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Piomelli D, Scalvini L, Fotio Y, Lodola A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Mor M. N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA): Structure, Function, and Inhibition. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7475-7490. [PMID: 32191459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is an N-terminal cysteine hydrolase primarily found in the endosomal-lysosomal compartment of innate and adaptive immune cells. NAAA catalyzes the hydrolytic deactivation of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a lipid-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist that exerts profound anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Emerging evidence points to NAAA-regulated PEA signaling at PPAR-α as a critical control point for the induction and the resolution of inflammation and to NAAA itself as a target for anti-inflammatory medicines. The present Perspective discusses three key aspects of this hypothesis: the role of NAAA in controlling the signaling activity of PEA; the structural bases for NAAA function and inhibition by covalent and noncovalent agents; and finally, the potential value of NAAA-targeting drugs in the treatment of human inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
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2
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Vozella V, Ahmed F, Choobchian P, Merrill CB, Zibardi C, Tarzia G, Mor M, Duranti A, Tontini A, Rivara S, Piomelli D. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety studies on URB937, a peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1762-1773. [PMID: 31579946 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES URB937, a peripheral fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, exerts profound analgesic effects in animal models. We examined, in rats, (1) the pharmacokinetic profile of oral URB937; (2) the compound's ability to elevate levels of the representative FAAH substrate, oleoylethanolamide (OEA); and (3) the compound's tolerability after oral administration. METHODS We developed a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method to measure URB937 and used a pre-existing LC/MS-MS assay to quantify OEA. FAAH activity was measured using a radioactive substrate. The tolerability of single or repeated (once daily for 2 weeks) oral administration of supramaximal doses of URB937 (100, 300, 1000 mg/kg) was assessed by monitoring food intake, water intake and body weight, followed by post-mortem evaluation of organ structure. KEY FINDINGS URB937 was orally available in male rats (F = 36%), but remained undetectable in brain when administered at doses that maximally inhibit FAAH activity and elevate OEA in plasma and liver. Acute and subchronic treatment with high doses of URB937 was well-tolerated and resulted in FAAH inhibition in brain. CONCLUSIONS Pain remains a major unmet medical need. The favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of URB937, along with its tolerability, encourage further development studies on this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vozella
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paoula Choobchian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Zibardi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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3
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Ribeiro A, Pontis S, Mengatto L, Armirotti A, Chiurchiù V, Capurro V, Fiasella A, Nuzzi A, Romeo E, Moreno-Sanz G, Maccarrone M, Reggiani A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Bertozzi F, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. A Potent Systemically Active N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitor that Suppresses Inflammation and Human Macrophage Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1838-46. [PMID: 25874594 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) are lipid-derived mediators that potently inhibit pain and inflammation by ligating type-α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). These bioactive substances are preferentially degraded by the cysteine hydrolase, N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), which is highly expressed in macrophages. Here, we describe a new class of β-lactam derivatives that are potent, selective, and systemically active inhibitors of intracellular NAAA activity. The prototype of this class deactivates NAAA by covalently binding the enzyme's catalytic cysteine and exerts profound anti-inflammatory effects in both mouse models and human macrophages. This agent may be used to probe the functions of NAAA in health and disease and as a starting point to discover better anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ribeiro
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Pontis
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luisa Mengatto
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- European
Center for Brain Research, Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso
di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Capurro
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Fiasella
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
- Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department
of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Pharmaceutical
Department, University of Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego
30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Departments
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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4
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Pace S, Brogin G, Stasi MA, Riccioni T, Borsini F, Capocasa F, Manera F, Tallarico C, Grossi P, Vacondio F, Bassi M, Bartoccini F, Lucarini S, Piersanti G, Tarzia G, Cabri W, Minetti P. Potent, Metabolically Stable 2-Alkyl-8-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-9H-adenines as Adenosine A2AReceptor Ligands. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1149-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Fiasella A, Nuzzi A, Summa M, Armirotti A, Tarozzo G, Tarzia G, Mor M, Bertozzi F, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. 3-Aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors suitable for systemic administration. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1602-14. [PMID: 24828120 PMCID: PMC4224963 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a cysteine hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of endogenous lipid mediators such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in animals by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). Thus, preventing PEA degradation by inhibiting NAAA may provide a novel approach for the treatment of pain and inflammatory states. Recently, 3-aminooxetan-2-one compounds were identified as a class of highly potent NAAA inhibitors. The utility of these compounds is limited, however, by their low chemical and plasma stabilities. In the present study, we synthesized and tested a series of N-(2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)amides as a novel class of NAAA inhibitors with good potency and improved physicochemical properties, suitable for systemic administration. Moreover, we elucidated the main structural features of 3-aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives that are critical for NAAA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fiasella
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino „Carlo Bo“, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (Italy)
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale della Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, 3216 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility Irvine, California 92697–4621 (United States)
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6
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Moreno-Sanz G, Barrera B, Armirotti A, Bertozzi SM, Scarpelli R, Bandiera T, Prieto JG, Duranti A, Tarzia G, Merino G, Piomelli D. Structural determinants of peripheral O-arylcarbamate FAAH inhibitors render them dual substrates for Abcb1 and Abcg2 and restrict their access to the brain. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:87-93. [PMID: 24993496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main entry route for chemicals into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Two transmembrane transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family - breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2 in humans, Abcg2 in rodents) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 in humans, Abcb1 in rodents) - play a key role in mediating this process. Pharmacological and genetic evidence suggests that Abcg2 prevents CNS access to a group of highly potent and selective O-arylcarbamate fatty-acid amidohydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which include the compound URB937 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-6-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester). To define structure-activity relationships of the interaction of these molecules with Abcg2, in the present study we tested various peripherally restricted and non-restricted O-arylcarbamate FAAH inhibitors for their ability to serve as transport substrates in monolayer cultures of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney-II (MDCKII) cells over-expressing Abcg2. Surprisingly, we found that the majority of compounds tested - even those able to enter the CNS in vivo - were substrates for Abcg2 in vitro. Additional experiments in MDCKII cells overexpressing ABCB1 revealed that only those compounds that were dual substrates for ABCB1 and Abcg2 in vitro were also peripherally restricted in vivo. The extent of such restriction seems to depend upon other physicochemical features of the compounds, in particular the polar surface area. Consistent with these in vitro results, we found that URB937 readily enters the brain in dual knockout mice lacking both Abcg2 and Abcb1, whereas it is either partially or completely excluded from the brain of mice lacking either transporter alone. The results suggest that Abcg2 and Abcb1 act together to restrict the access of URB937 to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine 92697-4621, USA
| | - Borja Barrera
- INDEGSAL, Campus Vegazana s/n, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences - Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Campus Vegazana s/n, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sine M Bertozzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Scarpelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Julio G Prieto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Campus Vegazana s/n, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gracia Merino
- INDEGSAL, Campus Vegazana s/n, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences - Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Campus Vegazana s/n, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine 92697-4621, USA; Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.
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7
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Bartolucci S, Pala D, Mor M, Riccioni T, Borsini F, Cabri W, Celona D, Marzi M, Tarzia G, Rivara S, Minetti P. Towards the development of 5-HT7 ligands combining serotonin-like and arylpiperazine moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Ochoa-Sanchez R, Comai S, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Gobbi G. Melatonin, selective and non-selective MT1/MT2 receptors agonists: differential effects on the 24-h vigilance states. Neurosci Lett 2014; 561:156-61. [PMID: 24406151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a neurohormone implicated in several physiological processes such as sleep. Contrasting results have been produced on whether or not it may act as a hypnotic agent, and the neurobiological mechanism through which it controls the vigilance states has not yet been elucidated. In this study we investigated the effect of MLT (40 mg/kg), a non-selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist (UCM793, 40 mg/kg), and a selective MT2 partial agonist (UCM924, 40 mg/kg) on the 24-h vigilance states. EEG and EMG sleep-wake patterns were registered across the 24-h light-dark cycle in adult Sprague-Dawley male rats. MLT decreased (-37%) the latency to the first episode of non rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), enhanced the power of NREMS delta band (+33%), but did not alter the duration of any of the three vigilance states. Differently, UCM793 increased the number of episodes (+52%) and decreased the length of the episodes (-38%) of wakefulness but did not alter the 24-h duration of wakefulness, NREMS and REMS. UCM924 instead reduced the latency (-56%) and increased (+31%) the duration of NREMS. Moreover, it raised the number of REMS episodes (+57%) but did not affect REMS duration. Taken together, these findings show that MLT and non-selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonists do not increase the quantity of sleep but differently influence the three vigilance states. In addition, they support the evidence that selective MT2 receptor agonists increase NREMS duration compared to MLT and non-selective MT1/MT2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ochoa-Sanchez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Ponzano S, Bertozzi F, Mengatto L, Dionisi M, Armirotti A, Romeo E, Berteotti A, Fiorelli C, Tarozzo G, Reggiani A, Duranti A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Cavalli A, Piomelli D, Bandiera T. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid esters, a class of potent N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6917-34. [PMID: 23991897 DOI: 10.1021/jm400739u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal cysteine hydrolase involved in the degradation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), a family of endogenous lipid agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, which include oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). The β-lactone derivatives (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-3-phenylpropionamide (2) and (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-biphenyl-4-carboxamide (3) inhibit NAAA, prevent FAE hydrolysis in activated inflammatory cells, and reduce tissue reactions to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Recently, our group disclosed ARN077 (4), a potent NAAA inhibitor that is active in vivo by topical administration in rodent models of hyperalgesia and allodynia. In the present study, we investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of threonine-derived β-lactone analogues of compound 4. The main results of this work were an enhancement of the inhibitory potency of β-lactone carbamate derivatives for NAAA and the identification of (4-phenylphenyl)-methyl-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-4-oxo-oxetan-3-yl]carbamate (14q) as the first single-digit nanomolar inhibitor of intracellular NAAA activity (IC50 = 7 nM on both rat NAAA and human NAAA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ponzano
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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10
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Moreno-Sanz G, Duranti A, Melzig L, Fiorelli C, Ruda GF, Colombano G, Mestichelli P, Sanchini S, Tontini A, Mor M, Bandiera T, Scarpelli R, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of O-biphenyl-3-yl carbamates as peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5917-30. [PMID: 23822179 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB937 (3, cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-6-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) is extruded from the brain and spinal cord by the Abcg2 efflux transporter. Despite its inability to enter the central nervous system (CNS), 3 exerts profound antinociceptive effects in mice and rats, which result from the inhibition of FAAH in peripheral tissues and the consequent enhancement of anandamide signaling at CB1 cannabinoid receptors localized on sensory nerve endings. In the present study, we examined the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the biphenyl region of compound 3, focusing on the carbamoyl and hydroxyl groups in the distal and proximal phenyl rings. Our SAR studies generated a new series of peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitors and identified compound 35 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-5-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) as the most potent brain-impermeant FAAH inhibitor disclosed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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11
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Piersanti G, Bartoccini F, Lucarini S, Cabri W, Stasi MA, Riccioni T, Borsini F, Tarzia G, Minetti P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of metabolites of 2-n-butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine (ST1535), a potent antagonist of the A2A adenosine receptor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5456-63. [PMID: 23789814 DOI: 10.1021/jm400491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and preliminary in vitro evaluation of five metabolites of the A2A antagonist ST1535 (1) are reported. The metabolites, originating in vivo from enzymatic oxidation of the 2-butyl group of the parent compound, were synthesized from 6-chloro-2-iodo-9-methyl-9H-purine (2) by selective C-C bond formation via halogen/magnesium exchange reaction and/or palladium-catalyzed reactions. The metabolites behaved in vitro as antagonist ligands of cloned human A2A receptor with affinities (Ki 7.5-53 nM) comparable to that of compound 1 (Ki 10.7 nM), thus showing that the long duration of action of 1 could be in part due to its metabolites. General behavior after oral administration in mice was also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino , Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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12
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Lodola A, Capoferri L, Rivara S, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mulholland A, Mor M. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics modeling of fatty acid amide hydrolase reactivation distinguishes substrate from irreversible covalent inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2500-12. [PMID: 23425199 DOI: 10.1021/jm301867x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbamate and urea derivatives are important classes of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors that carbamoylate the active-site nucleophile Ser241. In the present work, the reactivation mechanism of carbamoylated FAAH is investigated by means of a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. The potential energy surfaces for decarbamoylation of FAAH covalent adducts, derived from the O-aryl carbamate URB597 and from the N-piperazinylurea JNJ1661610, were calculated and compared to that for deacylation of FAAH acylated by the substrate oleamide. Calculations show that a carbamic group bound to Ser241 prevents efficient stabilization of transition states of hydrolysis, leading to large increments in the activation barrier. Moreover, the energy barrier for the piperazine carboxylate was significantly lower than that for the cyclohexyl carbamate derived from URB597. This is consistent with experimental data showing slowly reversible FAAH inhibition for the N-piperazinylurea inhibitor and irreversible inhibition for URB597.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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13
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Rivara S, Piersanti G, Bartoccini F, Diamantini G, Pala D, Riccioni T, Stasi MA, Cabri W, Borsini F, Mor M, Tarzia G, Minetti P. Synthesis of (E)-8-(3-Chlorostyryl)caffeine Analogues Leading to 9-Deazaxanthine Derivatives as Dual A2A Antagonists/MAO-B Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1247-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301686s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Giuseppe Diamantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Teresa Riccioni
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stasi
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Franco Borsini
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27 A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (PU),
Italy
| | - Patrizia Minetti
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite
S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040 Pomezia, Italy
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14
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Tarzia G. Editorial: premature publishing and over-fragmentation. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:6-7. [PMID: 23281336 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ochoa-Sanchez R, Rainer Q, Comai S, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Rivara S, Fraschini F, Mor M, Tarzia G, Gobbi G. Anxiolytic effects of the melatonin MT(2) receptor partial agonist UCM765: comparison with melatonin and diazepam. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:318-25. [PMID: 22789661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a neurohormone known to be involved in the regulation of anxiety. Most of the physiological actions of MLT in the brain are mediated by two high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors, denoted MT(1) and MT(2). However, the particular role of these receptors in anxiety remains to be defined. Here we used a novel MT(2)-selective partial agonist, UCM765 to evaluate the involvement of MT(2) receptors in anxiety. Adult male rats were acutely injected with UCM765 (5-10-20mg/kg), MLT (20mg/kg) or diazepam (DZ, 1mg/kg). Anxiety-related behaviors were assessed in the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT) and open field test (OFT). UCM765 at the dose of 10mg/kg showed anxiolytic-like properties by increasing the time spent in the open arm of the EPMT, and by reducing the latency to eat in a novel environment in the NSFT. In the EPMT, animals treated with UCM765 (10mg/kg) or MLT (20mg/kg) spent more time in the open arms compared to vehicle-treated animals, but to a lesser extent compared to DZ (1mg/kg). In the NSFT, all treatments similarly decreased the latency to eat in a novel environment compared to vehicle. UCM765 and MLT did not affect the total time and the number of entries into the central area of the OFT, but unlike DZ, did not impair locomotion. The anxiolytic effects of UCM765 and MLT in the EPMT and the NSFT were blocked using a pre-treatment with the MT(1)/MT(2) antagonist luzindole (10mg/kg) or the MT(2) antagonist 4P-PDOT (10mg/kg). These results demonstrated, for the first time, the anxiolytic properties of UCM765 and suggest that MT(2)-receptors may be considered a novel target for the development of anxiolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ochoa-Sanchez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Rivara S, Pala D, Lodola A, Mor M, Lucini V, Dugnani S, Scaglione F, Bedini A, Lucarini S, Tarzia G, Spadoni G. MT1-Selective Melatonin Receptor Ligands: Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Molecular Dynamics Investigation ofN-{[(3-O-Substituted)anilino]alkyl}amides. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1954-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Duranti A, Tontini A, Antonietti F, Vacondio F, Fioni A, Silva C, Lodola A, Rivara S, Solorzano C, Piomelli D, Tarzia G, Mor M. N-(2-Oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic Acid Esters as N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure–Activity and Structure–Property Relationships. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4824-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlos Solorzano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, California
92697-4625, United States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, California
92697-4625, United States
- Department of Drug Discovery
and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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18
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Armirotti A, Romeo E, Ponzano S, Mengatto L, Dionisi M, Karacsonyi C, Bertozzi F, Garau G, Tarozzo G, Reggiani A, Bandiera T, Tarzia G, Mor M, Piomelli D. β-Lactones Inhibit N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase by S-Acylation of the Catalytic N-Terminal Cysteine. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:422-6. [PMID: 24900487 DOI: 10.1021/ml300056y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine amidase N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a member of the N-terminal nucleophile class of enzymes and a potential target for anti-inflammatory drugs. We investigated the mechanism of inhibition of human NAAA by substituted β-lactones. We characterized pharmacologically a representative member of this class, ARN077, and showed, using high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, that this compound forms a thioester bond with the N-terminal catalytic cysteine in human NAAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armirotti
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luisa Mengatto
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Dionisi
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Karacsonyi
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Garau
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Pharmaceutical
Department, University of Parma, 43124
Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, California 92697-4625,
United States
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Bartoccini F, Piersanti G, Mor M, Tarzia G, Minetti P, Cabri W. Divergent synthesis of novel 9-deazaxanthine derivatives via late-stage cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8860-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Ochoa-Sanchez R, Comai S, Lacoste B, Bambico FR, Dominguez-Lopez S, Spadoni G, Rivara S, Bedini A, Angeloni D, Fraschini F, Mor M, Tarzia G, Descarries L, Gobbi G. Promotion of non-rapid eye movement sleep and activation of reticular thalamic neurons by a novel MT2 melatonin receptor ligand. J Neurosci 2011; 31:18439-52. [PMID: 22171046 PMCID: PMC6623882 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2676-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin activates two brain G-protein coupled receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), whose differential roles in the sleep-wake cycle remain to be defined. The novel MT(2) receptor partial agonist, N-{2-[(3-methoxyphenyl) phenylamino] ethyl} acetamide (UCM765), is here shown to selectively promote non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in rats and mice. The enhancement of NREMS by UCM765 is nullified by the pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of MT(2) receptors. MT(2), but not MT(1), knock-out mice show a decrease in NREMS compared to the wild strain. Immunohistochemical labeling reveals that MT(2) receptors are localized in sleep-related brain regions, and notably the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt). Microinfusion of UCM765 in the Rt promotes NREMS, and its systemic administration induces an increase in firing and rhythmic burst activity of Rt neurons, which is blocked by the MT(2) antagonist 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin. Since developing hypnotics that increase NREMS without altering sleep architecture remains a medical challenge, MT(2) receptors may represent a novel target for the treatment of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ochoa-Sanchez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology and
- Physiology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Francis Rodriguez Bambico
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Sergio Dominguez-Lopez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Carlo Bo University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy 61029
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Pharmaceutical Department University of Parma, Parma, Italy 43124
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Carlo Bo University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy 61029
| | | | - Franco Fraschini
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemiotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 20129
| | - Marco Mor
- Pharmaceutical Department University of Parma, Parma, Italy 43124
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Carlo Bo University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy 61029
| | - Laurent Descarries
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology and
- Physiology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
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Bedini A, Lucarini S, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Scaglione F, Dugnani S, Pannacci M, Lucini V, Carmi C, Pala D, Rivara S, Mor M. Toward the Definition of Stereochemical Requirements for MT2-Selective Antagonists and Partial Agonists by Studying 4-Phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin Derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8362-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200790v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia,
Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano,
Italy
| | - Silvana Dugnani
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia,
Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano,
Italy
| | - Marilou Pannacci
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia,
Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano,
Italy
| | - Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia,
Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano,
Italy
| | - Caterina Carmi
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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22
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Orlando P, Lucarini S, Tarzia G, Mor M, Rivara S, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F. Bivalent ligand approach on N-{2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylamino]ethyl}acetamide: Synthesis, binding affinity and intrinsic activity for MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4910-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Lodola A, Carmi C, Rivara S, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Clapper JR, Piomelli D, Tarzia G, Mor M. Biphenyl-3-yl alkylcarbamates as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors: steric effects of N-alkyl chain on rat plasma and liver stability. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4466-73. [PMID: 21820769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alkylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl esters are a class of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which include the reference compounds URB597 and URB694. Given the intrinsic reactivity of the carbamate group, the in vivo potency of these molecules in rats is strongly affected by their hydrolysis in plasma or hepatic metabolism. In the present study, in vitro chemical and metabolic stability assays (rat plasma and rat liver S(9) fraction) were used to investigate the structure-property relationships (SPRs) for a focused series of title compounds, where lipophilicity and steric hindrance of the carbamate N-substituent had been modulated. The resulting degradation rates indicate that a secondary or tertiary alkyl group at the carbamate nitrogen atom increases hydrolytic stability towards rat plasma esterases. The calculated solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the carbamate fragment was employed to describe the differences observed in rate constants of hydrolysis in rat plasma (log k(plasma)), suggesting that stability in plasma increases if the substituent exerts a shielding effect on the carbamate carbonyl. Stability in rat liver S(9) fraction is increased when a tertiary carbon is bound to the carbamate nitrogen atom, while other steric effects showed complex relationships with degradation rates. The SPRs here described may be applied at the pharmacokinetic optimization of other classes of carbamate FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale GP Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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24
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Riccioni T, Bordi F, Minetti P, Spadoni G, Yun HM, Im BH, Tarzia G, Rhim H, Borsini F. ST1936 stimulates cAMP, Ca2+, ERK1/2 and Fyn kinase through a full activation of cloned human 5-HT6 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 661:8-14. [PMID: 21549693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-HT(6) receptor is one of the most recently cloned serotonin receptors, and it might play important roles in Alzheimer's disease, depression, and learning and memory disorders. Availability of only very few 5-HT(6) receptor agonists, however, does not allow examining their contribution in psychopharmacological processes. Therefore, a new 5-HT(6) receptor agonist, ST1936, was synthesized. ST1936 binds to human 5-HT(6) receptors with good affinity (K(i)=28.8 nM). ST1936 also exhibited some moderate binding affinity for 5HT(2B), 5HT(1A), 5HT(7) receptors and adrenergic α receptors. ST1936 behaved as a full 5-HT(6) agonist on cloned cells and was able to increase Ca(2+) concentration, phosphorylation of Fyn kinase, and regulate the activation of ERK1/2 that is a downstream target of Fyn kinase. These effects were completely antagonized by two 5-HT(6) receptor antagonists, SB271046 and SB258585. The other 5-HT(6) receptor agonist, WAY181187 also increased Fyn kinase activity. These results suggest that both ST1936 and WAY181187 mediate 5-HT(6) receptor-dependent signal pathways, such as cAMP, Fyn and ERK1/2 kinase, as specific agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Riccioni
- Sigma-tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Pomezia, Italy
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Lodola A, Capoferri L, Rivara S, Chudyk E, Sirirak J, Dyguda-Kazimierowicz E, Andrzej Sokalski W, Mileni M, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mor M, Mulholland AJ. Understanding the role of carbamate reactivity in fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition by QM/MM mechanistic modelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2517-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Solorzano C, Antonietti F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Rivara S, Lodola A, Vacondio F, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mor M. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides as N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5770-81. [PMID: 20604568 PMCID: PMC2932887 DOI: 10.1021/jm100582w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are a family of bioactive lipid mediators that include the endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). FAEs are hydrolyzed intracellularly by either fatty acid amide hydrolase or N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). Selective inhibition of NAAA by (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-3-phenylpropionamide [(S)-OOPP, 7a] prevents PEA degradation in mouse leukocytes and attenuates responses to proinflammatory stimuli. Starting from the structure of 7a, a series of beta-lactones was prepared and tested on recombinant rat NAAA to explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) for this class of inhibitors and improve their in vitro potency. Following the hypothesis that these compounds inhibit NAAA by acylation of the catalytic cysteine, we identified several requirements for recognition at the active site and obtained new potent inhibitors. In particular, (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide (7h) was more potent than 7a at inhibiting recombinant rat NAAA activity (7a, IC(50) = 420 nM; 7h, IC(50) = 115 nM) in vitro and at reducing carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Solorzano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, Irvine CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, Irvine CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Bartoccini F, Cabri W, Celona D, Minetti P, Piersanti G, Tarzia G. Direct B-Alkyl Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling of 2-Halopurines. Practical Synthesis of ST1535, a Potent Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Diana Celona
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Minetti
- Chemistry & Analytical Development Department, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina Km 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, P.zza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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Mor M, Rivara S, Pala D, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G. Recent advances in the development of melatonin MT1and MT2receptor agonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1059-77. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.496455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Clapper JR, Vacondio F, King AR, Duranti A, Tontini A, Silva C, Sanchini S, Tarzia G, Mor M, Piomelli D. A second generation of carbamate-based fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors with improved activity in vivo. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1505-13. [PMID: 19637155 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid ethanolamides are a class of signaling lipids that include agonists at cannabinoid and alpha type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha). In the brain, these compounds are primarily hydrolyzed by the intracellular serine enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). O-aryl carbamate FAAH inhibitors such as URB597 are being evaluated clinically for the treatment of pain and anxiety, but interactions with carboxylesterases in liver might limit their usefulness. Here we explore two strategies aimed at overcoming this limitation. Lipophilic N-terminal substitutions, which enhance FAAH recognition, yield potent inhibitors but render such compounds susceptible to attack by broad-spectrum hydrolases and inactive in vivo. By contrast, polar electron-donating O-aryl substituents, which decrease carbamate reactivity, yield compounds, such as URB694, that are highly potent FAAH inhibitors in vivo and less reactive with off-target carboxylesterases. The results suggest that an approach balancing inhibitor reactivity with target recognition produces FAAH inhibitors that display significantly improved drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Clapper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, 360 MSRII, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Rivara S, Vacondio F, Fioni A, Silva C, Carmi C, Mor M, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Caronno A, Scaglione F, Gobbi G, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Orlando P, Lucarini S, Tarzia G. N-(Anilinoethyl)amides: Design and Synthesis of Metabolically Stable, Selective Melatonin Receptor Ligands. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1746-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Lodola A, Fioni A, Rivara S, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Clapper JR, Piomelli D, Mor M, Tarzia G, King A. Cover Picture: Structure-Property Relationships of a Class of Carbamate-Based Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibitors: Chemical and Biological Stability / A Second Generation of Carbamate-Based Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors with Improved Activity in vivo (ChemMedChem 9/2009). ChemMedChem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200990041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Lodola A, Fioni A, Rivara S, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Clapper J, Piomelli D, Mor M, Tarzia G. Structure-property relationships of a class of carbamate-based fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors: chemical and biological stability. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1495-504. [PMID: 19554599 PMCID: PMC3517974 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclohexylcarbamic acid aryl esters are a class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which includes the reference compound URB597. The reactivity of their carbamate fragment is involved in pharmacological activity and may affect their pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. We conducted in vitro stability experiments in chemical and biological environments to investigate the structure-stability relationships in this class of compounds. The results show that electrophilicity of the carbamate influences chemical stability, as suggested by the relation between the rate constant of alkaline hydrolysis (log k(pH9)) and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Introduction of small electron-donor substituents at conjugated positions of the O-aryl moiety increased the overall hydrolytic stability of the carbamate group without affecting FAAH inhibitory potency, whereas peripheral non-conjugated hydrophilic groups, which favor FAAH recognition, helped decrease oxidative metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvano Sanchini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Jason Clapper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L. Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bambico FR, Duranti A, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Gobbi G. Endocannabinoids in the treatment of mood disorders: evidence from animal models. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:1623-46. [PMID: 19442178 DOI: 10.2174/138161209788168029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among all mental disorders, major depression has the highest rate of prevalence and incidence of morbidity. Currently available antidepressant therapies have limited efficacies; consequently, research on new drugs for the treatment of mood disorders has become increasingly critical. Recent preclinical evidences that cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid enhancers, such as the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, can impact mood regulation have opened a new line of research in antidepressant drug discovery. However, the neurobiological mechanisms linking the endocannabinoid system with the pathophysiology of mood disorders and antidepressant action remain unclarified. In this review, we have presented an update on preclinical data indicating the antidepressant potential of cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid enhancers in comparison to standard antidepressants. Data obtained from CB(1) knockout (CB(1)-/-) and FAAH knockout (FAAH-/-) mice have also been examined within this context. We have illustrated how the various classes of antidepressants exert their therapeutic action. In particular, all antidepressants increase the neurotransmission of serotonin after long-term treatment, enhance the tonic activity of hippocampal 5-HT(1A) receptors, promote neurogenesis, and modulate (decrease or increase) the firing activity of noradrenergic neurons. Interestingly, cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid enhancers increase serotonin and noradrenergic neuronal firing activity, increase serotonin release in the hippocampus, as well as promote neurogenesis. Since cannabinoid-derived drugs potentiate monoaminergic neurotransmission and hippocampal neurogenesis through distinct pathways compared to classical antidepressants, they may represent an alternative drug class in the pharmacotherapy of mood and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rodriguez Bambico
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Valitutti G, Duranti A, Mor M, Piersanti G, Piomelli D, Rivara S, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Traldi P. The collisional behavior of ESI-generated protonated molecules of some carbamate FAAH inhibitors isosteres and its relationships with biological activity. J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44:561-565. [PMID: 19034887 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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LoVerme J, Duranti A, Tontini A, Spadoni G, Mor M, Rivara S, Stella N, Xu C, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and characterization of a peripherally restricted CB1 cannabinoid antagonist, URB447, that reduces feeding and body-weight gain in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:639-43. [PMID: 19128970 PMCID: PMC3690177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists reduce body weight in rodents and humans, but their clinical utility as anti-obesity agents is limited by centrally mediated side effects. Here, we describe the first mixed CB(1) antagonist/CB(2) agonist, URB447 ([4-amino-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl](phenyl)methanone), which lowers food intake and body-weight gain in mice without entering the brain or antagonizing central CB(1)-dependent responses. URB447 may provide a useful pharmacological tool for investigating the cannabinoid system, and might serve as a starting point for developing clinically viable CB(1) antagonists devoid of central side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse LoVerme
- Department of Pharmacology, 360 MedScience II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, 360 MedScience II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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Mor M, Lodola A, Rivara S, Vacondio F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Piersanti G, Clapper JR, King AR, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors: Modulation at the N-Portion of Biphenyl-3-yl Alkylcarbamates. J Med Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801482q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rivara S, Mor M, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G. Melatonin receptor agonists: SAR and applications to the treatment of sleep-wake disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2008; 8:954-68. [PMID: 18673165 DOI: 10.2174/156802608784936719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is synthesized and released by the pineal gland following a circadian rhythm characterized by high levels during the night. It shows several pharmacological effects on diverse cellular and animal models, mainly related to either its antioxidant activity or to its ability to activate specific receptors (MTr). Melatonin is widely used as a self-administered food additive, but its therapeutic potential needs more investigation and is hampered by its poor pharmacokinetics. This review will focus on the medicinal chemistry of agonist ligands of the two human GPCRs MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. The recent introduction of ramelteon, a non-selective MT(1)/MT(2) agonist for the treatment of insomnia, and the advancement to clinical trials of other MTr agonists have renewed interest for different classes of compounds endowed with this activity. Several chemical classes of MTr agonists are described in the literature, generally characterized by an indole, or an indole bioisostere, carrying an amide side chain and a methoxy group, or substituents with similar stereoelectronic features. Abundant information is available for non-selective MT(1)/MT(2) ligands, and several molecular models, both ligand- and receptor-based, have been proposed to rationalize their structure activity relationships. Fewer classes of selective agonists have been reported in the literature, and they could help clarifying the physiological role of the two receptor subtypes. A brief discussion on the therapeutic potential of this class of compounds is based on the clinical data available for the agonists ramelteon, agomelatine, beta-methyl-6-chloromelatonin (TIK-301) and VEC-162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Metternich R, Tarzia G. Medicinal Chemistry: Defining Itself. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1147-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mor M, Lodola A, Rivara S, Vacondio F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Piersanti G, Clapper JR, King AR, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: modulation at the N-portion of biphenyl-3-yl alkylcarbamates. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3487-98. [PMID: 18507372 DOI: 10.1021/jm701631z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl esters are a class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors that comprises cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester (URB597), a compound with analgesic, anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties in rat and mouse models. Here, we extended the structure-activity relationships (SARs) for this class of compounds by replacing the cyclohexyl ring of the parent compound cyclohexylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl ester (URB524) (FAAH IC50 = 63 nM) with a selected set of substituents of different size, shape, flexibility, and lipophilicity. Docking experiments and linear interaction energy (LIE) calculations indicated that the N-terminal group of O-arylcarbamates fits within the lipophilic region of the substrate-binding site, mimicking the arachidonoyl chain of anandamide. Significant potency improvements were observed for the beta-naphthylmethyl derivative 4q (IC50 = 5.3 nM) and its 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester 4z (URB880, IC50 = 0.63 nM), indicating that shape complementarity and hydrogen bonds are crucial to obtain highly potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G P Usberti 27/A Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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Tarzia G, Antonietti F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Rivara S, Traldi P, Astarita G, King A, Clapper JR, Piomelli D. Identification of a bioactive impurity in a commercial sample of 6-methyl-2-p-tolylaminobenzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (URB754). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 97:887-94. [PMID: 17970304 DOI: 10.1002/adic.200790073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The compound URB754 was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of the endocannabinoid-deactivating enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) by screening of a commercial chemical library. Based on HPLC/MS, NMR and EI/MS analyses, the present paper shows that the MGL-inhibitory activity attributed to URB754 is in fact due to a chemical impurity present in the commercial sample, identified as bis(methylthio)mercurane. Although this organomercurial compound is highly potent at inhibiting MGL (IC50 = 11.9 +/- 1.1 nM), its biological use is prohibited by its toxicity and target promiscuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Lodola A, Mor M, Rivara S, Christov C, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mulholland AJ. Identification of productive inhibitor binding orientation in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by QM/MM mechanistic modelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:214-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b714136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spadoni G, Bedini A, Diamantini G, Tarzia G, Rivara S, Lorenzi S, Lodola A, Mor M, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Caronno A, Fraschini F. Synthesis, Enantiomeric Resolution, and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of a Series of 10,11-Dihydro-5H-Dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene MT2 Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1741-9. [PMID: 17907131 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Racemic N-(8-methoxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ylmethyl)acetamide (compound 5) was previously identified as a novel selective MT(2) antagonist fulfilling the requirements of pharmacophore and 3D QSAR models. In this study the enantiomers of 5 were separated by medium-pressure liquid chromatography and behaved as the racemate. Compound 5 was modified at the acylaminomethyl side chain and at position C8. The resulting analogues generally behaved as melatonin receptor antagonists (GTPgammaS test) with a modest degree of selectivity (up to 10-fold) for the MT(2) receptor. Changes at the amide side chain led to a decrease in binding affinity, whereas 8-acetyl and 8-methyl derivatives 12 and 11, respectively, were as potent as the 8-methoxy parent compound 5. Docking experiments with an MT(2) receptor model suggested binding modes consistent with the observed SARs and with the lack of selectivity of the enantiomers of 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Rivara S, Lodola A, Mor M, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Scaglione F, Sanchez RO, Gobbi G, Tarzia G. N-(Substituted-anilinoethyl)amides: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a New Class of Melatonin Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6618-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm700957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Marilou Pannacci
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Franco Fraschini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Rafael Ochoa Sanchez
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
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Valitutti G, Duranti A, Lodola A, Mor M, Piersanti G, Piomelli D, Rivara S, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Traldi P. Correlation between energetics of collisionally activated decompositions, interaction energy and biological potency of carbamate FAAH inhibitors. J Mass Spectrom 2007; 42:1624-1627. [PMID: 18085570 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Bortolato M, Mangieri RA, Fu J, Kim JH, Arguello O, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Antidepressant-like activity of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 in a rat model of chronic mild stress. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:1103-10. [PMID: 17511970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid anandamide may be involved in the regulation of emotional reactivity. In particular, it has been shown that pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of anandamide, elicits anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in rodents. METHODS We investigated the impact of chronic treatment with the selective FAAH inhibitor, URB597 (also termed KDS-4103), on the outcomes of the chronic mild stress (CMS) in rats, a behavioral model with high isomorphism to human depression. RESULTS Daily administration of URB597 (.3 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal [IP]) for 5 weeks corrected the reduction in body weight gain and sucrose intake induced by CMS. The antidepressant imipramine (20 mg kg(-1), once daily, IP) produced a similar response, whereas lower doses of URB597 were either marginally effective (.1 mg kg(-1)) or ineffective (.03 mg kg(-1)). Treatment with URB597 (.3 mg kg(-1)) resulted in a profound inhibition of brain FAAH activity in both CMS-exposed and control rats. Furthermore, the drug regimen increased anandamide levels in midbrain, striatum, and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS URB597 exerts antidepressant-like effects in a highly specific and predictive animal model of depression. These effects may depend on the ability of URB597 to enhance anandamide signaling in select regions of the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Behavior, Animal
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Carbamates/therapeutic use
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Imipramine/therapeutic use
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Sucrose/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4260, USA
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Radogna F, Paternoster L, Albertini MC, Cerella C, Accorsi A, Bucchini A, Spadoni G, Diamantini G, Tarzia G, De Nicola M, D'Alessio M, Ghibelli L. Melatonin antagonizes apoptosis via receptor interaction in U937 monocytic cells. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:154-62. [PMID: 17645693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among the non-neurological functions of melatonin, much attention is being directed to the ability of melatonin to modulate the immune system, whose cells possess melatonin-specific receptors and biosynthetic enzymes. Melatonin controls cell behaviour by eliciting specific signal transduction actions after its interaction with plasma membrane receptors (MT(1), MT(2)); additionally, melatonin potently neutralizes free radicals. Melatonin regulates immune cell loss by antagonizing apoptosis. A major unsolved question is whether this is due to receptor involvement, or to radical scavenging considering that apoptosis is often dependent on oxidative alterations. Here, we provide evidence that on U937 monocytic cells, apoptosis is antagonized by melatonin by receptor interaction rather than by radical scavenging. First, melatonin and a set of synthetic analogues prevented apoptosis in a manner that is proportional to their affinity for plasma membrane receptors but not to their antioxidant ability. Secondly, melatonin's antiapoptotic effect required key signal transduction events including G protein, phospholipase C and Ca(2+) influx and, more important, it is sensitive to the specific melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Radogna
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Russo R, Loverme J, La Rana G, Compton TR, Parrott J, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Tarzia G, Calignano A, Piomelli D. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester) reduces neuropathic pain after oral administration in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:236-42. [PMID: 17412883 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.119941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an intracellular serine hydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of bioactive fatty acid ethanolamides, such as the endogenous cannabinoid agonist anandamide. Genetic deletion of the faah gene in mice elevates brain anandamide levels and amplifies the antinociceptive effects of this compound. Likewise, pharmacological blockade of FAAH activity reduces nocifensive behavior in animal models of acute and inflammatory pain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 (KDS-4103, cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester) in the mouse chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Oral administration of URB597 (1-50 mg/kg, once daily) for 4 days produced a dose-dependent reduction in nocifensive responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, which was prevented by a single i.p. administration of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg). The antihyperalgesic effects of URB597 were accompanied by a reduction in plasma extravasation induced by CCI, which was prevented by rimonabant (1 mg/kg i.p.) and attenuated by the CB(2) antagonist SR144528 (1 mg/kg i.p.). Oral dosing with URB597 achieved significant, albeit transient, drug levels in plasma, inhibited brain FAAH activity, and elevated spinal cord anandamide content. The results provide new evidence for a role of the endocannabinoid system in pain modulation and reinforce the proposed role of FAAH as a target for analgesic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Russo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Italy
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Di Giacomo B, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Fraschini F, Pannacci M, Lucini V. Synthesis and biological activity of new melatonin dimeric derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4643-50. [PMID: 17481904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of melatonin (MLT) dimers were obtained by linking together two melatonin units with a linear alkyl chain through the MLT acetamido group or through a C-2 carboxyalkyl function. The binding properties of these ligands were evaluated in in vivo experiments on cloned human MT(1) and MT(2) receptors expressed in NIH3T3 rat fibroblast cells. The class of 2-carboxyalkyl dimers was the most interesting one with compounds having good MT(1)/MT(2) nanomolar affinity. The data obtained suggest that the spacer length is crucial for optimal interaction at both receptor subtypes as well as to determine functional activity of the resulting dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Giacomo
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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