induced by sublethal doses of H2O2. However, cell survival following treatment with higher concentrations of H2O2 (0.05-1 mM) was increased. In fact, PARG-silenced cells were more resistant than their wild-type counterparts to oxidant-induced apoptosis while exhibiting delayed PAR degradation and transient accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers longer than 15-mers at early stages of drug treatment. No difference was observed in response to the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, suggesting a specific involvement of PARG in the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage.
Collapse
Key Words
- dna damage response
- h2o2
- n-methyl-n′-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)
- poly(adp-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg)
- silencing
- rna interference
- 3-ab, 3-aminobenzamide
- adp-hpd, adp (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol
- arh3, adp-ribosyl-(arginine)-hydrolase 3
- dtnb, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mnng, n-methyl-n′-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine
- nls, nuclear localization signal
- par, poly(adp-ribose)
- parg, par glycohydrolase
- parp, par polymerase
- pcna, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- rnai, rna interference
- sirna, small interfering rna
- svpde, snake venom phosphodiesterase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blenn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix R. Althaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Malanga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cozzi A, Cipriani G, Fossati S, Faraco G, Formentini L, Min W, Cortes U, Wang ZQ, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. Poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation and enhancement of postischemic brain damage in 110-kDa poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase null mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:684-95. [PMID: 16177811 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and metabolized into free adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose units by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Perturbations in PAR synthesis have been shown to play a key role in brain disorders including postischemic brain damage. A single parg gene but two PARG isoforms (110 and 60 kDa) have been detected in mouse cells. Complete suppression of parg gene causes early embryonic lethality, whereas mice selectively lacking the 110 kDa PARG isoform (PARG(110)(-/-)) develop normally. We used PARG(110)(-/-) mice to evaluate the importance of PAR catabolism to postischemic brain damage. Poly(ADP-ribose) contents were higher in the brain tissue of PARG(110)(-/-) than PARG(110)(+/+) mice, both under basal conditions and after PARP activation. Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion caused higher increase of brain PAR levels and larger infarct volumes in PARG(110)(-/-) mice than in wild-type counterparts. Of note, the brain of PARG(110)(-/-) mice showed reduced heat-shock protein (HSP)-70 and increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression under both control and ischemic conditions. No differences were detected in brain expression/activation of procaspase-3, PARP-1, Akt, HSP-25 and interleukin-1beta. Our findings show that PAR accumulation worsens ischemic brain injury, and highlight the therapeutic potential of strategies capable of maintaining PAR homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gagné JP, Hendzel MJ, Droit A, Poirier GG. The expanding role of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism: current challenges and new perspectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:145-51. [PMID: 16516457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have resulted in significant breakthroughs in the understanding of PARPs and PARG functions within a broad range of cellular processes. The novel and sometimes unexpected pathways that are regulated by poly(ADP-ribosylation) bring new questions and hypotheses, some of them being contentious. In this review, we highlight current areas of investigation such as the clinical potential of PARP and PARG inhibitors and the important mitotic regulatory functions of poly(ADP-ribose) in cell-cycle progression, a recent discovery that has broadened our knowledge regarding poly(ADP-ribose) functions. A special emphasis is placed on recent advances in relation to PARG that are stimulating new directions in future research. Noticeably, the existence of various PARG isoforms characterized by distinct cellular localizations and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties challenges our current comprehension of pADPr metabolism. Observations and suppositions towards functionally important regulatory elements in the N-terminal portion of PARG are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Health and Environment Unit, Laval University Medical Research Center, CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tentori L, Leonetti C, Scarsella M, Muzi A, Vergati M, Forini O, Lacal PM, Ruffini F, Gold B, Li W, Zhang J, Graziani G. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase inhibitor as chemosensitiser of malignant melanoma for temozolomide. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2948-57. [PMID: 16288862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) pathways by inhibitors of PARP catalytic domain has been shown to increase the anti-tumour activity of temozolomide (TMZ). Since PARP is inhibited by poly(ADP)ribosylation, herein we tested whether inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) might enhance TMZ efficacy. The PARG inhibitor N-bis-(3-phenyl-propyl)9-oxo-fluorene-2,7-diamide (GPI 16552) was administered in combination with TMZ to mice injected subcutaneously or intracranially with B16 melanoma cells. The ability of treatment to reduce melanoma metastatic spreading and invasion of the extracellular matrix was also tested. The results indicated that combined treatment with GPI 16552 and TMZ significantly reduced melanoma growth, increased life-span of mice bearing tumour at the CNS site, and decreased the ability of melanoma cells to form lung metastases and to invade the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, PARG inhibition represents an alternative strategy to enhance TMZ efficacy against melanoma in peripheral as well as at CNS site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Tentori
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Koh DW, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Mediation of cell death by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Pharmacol Res 2005; 52:5-14. [PMID: 15911329 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays an important role in modulating the cellular response to stress. The extent of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, chiefly via the activation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), correlates with the severity of genotoxic stress and this determines the cellular response. Under mild and moderate stress, it plays important roles in DNA processing and it participates in the proinflammatory/cellular defense via transcriptional regulation. However, severe stress following acute neuronal injury causes the overactivation of PARP-1, which results in unregulated poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) synthesis and widespread neuronal cell death. Previously, this PARP-1-dependent cell death mechanism was manifest solely through necrosis, but apoptotic mechanisms are also evident. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation directly induces the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, which results in caspase-independent cell death significant in many neurodegenerative conditions. Further, the hydrolysis of PAR by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) has a protective role, since the accumulation of PAR leads to cell death by apoptosis. Thus, PAR signaling, regulated by PARP-1 and PARG, mediates cell death. Accordingly, modulation of PAR synthesis or degradation through the targeting of PARP-1 or PARG holds particular promise in the treatment of conditions such as cancer, stroke, and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Koh
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway St., Suite 711, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Erdèlyi K, Kiss A, Bakondi E, Bai P, Szabó C, Gergely P, Erdödi F, Virag L. Gallotannin inhibits the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:895-904. [PMID: 15976037 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins are plant-derived water-soluble polyphenols with wide-ranging biological activities. The mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of tannins are not fully understood and may be the result of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) glycohydrolase (PARG), the main catabolic enzyme of PAR metabolism. Therefore, we set out to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of gallotannin (GT) in A549 cells with special regard to the role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Using an inflammation-focused low-density array and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we found that GT suppressed the expression of most cytokines and chemokines in cytokine-stimulated A549 cells, whereas the PARP inhibitor PJ-34 only inhibited few transcripts. Activation of the transcription factors, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), was blocked by GT, whereas PJ-34 only suppressed NF-kappaB activation but not AP-1 activation. GT also inhibited IkappaB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, but PJ-34 had no effect on these upstream events. In the AP-1 pathway, GT treatment, even in the absence of cytokines, caused maximal phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and c-Jun. GT also caused a low-level phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, activating transcription factor2, and cAMP-response element-binding protein but inhibited cytokine-induced phosphorylation of these kinases and transcription factors. GT inhibited protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, which may explain the increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and their substrates. GT exerted potent antioxidant effect but failed to cause PAR accumulation. In summary, the potent inhibitory effects of GT on the transcription of cytokine and chemokine genes are probably not related to PARG inhibition. Inhibition of AP-1 activation and upstream signaling events may be responsible for the effects of GT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdèlyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Elettudományi Epület 3.311, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Patel NSA, Cortes U, Di Poala R, Mazzon E, Mota-Filipe H, Cuzzocrea S, Wang ZQ, Thiemermann C. Mice Lacking the 110-kD Isoform of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase Are Protected against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:712-9. [PMID: 15677308 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) glycohydrolase (PARG) in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is not known. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is rapidly stimulated in cells after DNA damage caused by the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during I/R. Continuous or excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 produces extended chains of ADP-ribose on nuclear proteins and results in a substantial depletion of intracellular NAD(+) and subsequently, ATP, leading to cellular dysfunction and, ultimately, cell death. The key enzyme involved in polymer turnover is PARG, which possesses mainly exoglycosidase activity but can remove olig(ADP-ribose) fragments via endoglycosidic cleavage. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the absence of PARG(110) reduced the renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation caused by I/R of the mouse kidney. Here, the renal dysfunction and injury caused by I/R (bilateral renal artery occlusion [30 min] followed by reperfusion [24 h]) in mice lacking PARG(110), the major nuclear isoform of PARG, was investigated. The following markers of renal dysfunction and injury were measured: Plasma urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and histology. The following markers of inflammation were also measured: Myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and plasma nitrite/nitrate. The degree of renal injury and dysfunction caused by I/R was significantly reduced in PARG(110)-deficient mice when compared with their wild-type littermates, and there were no differences in any of the biochemical parameters measured between sham-operated PARG(110)(-/-) mice and sham-operated wild-type littermates. Thus, it is proposed that endogenous PARG(110) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of I/R injury of the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh S A Patel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology & Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|