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Haberberger RV, Barry C, Matusica D. Immortalized Dorsal Root Ganglion Neuron Cell Lines. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:184. [PMID: 32636736 PMCID: PMC7319018 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the most significant causes of suffering and disability world-wide, and arguably the most burdensome global health challenge. The growing number of patients suffering from chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, migraine and irritable bowel syndrome, not only reflect the complexity and heterogeneity of pain types, but also our lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Sensory neurons within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have emerged as viable targets for effective chronic pain therapy. However, DRG's contain different classes of primary sensory neurons including pain-associated nociceptive neurons, non-nociceptive temperature sensing, mechanosensory and chemoreceptive neurons, as well as multiple types of immune and endothelial cells. This cell-population heterogeneity makes investigations of individual subgroups of DRG neurons, such as nociceptors, difficult. In attempts to overcome some of these difficulties, a limited number of immortalized DRG-derived cell lines have been generated over the past few decades. In vitro experiments using DRG-derived cell lines have been useful in understanding sensory neuron function. In addition to retaining phenotypic similarities to primary cultured DRG neurons, these cells offer greater suitability for high throughput assays due to ease of culture, maintenance, growth efficiency and cost-effectiveness. For accurate interpretation and translation of results it is critical, however, that phenotypic similarities and differences of DRG-derived cells lines are methodically compared to native neurons. Published reports to date show notable variability in how these DRG-derived cells are maintained and differentiated. Understanding the cellular and molecular differences stemming from different culture methods, is essential to validate past and future experiments, and enable these cells to be used to their full potential. This review describes currently available DRG-derived cell lines, their known sensory and nociceptor specific molecular profiles, and summarize their morphological features related to differentiation and neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Viktor Haberberger
- Anatomy & Histology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Barry
- Anatomy & Histology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Anatomy & Histology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Role of Endocannabinoid System in the Peripheral Antinociceptive Action of Aripiprazole. Anesth Analg 2019; 129:263-268. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Eroli F, Loonen IC, van den Maagdenberg AM, Tolner EA, Nistri A. Differential neuromodulatory role of endocannabinoids in the rodent trigeminal sensory ganglion and cerebral cortex relevant to pain processing. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hashemian S, Alhouayek M, Fowler CJ. TLR4 receptor expression and function in F11 dorsal root ganglion × neuroblastoma hybrid cells. Innate Immun 2017; 23:687-696. [PMID: 28958207 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917732824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 respond to bacterial LPS to produce inflammatory cytokines. TLR4 are expressed in dorsal root ganglia and play a role in pain. F11 dorsal root ganglia × mouse neuroblastoma cells possess many of the properties seen in nociceptive dorsal root ganglia neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the effect of 2 h and 6 h treatment with LPS upon the expression of inflammatory proteins in undifferentiated and differentiated F11 cells. The cells expressed mRNA for TRL4 (mouse, not rat) and proteins involved in TLR4 signaling. TLR4 expression was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. LPS produced modest increases in mouse and rat IL-6 and in mouse cyclooxygenase-2 levels in undifferentiated cells, but did not significantly affect mouse TNF-α expression. This contrasts with the robust effects of LPS upon cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons. F11 cells expressed the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (both murine), which were functionally active. These data suggest that F11 cells are not a useful model for the study of LPS-mediated effects but may be useful for the study of endocannabinoid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Hashemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Eldeeb K, Leone-Kabler S, Howlett AC. Mouse Neuroblastoma CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor-Stimulated [ 35S]GTPɣS Binding: Total and Antibody-Targeted Gα Protein-Specific Scintillation Proximity Assays. Methods Enzymol 2017; 593:1-21. [PMID: 28750799 PMCID: PMC6535336 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important regulators of cellular signaling functions and therefore are a major target for drug discovery. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is among the most highly expressed GPCRs in neurons, where it regulates many differentiated neuronal functions. One model system for studying the biochemistry of neuronal responses is the use of neuroblastoma cells originating from the C1300 tumor in the A/J mouse, including cloned cell lines NS20, N2A, N18TG2, N4TG1, and N1E-115, and various immortalized hybrids of neurons with N18TG2 cells. GPCR signal transduction is mediated through interaction with multiple types and subtypes of G proteins that transduce the receptor stimulus to effectors. The [35S]GTPɣS assay provides a valuable pharmacological method to evaluate efficacy and potency in the first step in GPCR signaling. Here, we present detailed protocols for the [35S]GTPɣS-binding assay to measure the total G protein binding and the antibody-targeted scintillation proximity assay to measure specific Gα proteins in neuroblastoma cell membrane preparations. This chapter presents step-by-step methods from cell culture, membrane preparation, assay procedures, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eldeeb
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC, United States; AL-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt.
| | | | - Allyn C Howlett
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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Aldlgan AA, Torrance. HJ. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Marichal-Cancino BA, Altamirano-Espinoza AH, Manrique-Maldonado G, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Villalón CM. Role of pre-junctional CB1, but not CB2 , TRPV1 or GPR55 receptors in anandamide-induced inhibition of the vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic outflow in pithed rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:240-7. [PMID: 24118786 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the perivascular sensory outflow in pithed rats produces vasodepressor responses mediated by CGRP release. Interestingly, endocannabinoids such as anandamide (which interacts with CB1 , CB2 , TRPV1 and GPR55 receptors) can regulate the activity of perivascular sensory nerves in dural blood vessels by modulating CGRP release. Yet, as no publication has reported whether this mechanism is operative in the healthy systemic vasculature, this study has specifically analysed the receptors mediating the potential inhibitory effects of the cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists anandamide (non-selective), JWH-015 (CB2 ) and lysophosphatidylinositol (GPR55) on the rat vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic outflow (an index of systemic vasodilatation). Healthy pithed rats were pre-treated with consecutive i.v. continuous infusions of hexamethonium, methoxamine and the above agonists. Electrical spinal (T9 -T12 ) stimulation of the vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic outflow or i.v. injections of α-CGRP produced frequency-dependent or dose-dependent vasodepressor responses. The infusions of anandamide in a dose-dependent manner inhibited the vasodepressor responses by electrical stimulation (remaining unaffected by JWH-015 or lysophosphatidylinositol), but not those by α-CGRP. After i.v. administration of antagonists, the inhibition by 3.1 μg/kg min anandamide was: (i) potently blocked by 31-100 μg/kg NIDA41020 (CB1 ), (ii) unaffected by 180 μg/kg AM630 (CB2 ), 31 μg/kg cannabidiol (GPR55) or 31-100 μg/kg capsazepine (TRPV1) and (iii) slightly blocked by 310 μg/kg AM630. The above doses of antagonists were enough to block their respective receptors. These results suggest that anandamide-induced inhibition of the vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic outflow is mainly mediated by pre-junctional activation of CB1 receptors, with no pharmacological evidence for the role of CB2 , TRPV1 or GPR55 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Famacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg, Tlalpan, México D.F., México
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Galdino G, Romero TRL, Silva JFP, Aguiar DC, de Paula AM, Cruz JS, Parrella C, Piscitelli F, Duarte ID, Di Marzo V, Perez AC. The endocannabinoid system mediates aerobic exercise-induced antinociception in rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:313-24. [PMID: 24148812 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced antinociception is widely described in the literature, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are poorly understood. Systemic (s.c.) and central (i.t., i.c.v.) pretreatment with CB₁ and CB₂ cannabinoid receptor antagonists (AM251 and AM630) blocked the antinociception induced by an aerobic exercise (AE) protocol in both mechanical and thermal nociceptive tests. Western blot analysis revealed an increase and activation of CB₁ receptors in the rat brain, and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated an increase of activation and expression of CB₁ receptors in neurons of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) after exercise. Additionally, pretreatment (s.c., i.t. and i.c.v.) with endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme inhibitors (MAFP and JZL184) and an anandamide reuptake inhibitor (VDM11) prolonged and intensified this antinociceptive effect. These results indicate that exercise could activate the endocannabinoid system, producing antinociception. Supporting this hypothesis, liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry measurements demonstrated that plasma levels of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and of anandamide-related mediators (palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide) were increased after AE. Therefore, these results suggest that the endocannabinoid system mediates aerobic exercise-induced antinociception at peripheral and central levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane Galdino
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Thiago R L Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Felipe P Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Paula
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jader S Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cosimo Parrella
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Compresorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Compresorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Igor D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Compresorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea C Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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