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Li L, Li ZE, Mo YL, Li WY, Li HJ, Yan GH, Qin XZ, Piao LH. Molecular and cellular pruritus mechanisms in the host skin. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 136:104889. [PMID: 38316203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Pruritus, also known as itching, is a complex sensation that involves the activation of specific physiological and cellular receptors. The skin is innervated with sensory nerves as well as some receptors for various sensations, and its immune system has prominent neurological connections. Sensory neurons have a considerable impact on the sensation of itching. However, immune cells also play a role in this process, as they release pruritogens. Disruption of the dermal barrier activates an immune response, initiating a series of chemical, physical, and cellular reactions. These reactions involve various cell types, including keratinocytes, as well as immune cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Collective activation of these immune responses confers protection against potential pathogens. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to pruritus in host skin is crucial for the advancement of effective treatment approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the present knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying itching signaling in the skin. Additionally, this review explored the integration of these mechanisms with the broader context of itch mediators and the expression of their receptors in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhi-En Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yun-Li Mo
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wan-Yao Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guang-Hai Yan
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xiang-Zheng Qin
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Li-Hua Piao
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China.
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Inagaki S, Nakamura T, Hamasaki Y, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Fukuie T, Narita M, Shimosawa T, Murata T, Ohya Y. Prostaglandin D 2 metabolite is not a useful clinical indicator for assessing atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:130-134. [PMID: 32705704 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) plays an important role in atopic dermatitis (AD), and 11,15-dioxo-9α-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostan-1,20-dioicacid (PGDM) is a major metabolite of PGD2 . We investigated the relationship between urinary PGDM levels and severity of paediatric AD. In total, 31 patients with AD and 21 healthy controls (HCs) without AD were recruited, and urinary PGDM levels were measured. Of the 31 patients with AD, 14 were reassessed for urinary PGDM after topical steroid therapy. There was no difference in urinary PGDM levels between patients with AD and HCs. Although there was a significant positive correlation between the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and the serum level of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), the urinary PGDM levels did not correlate with either SCORAD or serum TARC. Moreover, both SCORAD and serum TARC were significantly improved by topical steroid therapy; however, urinary PGDM levels were not changed. In conclusion, the level of urinary PGD2 metabolites in children with AD is substantially the same as that in HCs even if the disease is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inagaki
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Hamasaki
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamamoto-Hanada
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Fukuie
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Narita
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Allergy, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shimosawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Jara CP, Mendes NF, Prado TPD, de Araújo EP. Bioactive Fatty Acids in the Resolution of Chronic Inflammation in Skin Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:472-490. [PMID: 32320357 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Optimal skin wound healing is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, particularly in response to an injury. The skin immune system is under regulation of mediators such as bioactive lipids and cytokines that can initiate an immune response with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, nutritional deficiency impacts wound healing by hindering fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and epithelialization, among other crucial functions. In this way, the correct nutritional support of bioactive lipids and of other essential nutrients plays an important role in the outcome of the wound healing process. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Several studies have revealed the potential role of lipids as a treatment for the healing of skin wounds. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, oleic acid, and most of their bioactive products have shown an effective role as a topical treatment of chronic skin wounds. Their effect, when the treatment starts at day 0, has been observed mainly in the inflammatory phase of the wound healing process. Moreover, some of them were associated with different dressings and were tested for clinical purposes, including pluronic gel, nanocapsules, collagen films and matrices, and polymeric bandages. Therefore, future research is still needed to evaluate these dressing technologies in association with different bioactive fatty acids in a wound healing context. Future Directions: This review summarizes the main results of the available clinical trials and basic research studies and provides evidence-based conclusions. Together, current data encourage the use of bioactive fatty acids for an optimal wound healing resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Poblete Jara
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thais Paulino do Prado
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliana Pereira de Araújo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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The Return of the Mast Cell: New Roles in Neuroimmune Itch Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:945-951. [PMID: 32248995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mast cell-nerve unit classically has represented a fundamental neuroimmune axis in the development of itch because of the traditional prominence of histamine as a pruritogen. However, it is appreciated increasingly that most chronic itch disorders are likely nonhistaminergic in nature, provoking the hypothesis that other novel effector itch mechanisms derived from mast cells are important. In this review, we present an overview of classical mast cell biology and put these concepts into the context of recent advances in our understanding of the regulation and function of the mast cell-nerve unit in itch biology.
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Honda T, Kabashima K. Prostanoids in allergy. Allergol Int 2015; 64:11-6. [PMID: 25572554 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoids, which include prostaglandin and thromboxane, are metabolites of arachidonic acid released in various pathophysiological conditions. They induce a range of actions mediated through their respective receptors expressed on target cells. It has been demonstrated that each prostanoid receptor has multiple functions and that the effect of receptor stimulation can vary depending on context; this sometimes results in opposing effects, such as simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory outcomes. The balance between the production of each prostanoid and the expression of its receptors has been shown to be important for maintaining homeostasis but also involved in the development of various pathological conditions such as allergy. Here, we review the recent findings on the roles of prostanoids in allergy, especially focusing on atopic dermatitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Arai I, Tsuji M, Takeda H, Akiyama N, Saito S. A single dose of interleukin-31 (IL-31) causes continuous itch-associated scratching behaviour in mice. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:669-71. [PMID: 24079740 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a single dose of mouse interleukin-31 (IL-31) on scratching behaviour in comparison with spontaneous skin-lesion- or serotonin (5-HT)- induced scratching behaviour in NC/Nga and BALB/c mice. Intradermal (i.d.) injection of IL-31 caused a gradual increase in long-lasting scratching (LLS, over 1.5 s) about 3 h after administration followed by a gradual decrease for over 24 h after administration. I.d. injection of IL-31 significantly increased the total LLS counts/24 h but not short-lasting scratching (SLS, 0.3-1.5 s). In skin-lesioned NC/Nga mice, the LLS but not SLS counts were significantly higher than those in non-skin-lesioned NC/Nga mice. We also investigated 5-HT-induced scratching in BALB/c mice, SLS but not LLS increased immediately after the injection and then decreased to baseline after at 20 min. These results suggest that IL-31 may participate in the sensation of itching and promote scratching behaviour in skin-lesioned NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Arai
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan; Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of DNA medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Schäkel K, Döbel T, Bosselmann I. Future treatment options for atopic dermatitis – Small molecules and beyond. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 73:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Labrecque P, Roy SJ, Fréchette L, Iorio-Morin C, Gallant MA, Parent JL. Inverse agonist and pharmacochaperone properties of MK-0524 on the prostanoid DP1 receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65767. [PMID: 23762421 PMCID: PMC3677937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) acts through two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the prostanoid DP receptor and CRTH2 also known as DP1 and DP2, respectively. Several previously characterized GPCR antagonists are now classified as inverse agonists and a number of GPCR ligands are known to display pharmacochaperone activity towards a given receptor. Here, we demonstrate that a DP1 specific antagonist, MK-0524 (also known as laropiprant), decreased basal levels of intracellular cAMP produced by DP1, a Gα(s)-coupled receptor, in HEK293 cells. This reduction in cAMP levels was not altered by pertussis toxin treatment, indicating that MK-0524 did not induce coupling of DP1 to Gα(i/o) proteins and that this ligand is a DP1 inverse agonist. Basal ERK1/2 activation by DP1 was not modulated by MK-0524. Interestingly, treatment of HEK293 cells expressing Flag-tagged DP1 with MK-0524 promoted DP1 cell surface expression time-dependently to reach a maximum increase of 50% compared to control after 24 h. In contrast, PGD₂ induced the internalization of 75% of cell surface DP1 after the same time of stimulation. The increase in DP1 cell surface targeting by MK-0524 was inhibited by Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of transport from the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi to the plasma membrane. Confocal microscopy confirmed that a large population of DP1 remained trapped intracellularly and co-localized with calnexin, an endoplasmic reticulum marker. Redistribution of DP1 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane was observed following treatment with MK-0524 for 24 h. Furthermore, MK-0524 promoted the interaction between DP1 and the ANKRD13C protein, which we showed previously to display chaperone-like effects towards the receptor. We thus report that MK-0524 is an inverse agonist and a pharmacochaperone of DP1. Our findings may have important implications during therapeutic treatments with MK-0524 and for the development of new molecules targeting DP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Labrecque
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien J. Roy
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Fréchette
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Iorio-Morin
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime A. Gallant
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Itch, or pruritus, is the predominant symptom associated with acute and chronic cutaneous disease, and in some cases may be debilitating. To date, there is no single universally effective anti-itch treatment. Because the pathophysiology of itch in most cutaneous or systemic disorders remains unclear, antipruritic therapy is often directed against a variety of targets, including the epidermal barrier, immune system, or the nervous system. Topical therapy is the mainstay of dermatologic management of acute or localized itch or in patients with contraindications to systemic therapies. This review will summarize current topical therapies to treat pruritus and discuss potential future therapies.
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Pruritus is the predominant symptom of skin disease. Owing to the poorly understood pathophysiology, the development of effective treatment modalities for pruritus has proven to be particularly difficult. At present, there is no universally accepted therapy for itch. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the treatment of pruritus. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW An overview of current, emerging and possible future therapies for pruritus is provided. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insights into possible treatment regimes for pruritus in different clinical scenarios. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The therapy of pruritus is challenging and at present takes on an individualistic approach. Recent advancements in the mechanisms that underlie this distressing symptom have identified new targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejesh Patel
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Addor FAS, Aoki V. Barreira cutânea na dermatite atópica. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:184-94. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo da barreira cutânea e de suas propriedades ganhou impulso a partir da década de 60, com estudos que apontaram sua resistência de forma isolada e suas propriedades com relação à permeação cutânea. Paralelamente, a descrição dos corpos de Odland auxiliou a compreensão da manutenção da estabilidade da camada córnea. O modelo brick & mortar, em que os corneócitos são os tijolos e o cimento são os lipídeos intercelulares, é o mais aceito, até o momento. Atualmente, há evidências consistentes de que o estrato córneo é uma estrutura metabolicamente ativa e exerce funções adaptativas. A barreira cutânea também tem um papel na resposta inflamatória, com ativação de melanócitos, angiogênese e fibroplasia, cuja intensidade depende, basicamente, da intensidade da agressão. As anormalidades da barreira cutânea da dermatite atópica são clinicamente observáveis pela presença de pele seca, achado muito frequente e significativo, que constitui parâmetro iagnóstico e de acompanhamento. O grau de hidratação da camada córnea, assim como a perda de água transepidérmica (transepidermal water loss - TEWL), estão relacionados com o grau de dano à barreira, constituindo parâmetros biofísicos que permitem acompanhar os pacientes de maneira não invasiva e com maior grau de sensibilidade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Alvim Sant'Anna Addor
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de Santo Amaro, Brasil
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
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Pivotal role of mast cells in pruritogenesis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 2009; 113:5942-50. [PMID: 19196660 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-179416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is a common symptom in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). The pathophysiology of MPD-associated pruritus is unclear. We have demonstrated that MPD mast cells (MCs) are involved by the malignant process. In the present study, we explored the hypothesis that MCs play an important role in the development of pruritogenesis in MPDs. We found that MPD MCs released significantly greater amounts of pruritogenic factors, including histamine, leukotrienes, and interleukin-31 (IL-31) than normal MCs. Elevated levels of IL-31 were also observed in MPD CD3(+) cell-conditioned media. MPD MCs exhibited increased migratory behavior in response to stem cell factor or interleukin-8, which was associated with increased filamentous-actin content. Furthermore, the presence of pruritus in MPDs was statistically correlated with a greater number of MCs being generated by CD34(+) cells, a greater number of MC colonies being formed by CD34(+) cells, decreased apoptosis and prostaglandin D(2) release by cultured MCs, and higher plasma levels of IL-31. These data demonstrate that functional abnormalities of MPD MCs probably lead to pruritogenesis in patients with MPDs. These studies provide cellular and molecular targets for the development of antipruritus drugs for patients with MPDs.
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Sugimoto M, Arai I, Futaki N, Hashimoto Y, Sakurai T, Honma Y, Nakaike S. The anti-pruritic efficacy of TS-022, a prostanoid DP1 receptor agonist, is dependent on the endogenous prostaglandin D2 level in the skin of NC/Nga mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 564:196-203. [PMID: 17328887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TS-022 is a prostanoid DP(1) receptor agonist, originally developed as a novel anti-pruritic drug for atopic dermatitis. The drug has been shown to suppress scratching and improve the skin inflammation in the NC/Nga (NC) mouse, a model of atopic dermatitis. Corticosteroids are commonly used as effective agents for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. We examined the anti-pruritic efficacy of TS-022 in NC mice cohabited with skin-lesioned NC mice, which showed spontaneous scratching without skin lesions in the early phase and chronic itching with severe dermatitis in the late phase, in comparison with that of dexamethasone. We have previously reported that prostaglandin D(2) might have a physiological role in the inhibition of pruritus. While after 2 weeks of cohabitation with skin-lesioned NC mice (early phase of dermatitis, characterized by the appearance of spontaneous scratching), topically applied TS-022 exhibited a weak anti-pruritic effect in the NC mice, after 6 weeks of cohabitation (late phase, characterized by both chronic scratching and dermatitis), the drug exerted potent anti-pruritic activity. In contrast, dexamethasone exerted potent anti-pruritic effect in both the early and late phases. Indomethacin aggravated the scratching in the early phase, but had no effect in the late phase. The skin prostaglandin D(2) level was significantly increased in the early phase, to subsequently declined and return to the basal level in the late phase. The cutaneous ability for prostaglandin D(2) production following topical application of arachidonic acid or mechanical scratching was decreased in the late phase. Moreover, the expression level of the prostanoid DP(1) receptor in the skin was increased in the late phase. These findings suggest that the potent anti-pruritic activity of TS-022 in the late phase might be attributable to the decrease of endogenous prostaglandin D(2) production and increase of prostanoid DP(1) receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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15
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Inoue T, Sugimoto M, Sakurai T, Saito R, Futaki N, Hashimoto Y, Honma Y, Arai I, Nakaike S. Modulation of scratching behavior by silencing an endogenous cyclooxygenase-1 gene in the skin through the administration of siRNA. J Gene Med 2007; 9:994-1001. [PMID: 17703497 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming a major tool that is revolutionizing research in the bioscience and biomedical fields. To apply the RNAi technique in vivo, it is crucial to develop appropriate methods of guiding the short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to the right tissues and cells. Here, we demonstrate an efficient method for performing gene knockdown in the body skin using the in vivo electro-transduction of siRNA. Using this method, we examined whether the targeted silencing of the cyclooxygenase (COX) gene in the skin could modulate the scratching behavior of an atopic dermatitis mouse model. METHODS NC/Nga mice were used as the atopic dermatitis model. Using our optimized in vivo electroporation conditions, siRNAs were introduced into the skin; the silencing efficiency was then analyzed by Western blotting, measuring the levels of prostaglandins, and immunohistochemistry. The scratching behaviors of the mice were measured using an automatic system. RESULTS Targeted silencing of the COX-1 gene using our in vivo siRNA technique significantly accelerated the scratching behavior of NC/Nga mice, whereas the COX-2 siRNA showed no effect. In addition, the effect of COX-1 siRNA was mimicked by treatment with a COX-1-selective inhibitor (SC-560). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the successful silencing of endogenous gene expression in the skin using the intradermal transfection of unmodified siRNA via electroporation. Using this method, we revealed that COX- 1-mediated prostaglandins may act as endogenous inhibitors of scratching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Inoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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