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Holland I, McCormick C, Connolly P. Towards non-invasive characterisation of coronary stent re-endothelialisation - An in-vitro, electrical impedance study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206758. [PMID: 30395632 PMCID: PMC6218196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The permanent implantation of a stent has become the most common method for ameliorating coronary artery narrowing arising from atherosclerosis. Following the procedure, optimal arterial wall healing is characterised by the complete regrowth of an Endothelial Cell monolayer over the exposed stent surface and surrounding tissue, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis. However, excessive proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells, within the artery wall can lead to unwanted renarrowing of the vessel lumen. Current imaging techniques are unable to adequately identify re-endothelialisation, and it has previously been reported that the stent itself could be used as an electrode in combination with electrical impedance spectroscopic techniques to monitor the post-stenting recovery phase. The utility of such a device will be determined by its ability to characterise between vascular cell types. Here we present in-vitro impedance spectroscopy measurements of pulmonary artery porcine Endothelial Cells, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and coronary artery porcine Smooth Muscle Cells grown to confluence over platinum black electrodes in clinically relevant populations. These measurements were obtained, using a bespoke impedance spectroscopy system that autonomously performed impedance sweeps in the 1kHz to 100kHz frequency range. Analysis of the reactance component of impedance revealed distinct frequency dependent profiles for each cell type with post confluence reactance declines in Endothelial Cell populations that have not been previously reported. Such profiles provide a means of non-invasively characterising between the cell types and give an indication that impedance spectroscopic techniques may enable the non-invasive characterisation of the arterial response to stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher McCormick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Morrison K, Haag F, Ernst R, Iglarz M, Clozel M. Selective Prostacyclin Receptor Agonist Selexipag, in Contrast to Prostacyclin Analogs, Does Not Evoke Paradoxical Vasoconstriction of the Rat Femoral Artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:727-733. [PMID: 29588339 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selexipag [2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide] is a selective nonprostanoid prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor (IP receptor) agonist that is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In contrast to selexipag, PGI2 analogs used in the clinic are nonselective agonists at prostanoid receptors and can also activate contractile prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3) receptors. Leg pain is a common side effect in patients receiving treatment with PGI2 analogs and peripheral vasoconstriction can be responsible for side effects related to muscular ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that PGI2 analogs could cause paradoxical vasoconstriction of the femoral artery via EP3 receptor activation but that only vasorelaxation would be observed in response to selexipag and its active metabolite ACT-333679 [{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}acetic acid]. Selexipag and ACT-333679 relaxed rings of the isolated rat femoral artery contracted with either prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α ) or the α1 adrenoceptor (α1AR) agonist phenylephrine. ACT-333679 also inhibited contraction of the femoral artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation. In contrast, PGI2 analogs (iloprost, beraprost, and treprostinil) caused additional contraction of arterial rings precontracted with phenylephrine, which was reverted to relaxation by antagonism of EP3 receptors. Treprostinil augmented contraction of the femoral artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation in an EP3 receptor-dependent manner. Mechanistically, concomitant EP3 and α1AR receptor activation synergistically constricted femoral arteries. It is concluded that selexipag and ACT-333679 are vasorelaxants of the rat femoral artery and, unlike PGI2 analogs, do not cause paradoxical vasoconstriction via activation of EP3 receptors. EP3 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction may contribute to the well documented peripheral muscle pain reported in patients with PAH receiving PGI2 analogs. Leg pain may be less in patients treated with selexipag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Morrison
- Drug Discovery Department, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Franck Haag
- Drug Discovery Department, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Roland Ernst
- Drug Discovery Department, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marc Iglarz
- Drug Discovery Department, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martine Clozel
- Drug Discovery Department, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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Overview of Antagonists Used for Determining the Mechanisms of Action Employed by Potential Vasodilators with Their Suggested Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2016; 21:495. [PMID: 27092479 PMCID: PMC6274436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is a review on the types of antagonists and the signaling mechanism pathways that have been used to determine the mechanisms of action employed for vasodilation by test compounds. Thus, we exhaustively reviewed and analyzed reports related to this topic published in PubMed between the years of 2010 till 2015. The aim of this paperis to suggest the most appropriate type of antagonists that correspond to receptors that would be involved during the mechanistic studies, as well as the latest signaling pathways trends that are being studied in order to determine the route(s) that atest compound employs for inducing vasodilation. The methods to perform the mechanism studies were included. Fundamentally, the affinity, specificity and selectivity of the antagonists to their receptors or enzymes were clearly elaborated as well as the solubility and reversibility. All the signaling pathways on the mechanisms of action involved in the vascular tone regulation have been well described in previous review articles. However, the most appropriate antagonists that should be utilized have never been suggested and elaborated before, hence the reason for this review.
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Kozłowska H, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Schlicker E, Kozłowski M, Zakrzeska A, Grzęda E, Malinowska B. EP3 receptor-mediated contraction of human pulmonary arteries and inhibition of neurogenic tachycardia in pithed rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morrison K, Studer R, Ernst R, Haag F, Kauser K, Clozel M. Differential Effects of Selexipag and Prostacyclin Analogs in Rat Pulmonary Artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:547-55. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Whittle BJ, Silverstein AM, Mottola DM, Clapp LH. Binding and activity of the prostacyclin receptor (IP) agonists, treprostinil and iloprost, at human prostanoid receptors: treprostinil is a potent DP1 and EP2 agonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:68-75. [PMID: 22480736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prostacyclin analogues, iloprost and treprostinil are extensively used in treating pulmonary hypertension. Their binding profile and corresponding biochemical cellular responses on human prostanoid receptors expressed in cell lines, have now been compared. Iloprost had high binding affinity for EP1 and IP receptors (Ki 1.1 and 3.9 nM, respectively), low affinity for FP, EP3 or EP4 receptors, and very low affinity for EP2, DP1 or TP receptors. By contrast, treprostinil had high affinity for the DP1, EP2 and IP receptors (Ki 4.4, 3.6 and 32 nM, respectively), low affinity for EP1 and EP4 receptors and even lower affinity for EP3, FP and TP receptors. In functional assays, iloprost had similar high activity in elevating cyclic AMP levels in cells expressing the human IP receptor and stimulating calcium influx in cells expressing EP1 receptors (EC50 0.37 and 0.3 nM, respectively) with the rank order of activity on the other receptors comparable to the binding assays. As with binding studies, treprostinil elevated cyclic AMP with a similar high potency in cells expressing DP1, IP and EP2 receptors (EC50 0.6, 1.9 and 6.2 nM, respectively), but had low activity at the other receptors. Activation of IP, DP1 and EP2 receptors, as with treprostinil, can all result in vasodilatation of human pulmonary arteries. However, activation of EP1 receptors can provoke vasoconstriction, and hence may offset the IP-receptor mediated vasodilator effects of iloprost. Treprostinil may therefore differ from iloprost in its overall beneficial pulmonary vasorelaxant profile and other pharmacological actions, especially in diseases where the IP receptor is down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Whittle
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Ebner A, Poitz DM, Augstein A, Strasser RH, Deussen A. Functional, morphologic, and molecular characterization of cold storage injury. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56:189-98.e3. [PMID: 22398374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cold storage is used to preserve tissue for later transplantation. There is particular interest in prolonging cold storage time for transplantation purposes. To date, the mechanisms that contribute to vascular dysfunction in response to cold storage are poorly understood. The present study aims to characterize cold storage injury of blood vessels on functional and molecular levels. METHODS To assess vessel function of mouse aorta, isometric force measurements were performed in a Mulvany myograph after cold storage at 4°C for various intervals. Morphologic changes were judged by histologic analysis of aortic cross-sections. To characterize cold storage-induced alterations on RNA levels, microarray analysis with subsequent polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed. RESULTS Cold storage for 2 days revealed significant impairment of vessel function with respect to potassium-induced vessel tone development and acetylcholine-induced vessel relaxation. Detailed analysis of acetylcholine-mediated vascular response using specific pharmacologic blockers revealed that calcium-activated potassium channels seem to be impaired after 2 days of cold storage. At this point, no severe histologic changes (eg, elastic fiber disruption) were visible. RNA expression of 24 genes was significantly changed due to cold storage even after 2 hours. These include genes associated with vessel tone development (prostaglandin E(3) receptor), cardiovascular function (adiponectin), electron transport chain (uncoupling protein 1), or calcium signaling (protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2b). CONCLUSIONS Long-term cold storage impairs vascular function, especially with respect to potassium signaling by calcium-dependent potassium channels. Microarray analysis confirmed impairment of pathways that are involved in calcium signaling and vascular function. Furthermore, various genes were significantly altered even after 2 hours, significantly before functional impairment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ebner
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Physiology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Ishida K, Matsumoto T, Taguchi K, Kamata K, Kobayashi T. Protein kinase C delta contributes to increase in EP3 agonist-induced contraction in mesenteric arteries from type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:593-602. [PMID: 22371141 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), an important and ubiquitously present vasoactive eicosanoid, may either constrict or dilate systemic vascular beds. However, little is known about the vascular contractile responsiveness to and signaling pathways for PGE(2) at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that PGE(2)-induced arterial contraction is augmented in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats via the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) pathway. Here, we investigated the vasoconstrictor effects of PGE(2) and of sulprostone (EP1-/EP3-receptor agonist) in rings cut from superior mesenteric arteries isolated from GK rats (37-44 weeks old). In arteries from GK rats (vs. those from age-matched Wistar rats), examined in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: 1) the PGE(2)- and sulprostone-induced vasocontractions (which were not blocked by the selective EP1 receptor antagonist sc19220) were enhanced, and these enhancements were suppressed by rottlerin (selective PKCδ inhibitor) but not by Gö6976 (selective PKCα/β inhibitor); 2) the sulprostone-stimulated phosphorylation of PKCδ (at Thr(505)), which yields an active form, was increased and 3) sulprostone-stimulated caldesmon phosphorylations, which are related to isometric force generation in smooth muscle, were increased. The protein expression of EP3 receptor in superior mesenteric arteries was similar between the two groups of rats. Our data suggest that the diabetes-related enhancement of EP3 receptor-mediated vasocontraction results from activation of the PKCδ pathway. Alterations in EP3 receptor-mediated vasocontraction may be important factors in the pathophysiological influences over arterial tone that are present in diabetic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Fragel-Madeira L, Meletti T, Mariante RM, Monteiro RQ, Einicker-Lamas M, Bernardo RR, Lopes AH, Linden R. Platelet activating factor blocks interkinetic nuclear migration in retinal progenitors through an arrest of the cell cycle at the S/G2 transition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16058. [PMID: 21298035 PMCID: PMC3029264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear migration is regulated by the LIS1 protein, which is the regulatory subunit of platelet activating factor (PAF) acetyl-hydrolase, an enzyme complex that inactivates the lipid mediator PAF. Among other functions, PAF modulates cell proliferation, but its effects upon mechanisms of the cell cycle are unknown. Here we show that PAF inhibited interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM) in retinal proliferating progenitors. The lipid did not, however, affect the velocity of nuclear migration in cells that escaped IKNM blockade. The effect depended on the PAF receptor, Erk and p38 pathways and Chk1. PAF induced no cell death, nor a reduction in nucleotide incorporation, which rules out an intra-S checkpoint. Notwithstanding, the expected increase in cyclin B1 content during G2-phase was prevented in the proliferating cells. We conclude that PAF blocks interkinetic nuclear migration in retinal progenitor cells through an unusual arrest of the cell cycle at the transition from S to G2 phases. These data suggest the operation, in the developing retina, of a checkpoint that monitors the transition from S to G2 phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Meletti
- Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Mariante
- Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Q. Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Robson R. Bernardo
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela H. Lopes
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Morrison K, Ernst R, Hess P, Studer R, Clozel M. Selexipag: A Selective Prostacyclin Receptor Agonist that Does Not Affect Rat Gastric Function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:249-55. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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