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Gu Y, Wang C, Kim N, Zhang J, Wang TM, Stowe J, Nasiri R, Li J, Zhang D, Yang A, Hsu LHH, Dai X, Mu J, Liu Z, Lin M, Li W, Wang C, Gong H, Chen Y, Lei Y, Hu H, Li Y, Zhang L, Huang Z, Zhang X, Ahadian S, Banik P, Zhang L, Jiang X, Burke PJ, Khademhosseini A, McCulloch AD, Xu S. Three-dimensional transistor arrays for intra- and inter-cellular recording. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:292-300. [PMID: 34949774 PMCID: PMC8994210 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impulse generation and its conduction within cells or cellular networks are the cornerstone of electrophysiology. However, the advancement of the field is limited by sensing accuracy and the scalability of current recording technologies. Here we describe a scalable platform that enables accurate recording of transmembrane potentials in electrogenic cells. The platform employs a three-dimensional high-performance field-effect transistor array for minimally invasive cellular interfacing that produces faithful recordings, as validated by the gold standard patch clamp. Leveraging the high spatial and temporal resolutions of the field-effect transistors, we measured the intracellular signal conduction velocity of a cardiomyocyte to be 0.182 m s-1, which is about five times the intercellular velocity. We also demonstrate intracellular recordings in cardiac muscle tissue constructs and reveal the signal conduction paths. This platform could provide new capabilities in probing the electrical behaviours of single cells and cellular networks, which carries broad implications for understanding cellular physiology, pathology and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Namheon Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tsui Min Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Stowe
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daibo Zhang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Albert Yang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leo Huan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jing Mu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zheyuan Liu
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Muyang Lin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weixin Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chonghe Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yimu Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yusheng Lei
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pooja Banik
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Burke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Lee JH, Yi H, Lee JH, Seo HW, Oh KS, Lee BH. KR-31831 improves survival and protects hematopoietic cells and radiosensitive tissues against radiation-induced injuries in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112350. [PMID: 34952740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the radioprotective effects and possible underlying mechanisms of KR-31831 against radiation-induced injury in a mouse model. KR-31831 (30 and 50 mg/kg) was administered to mice 24 h and 30 min before exposure to a single lethal or sublethal dose of whole-body irradiation (WBI) (7 or 4 Gy, respectively). These animals were then evaluated for changes in mortality, various hematological and biochemical parameters, and histological features in response to these treatments. In addition, RNA sequencing was used to profile the radiation-induced transcriptomic response in the bone marrow cells. The results showed that KR-31831 dose-dependently prolonged the 30-day survival period and prevented damage to radiation-sensitive organs, such as the intestine and testis, in response to WBI. Damage to the hematopoietic system was also notably improved in the KR-31831-treated mice, as evidenced by an increase in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells, as well as recovery of the histopathological characteristics of the bone marrow. These protective effects were achieved, at least in part, via the suppression of radiation-induced increases in apoptotic cell death and erythropoietin levels in the plasma. Furthermore, the gene expression profiles of the bone marrow cells of the WBI-treated mice suggested that KR-31831 upregulates the expression of the genes involved in regulating apoptosis and modulating the immune response, both of which are required for protecting the bone marrow. These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of KR-31831 for protection against radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyuna Yi
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Seo
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seok Oh
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Judge SIV, Smith PJ. Patents related to therapeutic activation of K(ATP) and K(2P) potassium channels for neuroprotection: ischemic/hypoxic/anoxic injury and general anesthetics. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:433-60. [PMID: 19441925 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902765151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of neuroprotection encompass energy deficits in brain arising from insufficient oxygen and glucose levels following respiratory failure; ischemia or stroke, which produce metabolic stresses that lead to unconsciousness and seizures; and the effects of general anesthetics. Foremost among those K(+) channels viewed as important for neuroprotection are ATP-sensitive (K(ATP)) channels, which belong to the family of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (K(ir)) and contain a sulfonylurea subunit (SUR1 or SUR2) combined with either K(ir)6.1 (KCNJ8) or K(ir)6.2 (KCNJ11) channel pore-forming alpha-subunits, and various members of the tandem two-pore or background (K(2P)) K(+) channel family, including K(2P)1.1 (KCNK1 or TWIK1), K(2P)2.1 (KCNK2 or TREK/TREK1), K(2P)3.1 (KCNK3 or TASK), K(2P)4.1 (KCNK4 or TRAAK), and K(2P)10.1 (KCNK10 or TREK2). OBJECTIVES This review covers patents and patent applications related to inventions of therapeutics, compound screening methods and diagnostics, including K(ATP) channel openers and blockers, as well as K(ATP) and K(2P) nucleic/amino acid sequences and proteins, vectors, transformed cells and transgenic animals. Although the focus of this patent review is on brain and neuroprotection, patents covering inventions of K(ATP) channel openers for cardioprotection, diabetes mellitus and obesity, where relevant, are addressed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Overall, an important emerging therapeutic mechanism underlying neuroprotection is activation/opening of K(ATP) and K(2P) channels. To this end substantial progress has been made in identifying and patenting agents that target K(ATP) channels. However, current K(2P) channels patents encompass compound screening and diagnostics methodologies, reflecting an earlier 'discovery' stage (target identification/validation) than K(ATP) in the drug development pipeline; this reveals a wide-open field for the discovery and development of K(2P)-targeting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan I V Judge
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, MS Center of Excellence-East, VA Maryland Health Care System, Department of Neurology, BRB 12-040, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Choi A, Choi JS, Yoon YJ, Kim KA, Joo CK. KR-31378, a potassium-channel opener, induces the protection of retinal ganglion cells in rat retinal ischemic models. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:511-7. [PMID: 19372634 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KR-31378 is a newly developed K(ATP)-channel opener. To investigate the ability of KR-31378 to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGC), experiments were conducted using two retinal ischemia models. Retinal ischemia was induced by transient high intraocular pressure (IOP) for acute ischemia and by three episcleral vein occlusion for chronic retinal ischemia. KR-31378 was injected intraperitoneally and administered orally in the acute and chronic ischemia models, respectively. Under the condition of chronic ischemia, RGC density in the KR-31378-treated group was statistically higher than that in the non-treated group, and IOP was reduced. In the acute retinal ischemia model, 90% of RGC were degenerated after one week in non-treated retina, but, RGC in KR-31378-treated retina were protected from ischemic damage in a dose-dependent manner and showed inhibited glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Furthermore, the KR-31378 protective effect was inhibited by glibenclamide treatment in acute ischemia. These findings indicate that systemic KR-31378 treatment may protect against ischemic injury-induced ganglion cell loss in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anho Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine and Korean Eye and Gene Bank Related to Blindness, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Kim MY, Kim MJ, Yoon IS, Ahn JH, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Moon CH, Jung YS. Diazoxide acts more as a PKC-epsilon activator, and indirectly activates the mitochondrial K(ATP) channel conferring cardioprotection against hypoxic injury. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:1059-70. [PMID: 17043673 PMCID: PMC2014640 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diazoxide, a well-known opener of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel, has been demonstrated to exert cardioprotective effect against ischemic injury through the mitoK(ATP) channel and protein kinase C (PKC). We aimed to clarify the role of PKC isoforms and the relationship between the PKC isoforms and the mitoK(ATP) channel in diazoxide-induced cardioprotection. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In H9c2 cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, PKC-epsilon activation was examined by Western blotting and kinase assay. Flavoprotein fluorescence, mitochondrial Ca(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by confocal microscopy. Cell death was determined by TUNEL assay. KEY RESULTS Diazoxide (100 microM) induced translocation of PKC-epsilon from the cytosolic to the mitochondrial fraction. Specific blockade of PKC-epsilon by either epsilonV1-2 or dominant negative mutant PKC-epsilon (PKC-epsilon KR) abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of diazoxide. Diazoxide-induced flavoprotein oxidation was inhibited by either epsilonV1-2 or PKC-epsilon KR transfection. Treatment with 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) did not affect translocation and activation of PKC-epsilon induced by diazoxide. Transfection with wild type PKC-epsilon mimicked the flavoprotein-oxidizing effect of diazoxide, and this effect was completely blocked by epsilonV1-2 or 5-HD. Diazoxide prevented the increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+), mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release induced by hypoxia and all these effects of diazoxide were blocked by epsilonV1-2 or 5-HD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diazoxide induced isoform-specific translocation of PKC-epsilon as an upstream signaling molecule for the mitoK(ATP) channel, rendering cardiomyocytes resistant to hypoxic injury through inhibition of the mitochondrial death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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