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The Pharmacological Potential of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists for Treating Parkinson's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072366. [PMID: 35408767 PMCID: PMC9000505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor subtype is recognized as a non-dopaminergic pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, notably Parkinson’s disease (PD). The selective A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline is approved in the US and Japan as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitors in adults with PD experiencing OFF episodes or a wearing-off phenomenon; however, the full potential of this drug class remains to be explored. In this article, we review the pharmacology of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists from the perspective of the treatment of both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD and their potential for disease modification.
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Blum D, Chern Y, Domenici MR, Buée L, Lin CY, Rea W, Ferré S, Popoli P. The Role of Adenosine Tone and Adenosine Receptors in Huntington's Disease. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018; 8:43-58. [PMID: 30023989 PMCID: PMC6049521 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the IT15 gene that encodes for the huntingtin protein. Mutated hungtingtin, although widely expressed in the brain, predominantly affects striato-pallidal neurons, particularly enriched with adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), suggesting a possible involvement of adenosine and A2AR is the pathogenesis of HD. In fact, polymorphic variation in the ADORA2A gene influences the age at onset in HD, and A2AR dynamics is altered by mutated huntingtin. Basal levels of adenosine and adenosine receptors are involved in many processes critical for neuronal function and homeostasis, including modulation of synaptic activity and excitotoxicity, the control of neurotrophin levels and functions, and the regulation of protein degradation mechanisms. In the present review, we critically analyze the current literature involving the effect of altered adenosine tone and adenosine receptors in HD and discuss why therapeutics that modulate the adenosine system may represent a novel approach for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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3
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Development of a practical and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of ST1535 by an iron-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:195-232. [PMID: 25175968 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates important pathophysiological functions via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). The A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR) are major targets of caffeine and have been extensively investigated. Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Since the first genetic HD model was created almost two decades ago, tremendous progress regarding the function of the adenosine receptors in HD has been made. Chronic intake of caffeine was recently shown to be positively associated with the disease onset of HD. Moreover, genetic polymorphism of A2AR is believed to impact the age of onset. Given the importance of adenosine receptors as drug targets for human diseases, this review highlights the recent findings that delineate the roles of adenosine receptors in HD and discusses their potential for serving as drug targets and/or biomarkers for HD. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates important physiological functions via four different adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These adenosine receptors have seven transmembrane domains and belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The functions of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) have been investigated relative to HD. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of adenosine receptors in HD and discuss the potential application of adenosine receptors as drug targets and biomarkers for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Rivara S, Piersanti G, Bartoccini F, Diamantini G, Pala D, Riccioni T, Stasi MA, Cabri W, Borsini F, Mor M, Tarzia G, Minetti P. Synthesis of (E)-8-(3-Chlorostyryl)caffeine Analogues Leading to 9-Deazaxanthine Derivatives as Dual A2A Antagonists/MAO-B Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1247-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301686s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Giuseppe Diamantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Teresa Riccioni
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stasi
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Franco Borsini
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Patrizia Minetti
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Mironiuk-Puchalska E, Rowicki T. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolo-nucleosides via the post-triazole N-alkylation. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Frau L, Borsini F, Wardas J, Khairnar AS, Schintu N, Morelli M. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ST1535 in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2010; 65:181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bartoccini F, Cabri W, Celona D, Minetti P, Piersanti G, Tarzia G. Direct B-Alkyl Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling of 2-Halopurines. Practical Synthesis of ST1535, a Potent Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Diana Celona
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Minetti
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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9
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Pinna A. Novel investigational adenosine A2Areceptor antagonists for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:1619-31. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903241615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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