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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Ischemic Stroke: a Focus on Molecular Function and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4588-4614. [PMID: 34120294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, there is only one approved drug, tissue plasminogen activator, to be used in clinical conditions for thrombolysis. New neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders. GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. More than 90% of the identified non-sensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in regulating mood, pain, vision, immune responses, cognition, and synaptic transmission. There is also good evidence that GPCRs are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. This review narrates the pathophysiological role and possible targeted therapy of GPCRs in ischemic stroke.
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Wang F, Han J, Higashimori H, Wang J, Liu J, Tong L, Yang Y, Dong H, Zhang X, Xiong L. Long-term depression induced by endogenous cannabinoids produces neuroprotection via astroglial CB 1R after stroke in rodents. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1122-1137. [PMID: 29432698 PMCID: PMC6547184 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18755661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia not only activates cell death pathways but also triggers endogenous protective mechanisms. However, it is largely unknown what is the essence of the endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms induced by preconditioning. In this study we demonstrated that systemic injection of JZL195, a selective inhibitor of eCB clearance enzymes, induces in vivo long-term depression at CA3-CA1 synapses and at PrL-NAc synapses produces neuroprotection. JZL195-elicited long-term depression is blocked by AM281, the antagonist of cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) and is abolished in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) in astroglial cells, but is conserved in mice lacking CB1R in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons. Blocking the glutamate NMDA receptor and the synaptic trafficking of glutamate AMPA receptor abolishes both long-term depression and neuroprotection induced by JZL195. Mice lacking CB1R in astroglia show decreased neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. Thus, an acute elevation of extracellular eCB following eCB clearance inhibition results in neuroprotection through long-term depression induction after sequential activation of astroglial CB1R and postsynaptic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China.,2 Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jing Han
- 3 Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, China
| | - Haruki Higashimori
- 4 Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Tong
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yongjie Yang
- 4 Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailong Dong
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lize Xiong
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wang X, Sun ZJ, Wu JL, Quan WQ, Xiao WD, Chew H, Jiang CM, Li D. Naloxone attenuates ischemic brain injury in rats through suppressing the NIK/IKKα/NF-κB and neuronal apoptotic pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:170-179. [PMID: 29904091 PMCID: PMC6329773 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although naloxone has been documented to exert neuroprotection in animal model of cerebral ischemia, the mechanism is not well understood. In this present study we investigated whether naloxone affected the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in ischemic brain injury of rats. SD rats were subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery, and received naloxone (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg, i.v.) immediately after ischemia. Neurological deficits were evaluated 24 h after ischemia using the McGraw Stroke Index, and then the rats were killed, and the brains were collected for further analyses. We show that naloxone treatment dose-dependently decreased the infarction volume and morphological injury, improved motor behavioral function, and markedly curtailed brain edema. Furthermore, naloxone administration significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and decreased the levels of nuclear NF-κB p65 in the ischemic penumbra. Naloxone administration also dose-dependently increased the NF-κB inhibitory protein (IκBα) levels and attenuated phosphorylated NIK and IKKα levels in the ischemic penumbra. In addition, naloxone administration dose-dependently increased Bcl-2 levels, decreased Bax levels, stabilized the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibited cytochrome c release and caspase 3 and caspase 9 activation. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effects of naloxone against ischemic brain injury involve the inhibition of NF-κB activation via the suppression of the NIK/IKKα/IκBα pathway and the obstruction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Zu-Jun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jun-Lu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Quan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xiao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Helen Chew
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Cui-Min Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Huo J, Ma R, Chai X, Liang HJ, Jiang P, Zhu XL, Chen X, Su BX. Inhibiting a spinal cord signaling pathway protects against ischemia injury in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:494-503.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 ameliorates traumatic spinal cord injury via inhibition of GAPDH/Siah1 in a CB2-receptor dependent manner. Brain Res 2017; 1671:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Su SH, Wu YF, Lin Q, Hai J. Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model by blocking NF-κB pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:1189-1200. [PMID: 28825114 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the protective effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (URB) against neuroinflammation in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Activated microglia, astrocytes, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65-positive cells were measured by immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by dihydroethidium staining. The protein levels of cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (OX-42), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), NF-κB p65, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκB-a), IκB kinase a/β (IKK a/β), phosphorylated IKK a/β (p-IKK a/β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were examined by western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All the protein levels of OX-42, GFAP, TNF-a, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS are increased in CCH rats. WIN and URB downregulated the levels of OX-42, GFAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2 and iNOS and inhibited CCH-induced ROS accumulation in CCH rats, indicating that WIN and URB might exert their neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the neuroinflammatory response. In addition, the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated by CCH in frontal cortex and hippocampus, while the aforementioned changes were reversed by WIN and URB treatment. These findings suggest that WIN and URB treatment ameliorated CCH-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of the classical pathway of NF-κB activation, resulting in mitigation of chronic ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yi-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Zou S, Somvanshi RK, Kumar U. Somatostatin receptor 5 is a prominent regulator of signaling pathways in cells with coexpression of Cannabinoid receptors 1. Neuroscience 2016; 340:218-231. [PMID: 27984180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and somatostatin (SST) play critical roles in several pathophysiological conditions via binding to different receptor subtypes. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are expressed in several brain regions and share overlapping functions. Whether these two prominent members of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family interact with each other and constitute a functional receptor complex is not known. In the present study, we investigated the colocalization of CB1R and SSTR5 in rat brain, and studied receptor internalization, interaction and signal transduction pathways in HEK-293 cells cotransfected with human cannabinoid receptor 1 (hCB1R) and hSSTR5. Our results showed that CB1R and SSTR5 colocalized in rat brain cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. CB1R was expressed in SSTR5 immunoprecipitate prepared from the brain tissue lysate, indicating their association in a system where these receptors are endogenously expressed. In cotransfected HEK-293 cells, SSTR5 and CB1R existed in a constitutive heteromeric complex under basal condition, which was disrupted upon agonist treatments. Furthermore, concurrent receptor activation led to preferential formation of SSTR5 homodimer and dissociation of CB1R homodimer. We also discovered that second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate and downstream signaling pathways were modulated in a SSTR5-dominant and concentration-dependent manner in the presence of receptor-specific agonist. In conclusion, with predominant role of SSTR5, the functional consequences of crosstalk between SSTR5 and CB1R resulting in the regulation of receptor trafficking and signal transduction pathways open new therapeutic avenue in cancer biology and excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Zou
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rishi K Somvanshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Su SH, Wang YQ, Wu YF, Wang DP, Lin Q, Hai J. Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 may protect against cognitive impairment in rats of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via PI3K/AKT signaling. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:334-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Su SH, Wu YF, Lin Q, Yu F, Hai J. Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 suppress chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Neuroscience 2015; 301:563-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Moris D, Georgopoulos S, Felekouras E, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. The effect of endocannabinoid system in ischemia-reperfusion injury: a friend or a foe? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1261-75. [PMID: 25936364 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1043268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new therapeutic target in variety of disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, including those of the neuronal, liver, renal and cardiovascular system. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the effect of endocannabinoid system on ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in different organs and systems. AREAS COVERED The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched for publications with the medical subject heading Cannabinoids* (CBs), CB receptors*, organ*, ischemia/reperfusion injury*, endocannabinoid* and system*. The initial relevant studies retrieved from the literature were 91 from PubMed. This number was initially limited to 35, after excluding the reviews and studies reporting data for receptors other than cannabinoid. EXPERT OPINION CB2 receptors may play an important compensatory role in controlling tissue inflammation and injury in cells of the neuronal, cardiovascular, liver and renal systems, as well as in infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes during various pathological conditions of the systems (atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart, liver and renal failure). These receptors limit inflammation and associated tissue injury. On the basis of preclinical results, pharmacological modulation of CB2 receptors may hold a unique therapeutic potential in stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, IRI and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Anastasiou Gennadiou 56, 11474, Athens , Greece +30 210 6440590 ;
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Cannabinoids in experimental stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:348-58. [PMID: 25492113 PMCID: PMC4348386 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) show promise as neuroprotectants with some agents already licensed in humans for other conditions. We systematically reviewed CBs in preclinical stroke to guide further experimental protocols. We selected controlled studies assessing acute administration of CBs for experimental stroke, identified through systematic searches. Data were extracted on lesion volume, outcome and quality, and analyzed using random effect models. Results are expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In all, 144 experiments (34 publications) assessed CBs on infarct volume in 1,473 animals. Cannabinoids reduced infarct volume in transient (SMD -1.41 (95% CI -1.71), -1.11) P<0.00001) and permanent (-1.67 (-2.08, -1.27), P<0.00001) ischemia and in all subclasses: endocannabinoids (-1.72 (-2.62, -0.82), P=0.0002), CB1/CB2 ligands (-1.75 (-2.19, -1.31), P<0.00001), CB2 ligands (-1.65 (-2.09, -1.22), P<0.00001), cannabidiol (-1.20 (-1.63, -0.77), P<0.00001), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (-1.43 (-2.01, -0.86), P<0.00001), and HU-211 (-2.90 (-4.24, -1.56), P<0.0001). Early and late neuroscores significantly improved with CB use (-1.27 (-1.58, -0.95), P<0.00001; -1.63 (-2.64, -0.62), P<0.002 respectively) and there was no effect on survival. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias was present, median study quality was 4 (range 1 to 6/8). Overall, CBs significantly reduced infarct volume and improve functional outcome in experimental stroke. Further studies in aged, female and larger animals, with other co-morbidities are required.
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Pharmacological Induction of Hypothermia. Resuscitation 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5507-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wei H, Yao X, Yang L, Wang S, Guo F, Zhou H, Marsicano G, Wang Q, Xiong L. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is involved in electroacupuncture pretreatment via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:326-36. [PMID: 23943518 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment produces neuroprotective effects, which were mediated through an endocannabinoid signal transduction mechanism. Herein, we have studied the possible contribution of the phosphorylated form of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R). Focal transient cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser-9 [p-GSK-3β (Ser-9)] was evaluated in the penumbra tissue following reperfusion. Infarct size and neurological score were assessed in the presence of either PI3K inhibitors or a GSK-3β inhibitor 72 h after reperfusion. Cellular apoptosis was evidenced by TUNEL staining and determination of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio 24 h after reperfusion. The present study showed that EA pretreatment increased p-GSK-3β(Ser-9) 2 h after reperfusion in the ipsilateral penumbra. Augmented phosphorylation of GSK-3β induced similar neuroprotective effects as did EA pretreatment. By contrast, inhibition of PI3K dampened the levels of p-GSK-3β(Ser-9), and reversed not only the neuroprotective effect but also the anti-apoptotic effect following EA pretreatment. Regulation of GSK-3β by EA pretreatment was abolished following treatment with a CB1R antagonist and CB1R knockdown, whereas two CB1R agonists enhanced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β. Therefore we conclude that EA pretreatment protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through CB1R-mediated phosphorylation of GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Sun J, Fang YQ, Ren H, Chen T, Guo JJ, Yan J, Song S, Zhang LY, Liao H. WIN55,212-2 protects oligodendrocyte precursor cells in stroke penumbra following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013. [PMID: 23202804 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 could protect oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in stroke penumbra, thereby providing neuroprotection following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS Adult male SD rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (p-MCAO). The animals were administered WIN55,212-2 at 2 h, and sacrificed at 24 h after the ischemic insult. The infarct volumes and brain swelling were assessed. The expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in the stroke penumbra was examined using Western blot assay. The pathological changes and proliferation of neural glial antigen 2-positive OPCs (NG2(+) cells) in the stroke penumbra were studied using immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS p-MCAO significantly increased the expression of CB1 within the stroke penumbra with the highest level appearing at 2 h following the ischemic insult. Administration of WIN55,212-2 (9 mg/kg, iv) significantly attenuated the brain swelling, and reduced the infarct volume as well as the number of tau-immunoreactive NG2(+) cells (tau-1(+)/NG2(+) cells) in the stroke penumbra. Moreover, WIN55,212-2 significantly promoted the proliferation of NG2(+) cells in the stroke penumbra and in the ipsilateral subventricular zone at 24 h following the ischemic insult. Administration of the selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg, iv) partially blocked the effects caused by WIN55,212-2. CONCLUSION Tau-1 is expressed in NG2(+) cells following permanent focal cerebral ischemic injury. Treatment with WIN55,212-2 reduces the number of tau-1(+)/NG2(+) cells and promotes NG2(+) cell proliferation in the stroke penumbra, which are mediated partially via CB1 and may contribute to its neuroprotective effects.
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Sun J, Fang Y, Chen T, Guo J, Yan J, Song S, Zhang L, Liao H. WIN55, 212-2 promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and improve remyelination through regulation of the phosphorylation level of the ERK 1/2 via cannabinoid receptor 1 after stroke-induced demyelination. Brain Res 2012; 1491:225-35. [PMID: 23148948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In stroke, a common cause of neurological disability in adults is that the myelin sheaths are lost through the injury or death of mature oligodendrocytes, and the failure of remyelination may be often due to insufficient proliferation and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors. In the current study, we used middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induced transient focal cerebral ischemia, and found that WIN55, 212-2 augmented actively proliferating oligodendrocytes measured by CC1 immunoreactive cells within the peri-infarct areas. To establish whether these effects were associated with changes in myelin formation, we analyzed the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin ultrastructure. We found that WIN55, 212-2 showed more extensive remyelination than vehicle at 14 days post injection (dpi). The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway may be involved in OPCs differentiation. To determine the regulatory effect of WIN55, 212-2 post-treatment on phospho-ERK 1/2 (p-ERK 1/2) after ischemia/reperfusion, Western blot analysis was performed. We found that WIN55, 212-2 regulated the phosphorylation level of the ERK 1/2 to promote OPCs survival and differentiation. Notably, cannabinoid receptor 1 is coupled to the activation of the ERK cascade. Following rimonabant combined treatment, the effect of WIN55, 212-2 on regulating the phosphorylation level of the ERK 1/2 was reversed, and the effect of accelerated myelin formation was partially inhibited. Together, we first found that WIN55, 212-2 promoted OPCs differentiation and remyelination through regulation of the level of the p-ERK 1/2 via cannabinoid receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Sarne Y, Asaf F, Fishbein M, Gafni M, Keren O. The dual neuroprotective-neurotoxic profile of cannabinoid drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1391-401. [PMID: 21323910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cannabinoid drugs have neuroprotective properties and suggested that the endocannabinoid system may be involved in endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. On the other hand, neurotoxic effects of cannabinoids in vitro and in vivo were also described. Several possible explanations for these dual, opposite effects of cannabinoids on cellular fate were suggested, and it is conceivable that various factors may determine the final outcome of the cannabinoid effect in vivo. In the current review, we focus on one of the possible reasons for the dual neuroprotective/neurotoxic effects of cannabinoids in vivo, namely, the opposite effects of low versus high doses of cannabinoids. While many studies reported neuroprotective effects of the conventional doses of cannabinoids in various experimental models for acute brain injuries, we have shown that a single administration of an extremely low dose of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the conventional doses) to mice induced long-lasting mild cognitive deficits that affected various aspects of memory and learning. These findings led to the idea that this low dose of THC, which induces minor damage to the brain, may activate preconditioning and/or postconditioning mechanisms and thus will protect the brain from more severe insults. Indeed, our recent findings support this assumption and show that a pre- or a postconditioning treatment with extremely low doses of THC, several days before or after brain injury, provides effective long-term cognitive neuroprotection. The future therapeutical potential of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sarne
- The Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases and The Mauerberger Chair in Neuropharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23:356-63. [PMID: 21566469 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283481706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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