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Mokrov GV. Multitargeting in cardioprotection: An example of biaromatic compounds. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300196. [PMID: 37345968 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A multitarget drug design approach is actively developing in modern medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, especially with regard to multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. A detailed study of many well-known drugs developed within the single-target approach also often reveals additional mechanisms of their real pharmacological action. One of the multitarget drug design approaches can be the identification of the basic pharmacophore models corresponding to a wide range of the required target ligands. Among such models in the group of cardioprotectors is the linked biaromatic system. This review develops the concept of a "basic pharmacophore" using the biaromatic pharmacophore of cardioprotectors as an example. It presents an analysis of possible biological targets for compounds corresponding to the biaromatic pharmacophore and an analysis of the spectrum of biological targets for the five most known and most studied cardioprotective drugs corresponding to this model, and their involvement in the biological effects of these drugs.
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Li XT. Beneficial effects of carvedilol modulating potassium channels on the control of glucose. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113057. [PMID: 35658228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is evident worldwide, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease onset, which is substantially associated with disabilities and mortality in the clinic. In order to achieve the satisfyingly clinical outcomes and prognosis, the comprehensive therapies have been conducted with a beneficial effect on both blood pressure and glucose homeostasis, and clinical trials reveal that some kind of antihypertensive drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) may, at least in part, meet the dual requirement during the disease management. As a nonselective β-blocker, carvedilol is employed for treating many cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice, including hypertension, angina pectoris and heart failure, and also exhibit the effectiveness for glycemic control and insulin resistance. Apart from alleviating sympathetic nervous system activity, several causes, such as lowering oxygen reactive species, may contribute to the effects of carvedilol on controlling plasma glucose levels, suggesting a feature of this drug having multiple targets. Interestingly, numerous distinct K+ channels expressed in pancreatic β-cells and peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues, which play a sentential role in glucose metabolism, are subjected to extensive modulation of carvdilol, establishing a linkage between K+ channels and drug's effects on the control of glucose. A variety of evidence shows that the impact of carvedilol on different K+ channels, including Kv, KAch, KATP and K2 P, can lead to positive influences for glucose homeostasis, contributing to its clinical beneficial effectiveness in treatment of hypertensive patients with T2DM. This review focus on the control of plasma glucose conferred by carvedilol modulation on K+ channels, providing the novel mechanistic explanation for drug's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Tao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Reilly L, Eckhardt LL. Cardiac potassium inward rectifier Kir2: Review of structure, regulation, pharmacology, and arrhythmogenesis. Heart Rhythm 2021; 18:1423-1434. [PMID: 33857643 PMCID: PMC8328935 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Potassium inward rectifier channel Kir2 is an important component of terminal cardiac repolarization and resting membrane stability. This functionality is part of balanced cardiac excitability and is a defining feature of excitable cardiac membranes. “Gain-of-function” or “loss-of-function” mutations in KCNJ2, the gene encoding Kir2.1, cause genetic sudden cardiac death syndromes, and loss of the Kir2 current IK1 is a major contributing factor to arrhythmogenesis in failing human hearts. Here we provide a contemporary review of the functional structure, physiology, and pharmacology of Kir2 channels. Beyond the structure and functional relationships, we will focus on the elements of clinically used drugs that block the channel and the implications for treatment of atrial fibrillation with IK1-blocking agents. We will also review the clinical disease entities associated with KCNJ2 mutations and the growing area of research into associated arrhythmia mechanisms. Lastly, the presence of Kir2 channels has become a tipping point for electrical maturity in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) and highlights the significance of understanding why Kir2 in iPS-CMs is important to consider for Comprehensive In Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay and drug safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Reilly
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lee L Eckhardt
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Chen X, Garon A, Wieder M, Houtman MJC, Zangerl-Plessl EM, Langer T, van der Heyden MAG, Stary-Weinzinger A. Computational Identification of Novel Kir6 Channel Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:549. [PMID: 31178728 PMCID: PMC6543810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
KATP channels consist of four Kir6.x pore-forming subunits and four regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits. These channels couple the metabolic state of the cell to membrane excitability and play a key role in physiological processes such as insulin secretion in the pancreas, protection of cardiac muscle during ischemia and hypoxic vasodilation of arterial smooth muscle cells. Abnormal channel function resulting from inherited gain or loss-of-function mutations in either the Kir6.x and/or SUR subunits are associated with severe diseases such as neonatal diabetes, congenital hyperinsulinism, or Cantú syndrome (CS). CS is an ultra-rare genetic autosomal dominant disorder, caused by dominant gain-of-function mutations in SUR2A or Kir6.1 subunits. No specific pharmacotherapeutic treatment options are currently available for CS. Kir6 specific inhibitors could be beneficial for the development of novel drug therapies for CS, particular for mutations, which lack high affinity for sulfonylurea inhibitor glibenclamide. By applying a combination of computational methods including atomistic MD simulations, free energy calculations and pharmacophore modeling, we identified several novel Kir6.1 inhibitors, which might be possible candidates for drug repurposing. The in silico predictions were confirmed using inside/out patch-clamp analysis. Importantly, Cantú mutation C166S in Kir6.2 (equivalent to C176S in Kir6.1) and S1020P in SUR2A, retained high affinity toward the novel inhibitors. Summarizing, the inhibitors identified in this study might provide a starting point toward developing novel therapies for Cantú disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Garon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marien J. C. Houtman
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel A. G. van der Heyden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Wong WT, Li LH, Rao YK, Yang SP, Cheng SM, Lin WY, Cheng CC, Chen A, Hua KF. Repositioning of the β-Blocker Carvedilol as a Novel Autophagy Inducer That Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1920. [PMID: 30186288 PMCID: PMC6113403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that plays a key role in the innate immune system, and aberrant activation of this complex is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Carvedilol (CVL) is an α-, β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure; however, some benefits beyond decreased blood pressure were observed clinically, suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory activity of CVL. In this report, the inhibitory potential of CVL toward the NLRP3 inflammasome and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms were studied. Our results showed that CVL attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in mouse macrophages, without affecting activation of the AIM2, NLRC4 and non-canonical inflammasomes. Mechanistic analysis revealed that CVL prevented lysosomal and mitochondrial damage and reduced ASC oligomerization. Additionally, CVL caused autophagic induction through a Sirt1-dependent pathway, which inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome. In the in vivo mouse model of NLRP3-associated peritonitis, oral administration of CVL reduced (1) peritoneal recruitment of neutrophils; (2) the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, active caspase-1, ASC, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and CXCL1 in the lavage fluids; and (3) the levels of NLRP3 and HO-1 in the peritoneal cells. Our results indicated that CVL is a novel autophagy inducer that inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and can be repositioned for ameliorating NLRP3-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Wong
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Meng Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Rodríguez-Menchaca AA, Aréchiga-Figueroa IA, Sánchez-Chapula JA. The molecular basis of chloroethylclonidine block of inward rectifier (Kir2.1 and Kir4.1) K + channels. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Bednarski M, Otto M, Dudek M, Kołaczkowski M, Bucki A, Siwek A, Groszek G, Maziarz E, Wilk P, Sapa J. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of a New Series of 1-(1H-Indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol Analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:211-23. [PMID: 26853441 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists are important therapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. In the group of β-blockers, much attention is being paid to the third-generation drugs that possess important ancillary properties besides inhibiting β-adrenoceptors. Vasodilating activity of these drugs is produced through different mechanisms, such as nitric oxide (NO) release, β2 -agonistic action, α1 -blockade, antioxidant action, and Ca(2+) entry blockade. Here, a study on evaluation of the cardiovascular activity of five new compounds is presented. Compound 3a is a methyl and four of the tested compounds (3b-e) are dimethoxy derivatives of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol. The obtained results confirmed that the methyl and dimethoxy derivatives of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol and their enantiomers possess α1 - and β1 -adrenolytic activities and that the antiarrhythmic and hypotensive effects of the tested compounds are related to their adrenolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bednarski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Otto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Groszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Wilk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Kisselbach J, Seyler C, Schweizer PA, Gerstberger R, Becker R, Katus HA, Thomas D. Modulation of K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 K(+) channel sensitivity to carvedilol by alternative mRNA translation initiation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5182-94. [PMID: 25168769 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The β-receptor antagonist carvedilol blocks a range of ion channels. K2P 2.1 (TREK1) and K2P 10.1 (TREK2) channels are expressed in the heart and regulated by alternative translation initiation (ATI) of their mRNA, producing functionally distinct channel variants. The first objective was to investigate acute effects of carvedilol on human K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 channels. Second, we sought to study ATI-dependent modulation of K2P K(+) current sensitivity to carvedilol. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using standard electrophysiological techniques, we recorded currents from wild-type and mutant K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 channels in Xenopus oocytes and HEK 293 cells. KEY RESULTS Carvedilol concentration-dependently inhibited K2P 2.1 channels (IC50 ,oocytes = 20.3 μM; IC50 , HEK = 1.6 μM) and this inhibition was frequency-independent. When K2P 2.1 isoforms generated by ATI were studied separately in oocytes, the IC50 value for carvedilol inhibition of full-length channels (16.5 μM) was almost 5-fold less than that for the truncated channel variant (IC50 = 79.0 μM). Similarly, the related K2P 10.1 channels were blocked by carvedilol (IC50 ,oocytes = 24.0 μM; IC50 , HEK = 7.6 μM) and subject to ATI-dependent modulation of drug sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Carvedilol targets K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 K(+) channels. This previously unrecognized mechanism supports a general role of cardiac K2P channels as antiarrhythmic drug targets. Furthermore, the work reveals that the sensitivity of the cardiac ion channels K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 to block was modulated by alternative mRNA translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kisselbach
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jeong I, Choi BH, Yoon SH, Hahn SJ. Carvedilol blocks the cloned cardiac Kv1.5 channels in a β-adrenergic receptor-independent manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:497-505. [PMID: 22146582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Carvedilol, a non-selective β-adrenergic blocker, is widely used for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. We examined the action of carvedilol on cloned Kv1.5 expressed in CHO cells, using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Carvedilol reduced the peak amplitude of Kv1.5 and accelerated the inactivation rate in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 2.56 μM. Using a first-order kinetics analysis, we calculated k(+1) = 19.68 μM(-1)s(-1) for the association rate constant, and k(-1) = 44.89 s(-1) for the dissociation rate constant. The apparent K(D) (k(-1)/k(+1)) was 2.28 μM, which is similar to the IC50 value. Other β-adrenergic blockers (alprenolol, oxprenolol and carteolol) had little or no effect on Kv1.5 currents. Carvedilol slowed the deactivation time course, resulting in a tail crossover phenomenon. Carvedilol-induced block was voltage-dependent in the voltage range for channel activation, but voltage-independent in the voltage range for full activation. The voltage dependences for both steady-state activation and inactivation were unchanged by carvedilol. Carvedilol affected Kv1.5 in a use-dependent manner. When stimulation frequencies were increased to quantify a use-dependent block, however, the block by carvedilol was slightly increased with IC50 values of 2.56 μM at 0.1 Hz, 2.38 μM at 1 Hz and 2.03 μM at 2 Hz. Carvedilol also slowed the time course of recovery from inactivation of Kv1.5. These results indicate that carvedilol blocks Kv1.5 in a reversible, concentration-, voltage-, time-, and use-dependent manner, but only at concentrations slightly higher than therapeutic plasma concentrations in humans. These effects are probably relevant to an understanding of the ionic mechanism underlying the antiarrhythmic property of carvedilol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imju Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Ferrer T, Ponce-Balbuena D, López-Izquierdo A, Aréchiga-Figueroa IA, de Boer TP, van der Heyden MAG, Sánchez-Chapula JA. Carvedilol inhibits Kir2.3 channels by interference with PIP₂-channel interaction. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:72-7. [PMID: 21663737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carvedilol, a β- and α-adrenoceptor blocker, is used to treat congestive heart failure, mild to moderate hypertension, and myocardial infarction. It has been proposed to block K(ATP) channels by binding to the bundle crossing region at a domain including cysteine at position 166, and thereby plugging the pore region. However, carvedilol was reported not to affect Kir2.1 channels, which lack 166 Cys. Here, we demonstrate that carvedilol inhibits Kir2.3 carried current by an alternative mechanism. Carvedilol inhibited Kir2.3 channels with at least 100 fold higher potency (IC(50)=0.49 μM) compared to that for Kir2.1 (IC(50)>50 μM). Kir2.3 channel inhibition was concentration-dependent and voltage-independent. Increasing Kir2.3 channel affinity for PIP(2), by a I213L point mutation, decreased the inhibitory effect of carvedilol more than twentyfold (IC(50)=11.1 μM). In the presence of exogenous PIP(2), Kir2.3 channel inhibition by carvedilol was strongly reduced (80 vs. 2% current inhibition). These results suggest that carvedilol, as other cationic amphiphilic drugs, inhibits Kir2.3 channels by interfering with the PIP(2)-channel interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ferrer
- Unidad de Investigación Carlos Méndez del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Mexico.
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Groszek G, Nowak-Król A, Wdowik T, Świerczyński D, Bednarski M, Otto M, Walczak M, Filipek B. Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:5103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Report and recommendations of the workshop of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods for Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2009; 9:107-25. [PMID: 19572114 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-009-9045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is among the leading reasons for drug attrition and is therefore a core subject in non-clinical and clinical safety testing of new drugs. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods held in March 2008 a workshop on "Alternative Methods for Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity" in order to promote acceptance of alternative methods reducing, refining or replacing the use of laboratory animals in this field. This review reports the outcome of the workshop. The participants identified the major clinical manifestations, which are sensitive to conventional drugs, to be arrhythmias, contractility toxicity, ischaemia toxicity, secondary cardiotoxicity and valve toxicity. They gave an overview of the current use of alternative tests in cardiac safety assessments. Moreover, they elaborated on new cardiotoxicological endpoints for which alternative tests can have an impact and provided recommendations on how to cover them.
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Furutani K, Ohno Y, Inanobe A, Hibino H, Kurachi Y. Mutational and In Silico Analyses for Antidepressant Block of Astroglial Inward-Rectifier Kir4.1 Channel. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Groszek G, Bednarski M, Dybała M, Filipek B. Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:809-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zünkler BJ. Human ether-a-go-go-related (HERG) gene and ATP-sensitive potassium channels as targets for adverse drug effects. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:12-37. [PMID: 16647758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Torsades de pointes (TdP) arrhythmia is a potentially fatal form of ventricular arrhythmia that occurs under conditions where cardiac repolarization is delayed (as indicated by prolonged QT intervals from electrocardiographic recordings). A likely mechanism for QT interval prolongation and TdP arrhythmias is blockade of the rapid component of the cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr), which is encoded by human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG). Over 100 non-cardiovascular drugs have the potential to induce QT interval prolongations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) or TdP arrhythmias. The binding site of most HERG channel blockers is located inside the central cavity of the channel. An evaluation of possible effects on HERG channels during the development of novel drugs is recommended by international guidelines. During cardiac ischaemia activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels contributes to action potential (AP) shortening which is either cardiotoxic by inducing re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias or cardioprotective by inducing energy-sparing effects or ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). KATP channels are formed by an inward-rectifier K+ channel (Kir6.0) and a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunit: Kir6.2 and SUR2A in cardiac myocytes, Kir6.2 and SUR1 in pancreatic beta-cells. Sulfonylureas and glinides stimulate insulin secretion via blockade of the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel. Clinical studies about cardiotoxic effects of sulfonylureas are contradictory. Sulfonylureas and glinides differ in their selectivity for pancreatic over cardiovascular KATP channels, being either selective (tolbutamide, glibenclamide) or non-selective (repaglinide). The possibility exists that non-selective KATP channel inhibitors might have cardiovascular side effects. Blockers of the pore-forming Kir6.2 subunit are insulin secretagogues and might have cardioprotective or cardiotoxic effects during cardiac ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd J Zünkler
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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