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Ormeloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, protects against pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175558. [PMID: 36731722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protective effect of 17β-estradiol is well-known in pulmonary hypertension. However, estrogen-based therapy may potentially increase the risk of breast cancer, necessitating a search for novel drugs. This study, therefore, investigated the ameliorative effects of a selective estrogen receptor modulator, ormeloxifene, in pulmonary hypertension. METHODS Cardiomyocytes (H9C2) and human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) for 42 and 96 h, respectively, with or without ormeloxifene pre-treatment (1 μM). Also, female (ovary-intact or ovariectomized) and male Sprague-Dawley rats received monocrotaline (60 mg/kg, once, subcutaneously), with or without ormeloxifene treatment (2.5 mg/kg, orally) for four weeks. RESULTS Hypoxia dysregulated 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) 1 & 2 expressions, reducing 17β-estradiol production and estrogen receptors α and β in HPASMC but increasing estrone, proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Similarly, monocrotaline decreased plasma 17β-estradiol and uterine weight in ovary-intact rats. Further, monocrotaline altered 17βHSD1 & 2 expressions and reduced estrogen receptors α and β, increasing right ventricular pressure, proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling in female and male rats, with worsened conditions in ovariectomized rats. Ormeloxifene was less uterotrophic; however, it attenuated both hypoxia and monocrotaline effects by improving pulmonary 17β-estradiol synthesis. Furthermore, ormeloxifene decreased cardiac hypertrophy and right ventricular remodeling induced by hypoxia and monocrotaline. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that ormeloxifene promoted pulmonary 17β-estradiol synthesis, alleviated inflammation, improved the NOX4/HO1/Nrf/PPARγ/PGC-1α axis, and attenuated pulmonary hypertension. It is evidently safe at tested concentrations and may be effectively repurposed for pulmonary hypertension treatment.
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Alencar AKN, Montes GC, Costa DG, Mendes LVP, Silva AMS, Martinez ST, Trachez MM, Cunha VDMN, Montagnoli TL, Fraga AGM, Wang H, Groban L, Fraga CAM, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Cardioprotection Induced by Activation of GPER in Ovariectomized Rats With Pulmonary Hypertension. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:1158-1166. [PMID: 29790948 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease of women (female-to-male ratio 4:1), and is associated with cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Herein, the activation of a new estrogen receptor (GPER) by the agonist G1 was evaluated in oophorectomized rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH. Depletion of estrogen was induced by bilateral oophorectomy (OVX) in Wistar rats. Experimental groups included SHAM or OVX rats that received a single intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/kg) for PH induction. Animals received s.c. injection of either vehicle or G1, a GPER agonist, (400 µg/kg/day) for 14 days after the onset of disease. Rats with PH exhibited exercise intolerance and cardiopulmonary alterations, including reduced pulmonary artery flow, biventricular remodeling, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The magnitude of these PH-induced changes was significantly greater in OVX versus SHAM rats. G1 treatment reversed both cardiac and skeletal muscle functional aberrations caused by PH in OVX rats. G1 reversed PH-related cardiopulmonary dysfunction and exercise intolerance in female rats, a finding that may have important implications for the ongoing clinical evaluation of new drugs for the treatment of the disease in females after the loss of endogenous estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan K N Alencar
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Montes
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele G Costa
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza V P Mendes
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ananssa M S Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Martinez
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói - RJ, Brazil
| | - Margarete M Trachez
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria do M N Cunha
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tadeu L Montagnoli
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline G M Fraga
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão Cidade Universitária, Brazil
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carlos A M Fraga
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alencar AK, Carvalho FI, Silva AM, Martinez ST, Calasans-Maia JA, Fraga CM, Barreiro EJ, Zapata-Sudo G, Sudo RT. Synergistic interaction between a PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil) and a new adenosine A2A receptor agonist (LASSBio-1359) improves pulmonary hypertension in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195047. [PMID: 29677206 PMCID: PMC5909907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by enhanced pulmonary vascular resistance, which causes right ventricle (RV) pressure overload and results in right sided heart failure and death. This work investigated the effectiveness of a combined therapy with PDE5 inhibitor (PDE5i) and a new adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonist in mitigating monocrotaline (MCT) induced PH in rats. Methods An in vitro isobolographic analysis was performed to identify possible synergistic relaxation effect between sildenafil and LASSBio 1359 in rat pulmonary arteries (PAs). In the in vivo experiments, PH was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg MCT. Rats were divided into the following groups: control (saline injection only), MCT + vehicle, MCT + sildenafil, MCT + LASSBio 1359 and MCT + combination of sildenafil and LASSBio 1359. Fourteen days after the MCT injection, rats were treated daily with oral administration of the regimen therapies or vehicle for 14 days. Cardiopulmonary system function and structure were evaluated by echocardiography. RV systolic pressure and PA endothelial function were measured. Results Isobolographic analysis showed a synergistic interaction between sildenafil and LASSBio 1359 in rat PAs. Combined therapy with sildenafil and LASSBio 1359 but not monotreatment with low dosages of either sildenafil or LASSBio 1359 ameliorated all of PH related abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function and structure in MCT challenged rats. Conclusions The combination of sildenafil and LASSBio 1359 has a synergistic interaction, suggesting that combined use of these pharmacological targets may be an alternative to improve quality of life and outcomes for PH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan K. Alencar
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio I. Carvalho
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ananssa M. Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T. Martinez
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Calasans-Maia
- Serviço de Anestesiologia, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Fraga
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto T. Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Siqueira R, Colombo R, Conzatti A, de Castro AL, Carraro CC, Tavares AMV, Fernandes TRG, Araujo ASDR, Belló-Klein A. Effects of ovariectomy on antioxidant defence systems in the right ventricle of female rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotaline. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:295-303. [PMID: 28854338 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ovariectomy on oxidative stress in the right ventricle (RV) of female rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by monocrotaline (MCT). Rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 per group): sham (S), sham + MCT (SM), ovariectomized (O), and ovariectomized + MCT (OM). MCT (60 mg·kg-1 i.p.) was injected 1 week after ovariectomy or sham surgery. Three weeks later, echocardiographic analysis and RV catheterisation were performed. RV morphometric, biochemical, and protein expression analysis through Western blotting were done. MCT promoted a slight increase in pulmonary artery pressure, without differences between the SM and OM groups, but did not induce RV hypertrophy. RV hydrogen peroxide increased in the MCT groups, but SOD, CAT, and GPx activities were also enhanced. Non-classical antioxidant defenses diminished in ovariectomized groups, probably due to a decrease in the nuclear factor Nrf2. Hemoxygenase-1 and thioredoxin-1 protein expression was increased in the OM group compared with SM, being accompanied by an elevation in the estrogen receptor β (ER-β). Hemoxygenase-1 and thioredoxin-1 may be involved in the modulation of oxidative stress in the OM group, and this could be responsible for attenuation of PAH and RV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Siqueira
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Conzatti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Luz de Castro
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos Carraro
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vicente Tavares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina Gattelli Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Chang CC, Lee WS, Chuang CL, Hsin IF, Hsu SJ, Chang T, Huang HC, Lee FY, Lee SD. Effects of raloxifene on portal hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 802:36-43. [PMID: 28238769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been used extensively for osteoporosis. In addition to the effect of osteoporosis treatment, emerging evidences show that raloxifene affects the vascular function in different tissues. Cirrhosis is characterized with portal hypertension and complicated with hepatic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension affects portal-systemic shunt which leads to hepatic encephalopathy that the vascular modulation might influence severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Herein, we evaluated the impact of raloxifene on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cirrhotic rats. The female Sprague-Dawley rats received BDL plus ovariectomy or sham-operation. Four weeks later, rats were divided into 2 subgroups respectively to receive of raloxifene (10mg/kg/day) or saline (vehicle) for 14 days. On the 43th day, motor activities and hemodynamic parameters were measured. Hepatic and vascular mRNA and protein expressions were determined. The histopathological change of liver was examined. We found that the liver biochemistry, ammonia level and motor activity were similar between cirrhotic rats with or without raloxifene administration. The hemodynamic parameters were not significantly different except that raloxifene reduced portal venous inflow. Raloxifene exacerbated hepatic fibrosis and up-regulated hepatic endothelin-1 and cyclooxygenase 2 protein expressions. In addition, raloxifene modulated the mRNA expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and endothelin-1 in the superior mesenteric artery and collateral vessel. In conclusion, raloxifene aggravates hepatic fibrosis and decreases portal venous inflow in cirrhotic rats without adversely affecting portal hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. The modulation of hepatic and vascular endothelin-1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase expressions may play a role in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Lee
- Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lin Chuang
- Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Hsin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alencar AK, Montes GC, Montagnoli T, Silva AM, Martinez ST, Fraga AG, Wang H, Groban L, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Activation of GPER ameliorates experimental pulmonary hypertension in male rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 97:208-217. [PMID: 27836751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling that leads to pulmonary congestion, uncompensated right-ventricle (RV) failure, and premature death. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is cardioprotective in male rats and that its activation elicits vascular relaxation in rats of either sex. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of GPER on the cardiopulmonary system by the administration of its selective agonist G1 in male rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH. METHODS Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60mg/kg) for PH induction. Experimental groups were as follows: control, MCT+vehicle, and MCT+G1 (400μg/kg/daysubcutaneous). Animals (n=5pergroup) were treated with vehicle or G1 for 14days after disease onset. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Activation of GPER attenuated exercise intolerance and reduced RV overload in PH rats. Rats with PH exhibited echocardiographic alterations, such as reduced pulmonary flow, RV hypertrophy, and left-ventricle dysfunction, by the end of protocol. G1 treatment reversed these PH-related abnormalities of cardiopulmonary function and structure, in part by promoting pulmonary endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, Ca2+ handling regulation and reduction of inflammation in cardiomyocytes, and a decrease of collagen deposition by acting in pulmonary and cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS G1 was effective to reverse PH-induced RV dysfunction and exercise intolerance in male rats, a finding that have important implications for ongoing clinical evaluation of new cardioprotective and vasodilator drugs for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan K Alencar
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Montes
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Montagnoli
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ananssa M Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Martinez
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline G Fraga
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Gohar EY, Yusuf C, Pollock DM. Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin A and B receptor expression. Life Sci 2016; 159:148-152. [PMID: 26776836 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to determine the modulatory roles of ovarian hormones, estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P), on the expression of endothelin A (ETA) and B (ETB) receptors in lung, liver and kidney tissues. MAIN METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and divided into four groups ovariectomized (OVX), OVX+E2, OVX+P, and OVX+E2+P. A separate group of rats underwent sham surgery and served as a control. Three weeks after OVX or sham surgery, tissues from lungs, liver, renal cortex, and inner medulla were collected, snap-frozen, and kept at -80°C for assessment of ETA and ETB receptor expression using real-time PCR. KEY FINDINGS E2-treated OVX animals had significantly lower expression of ETA receptors in the lungs, compared to OVX rats. Pulmonary ETB receptor mRNA was not measurably affected by any of the interventions. Hepatic ETA and ETB were significantly increased in OVX+E2+P rats, compared to sham rats. Renal inner medullary ETA and ETB receptor expressions were significantly elevated in OVX compared to sham, an effect that was prevented by co-supplementation of OVX with E2 and P. Additionally, both ETA and ETB receptor expression in the renal cortex were significantly attenuated by ovariectomy, and this reduction was not evident in OVX+E2 rats. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that ovarian hormones regulate ET receptor expression and may contribute to sex differences in cardiovascular and renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Gohar
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Choudhury Yusuf
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Umar S, Iorga A, Matori H, Nadadur RD, Li J, Maltese F, van der Laarse A, Eghbali M. Estrogen rescues preexisting severe pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:715-23. [PMID: 21700911 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0078oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure leading to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, RV failure, and death. Current treatments only temporarily reduce severity of the disease, and an ideal therapy is still lacking. OBJECTIVES Estrogen pretreatment has been shown to attenuate development of PH. Because PH is not often diagnosed early, we examined if estrogen can rescue preexisting advanced PH. METHODS PH was induced in male rats with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). At Day 21, rats were either treated with 17-β estradiol or estrogen (E2, 42.5 μg/kg/d), estrogen receptor-β agonist (diarylpropionitrile, 850 μg/kg/d), or estrogen receptor α-agonist (4,4',4"-[4-Propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl] trisphenol, 850 μg/kg/d) for 10 days or left untreated to develop RV failure. Serial echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Estrogen therapy prevented progression of PH to RV failure and restored lung and RV structure and function. This restoration was maintained even after removal of estrogen at Day 30, resulting in 100% survival at Day 42. Estradiol treatment restored the loss of blood vessels in the lungs and RV. In the presence of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 (30 mg/kg) or estrogen receptor-β antagonist (PHTPP, 850 μg/kg/d), estrogen failed to rescue PH. Estrogen receptor-β selective agonist was as effective as estrogen in rescuing PH. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen rescues preexisting severe PH in rats by restoring lung and RV structure and function that are maintained even after removal of estrogen. Estrogen-induced rescue of PH is associated with stimulation of cardiopulmonary neoangiogenesis, suppression of inflammation, fibrosis, and RV hypertrophy. Furthermore, estrogen rescue is likely mediated through estrogen receptor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soban Umar
- University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, BH-160CHS, 650 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7115, USA
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Tofovic SP. Estrogens and development of pulmonary hypertension: interaction of estradiol metabolism and pulmonary vascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:696-708. [PMID: 20881610 PMCID: PMC3027839 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f9ea8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by clustered proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) in the lumina of small size pulmonary arteries resulting in concentric obliteration of the lumina and formation of complex vascular structures known as plexiform lesions. This debilitating disease occurs more frequently in women, yet both animal studies in classical models of PAH and limited clinical data suggest protective effects of estrogens: the estrogen paradox in pulmonary hypertension. Little is known about the role of estrogens in PAH, but one line of evidence strongly suggests that the vascular protective effects of 17β-estradiol (estradiol; E2) are mediated largely by its downstream metabolites. Estradiol is metabolized to 2-hydroxyestradiol (2HE) by CYP1A1/CYP1B1, and 2HE is converted to 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) by catechol-O-methyl transferase. 2ME is extensively metabolized to 2-methoxyestrone, a metabolite that lacks biologic activity, but which may be converted back to 2ME. 2ME has no estrogenic activity, and its effects are mediated by estrogen receptors–independent mechanism(s). Notably, in systemic and pulmonary vascular ECs, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, 2ME exerts stronger antimitotic effects than E2 itself. E2 and 2ME, despite having similar effects on other cardiovascular cells, have opposing effects on ECs; that is, in ECs, E2 is promitogenic, proangiogenic, and antiapoptotic, whereas 2ME is antimitogenic, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic. This may have significant ramifications in severe PAH that involves uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal apoptosis-resistant ECs. Based on its cellular effects, 2ME should be expected to attenuate the progression of disease and provide protection in severe PAH. In contrast, E2, due to its mitogenic, angiogenic, and antiapoptotic effects (otherwise desirable in normal quiescent ECs), may even adversely affect endothelial remodeling in PAH, and this may be even more significant if the E2's effects on injured endothelium are not opposed by 2ME (eg, in the event of reduced E2 conversion to 2ME due to hypoxia, inflammation, drugs, environmental factors, or genetic polymorphism of metabolizing enzymes). This review focuses on the effects of estrogens and their metabolites on pulmonary vascular pathobiology and the development of experimental PAH and offers potential explanation for the estrogen paradox in PAH. Furthermore, we propose that unbalanced estradiol metabolism may lead to the development of PAH. Recent animal data and studies in patients with PAH support this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan P Tofovic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Bridge side 542, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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