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Pleiotropic effects of statins on brain cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183340. [PMID: 32387399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting with cholesterol homeostasis, the first part of the review addresses various aspects of cholesterol metabolism in neuronal and glial cells and the mutual crosstalk between the two cell types, particularly the transport of cholesterol from its site of synthesis to its target loci in neuronal cells, discussing the multiple mechanistic aspects and transporter systems involved. Statins are next analyzed from the point of view of their chemical structure and its impingement on their pharmacological properties and permeability through cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier in particular. The following section then discusses the transcriptional effects of statins and the changes they induce in brain cell genes associated with a variety of processes, including cell growth, signaling and trafficking, uptake and synthesis of cholesterol. We review the effects of statins at the cellular level, analyzing their impact on the cholesterol composition of the nerve and glial cell plasmalemma, neurotransmitter receptor mobilization, myelination, dendritic arborization of neurons, synaptic vesicle release, and cell viability. Finally, the role of statins in disease is exemplified by Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and some forms of epilepsy, both in animal models and in the human form of these pathologies.
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Perrino C, Barabási AL, Condorelli G, Davidson SM, De Windt L, Dimmeler S, Engel FB, Hausenloy DJ, Hill JA, Van Laake LW, Lecour S, Leor J, Madonna R, Mayr M, Prunier F, Sluijter JPG, Schulz R, Thum T, Ytrehus K, Ferdinandy P. Epigenomic and transcriptomic approaches in the post-genomic era: path to novel targets for diagnosis and therapy of the ischaemic heart? Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:725-736. [PMID: 28460026 PMCID: PMC5437366 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in myocardial reperfusion therapies, acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and consequent ischaemic heart failure represent the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized societies. Although different therapeutic interventions have been shown beneficial in preclinical settings, an effective cardioprotective or regenerative therapy has yet to be successfully introduced in the clinical arena. Given the complex pathophysiology of the ischaemic heart, large scale, unbiased, global approaches capable of identifying multiple branches of the signalling networks activated in the ischaemic/reperfused heart might be more successful in the search for novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets. High-throughput techniques allow high-resolution, genome-wide investigation of genetic variants, epigenetic modifications, and associated gene expression profiles. Platforms such as proteomics and metabolomics (not described here in detail) also offer simultaneous readouts of hundreds of proteins and metabolites. Isolated omics analyses usually provide Big Data requiring large data storage, advanced computational resources and complex bioinformatics tools. The possibility of integrating different omics approaches gives new hope to better understand the molecular circuitry activated by myocardial ischaemia, putting it in the context of the human ‘diseasome’. Since modifications of cardiac gene expression have been consistently linked to pathophysiology of the ischaemic heart, the integration of epigenomic and transcriptomic data seems a promising approach to identify crucial disease networks. Thus, the scope of this Position Paper will be to highlight potentials and limitations of these approaches, and to provide recommendations to optimize the search for novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets for acute ischaemia/reperfusion injury and ischaemic heart failure in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Albert-Laszló Barabási
- Center for Complex Networks Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Medicine, and Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sean Michael Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leon De Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), RheinMain, Germany
| | - Felix Benedikt Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK.,The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph Addison Hill
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linda Wilhelmina Van Laake
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center and Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center; Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,The Texas Heart Institute and Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Department of Cardiology, Institut MITOVASC, University of Angers, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Joost Petrus Geradus Sluijter
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Gbelcová H, Rimpelová S, Ruml T, Fenclová M, Kosek V, Hajšlová J, Strnad H, Kolář M, Vítek L. Variability in statin-induced changes in gene expression profiles of pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44219. [PMID: 28276528 PMCID: PMC5343581 DOI: 10.1038/srep44219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, besides being powerful cholesterol-lowering drugs, also exert potent anti-proliferative activities. However, their anti-cancer efficacy differs among the individual statins. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the biological pathways affected by individual statins in an in vitro model of human pancreatic cancer. The study was performed on a human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2, exposed to all commercially available statins (12 μM, 24 h exposure). DNA microarray analysis was used to determine changes in the gene expression of treated cells. Intracellular concentrations of individual statins were measured by UPLC (ultra performance liquid chromatography)-HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometer). Large differences in the gene transcription profiles of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to various statins were observed; cerivastatin, pitavastatin, and simvastatin being the most efficient modulators of expression of genes involved namely in the mevalonate pathway, cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, apoptosis and cytoskeleton signaling. Marked differences in the intracellular concentrations of individual statins in pancreatic cancer cells were found (>11 times lower concentration of rosuvastatin compared to lovastatin), which may contribute to inter-individual variability in their anti-cancer effects. In conclusion, individual statins exert different gene expression modulating effects in treated pancreatic cancer cells. These effects may be partially caused by large differences in their bioavailability. We report large differences in gene transcription profiles of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to various statins. These data correlate to some extent with the intracellular concentrations of statins, and may explain the inter-individual variability in the anti-cancer effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gbelcová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Fenclová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vítek Kosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Akiyama K, Liang YQ, Isono M, Kato N. Investigation of Functional Genes at Homologous Loci Identified Based on Genome-wide Association Studies of Blood Lipids via High-fat Diet Intervention in Rats using an in vivo Approach. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 22:455-80. [PMID: 25445557 DOI: 10.5551/jat.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM It is challenging to identify causal (or target) genes at individual loci detected using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In order to follow up GWAS loci, we investigated functional genes at homologous loci identified using human lipid GWAS that responded to a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFD) intervention in an animal model. METHODS The HFD intervention was carried out for four weeks in male rats of the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain. The liver and adipose tissues were subsequently excised for analyses of changes in the gene expression as compared to that observed in rats fed normal rat chow (n=8 per group). From 98 lipid-associated loci reported in previous GWAS, 280 genes with rat orthologs were initially selected as targets for the two-staged analysis involving screening with DNA microarray and validation with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Consequently, genes showing a differential expression due to HFD were examined for changes in the expression induced by atorvastatin, which was independently administered to the rats. RESULTS Using the HFD intervention in the rats, seven known (Abca1, Abcg5, Abcg8, Lpl, Nr1h3, Pcsk9 and Pltp) and three novel (Madd, Stac3 and Timd4) genes were identified as potential significant targets, with an additional list of 23 suggestive genes. Among these 33 genes, Stac3, Fads1 and six known genes exhibited nominally significant expression changes following treatment with atorvastatin. Six (of 33) genes overlapped with those previously detected in the expression QTL studies. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental in vivo approach increases the ability to identify target gene(s), when combined with other functional studies, thus improving understanding of the mechanisms by which GWAS variants act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Akiyama
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kato N, Liang YQ, Ochiai Y, Birukawa N, Serizawa M, Jesmin S. Candesartan-induced gene expression in five organs of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2009; 31:1963-75. [PMID: 19015604 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To test the functional consequences of blocking the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we investigated the effects of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), candesartan, on the systemic gene expression profile of five important organs (brain, heart, kidney, liver and adipose tissues) in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), an established model of essential hypertension and cardiovascular disorders, and its normotensive control, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. Rats were treated with candesartan (5 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks from 12 to 16 weeks of age. DNA microarray technology was used to identify changes in gene expression. Four weeks of treatment with candesartan significantly lowered systolic blood pressure in male rats of both the SHRSP and the WKY strains (p<0.0005). Candesartan differentially modulated the gene expression profile in an organ-specific manner in male SHRSP; of the five organs tested, gene expression was most prominently altered in the hearts of SHRSP. In contrast, candesartan treatment exerted minimal or no significant effects on the gene expression profile of the corresponding organs of male WKY rats. The inter-strain differences in gene expression changes induced by candesartan were considered to be associated with both blood pressure-dependent and independent mechanisms. These results help to delineate the mechanisms that underlie the organ or tissue protection conferred by ARB at the levels of cellular biology and genomics in the context of the local RAS. Further studies are warranted to investigate not only individual genes of interest but also genetic "networks" that involve differential organ- or tissue-specific gene expression induced by the blockade of RAS in essential hypertension. Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan. Tokyo, Japan.
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