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Quan W, Kong S, Ouyang Q, Tao J, Lu S, Huang Y, Li S, Luo H. Use of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid nanocrystals to enhance anti-inflammatory activity by improving topical delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111791. [PMID: 34022703 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is often topically applied in clinical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. However, GA has poor solubility in water, which results in poor skin permeability and low bioavailability. Nanocrystallization of drugs can enhance their permeability and improve bioavailability. We prepared GA nanocrystals (Nano GA) by high-pressure homogenization. These nanocrystals were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffractometry. The ability of Nano GA to improve dermal permeability was investigated ex vivo using Franz diffusion vertical cells and mouse skin. The topical anti-inflammatory activity of Nano GA was assessed in vivo by a 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced model in mouse ears. The average particle size of a GA nanocrystalline suspension was 288.6 ± 7.3 nm, with a narrow particle-size distribution (polydispersity index ∼0.13 ± 0.10), and the particle size of the lyophilized powder increased (552.0 ± 9.8 nm). After nanocrystallization, the thermal stability and crystallinity decreased but solubility increased significantly. Nano GA showed higher dermal permeability than Coarse GA. Macroscopic and staining-based observations of mouse ears and the levels of proinflammatory factors and myeloperoxidase revealed that the Nano GA hydrogel exhibited better anti-edema ability and more strongly inhibited inflammation development than the Coarse GA hydrogel and indomethacin hydrogel (positive drug). These results suggest that Nano GA could be an efficacious topical therapeutic agent for skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Quan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Songzhi Kong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Qianqian Ouyang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhangjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Jinlong Tao
- Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Sitong Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhangjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Sidong Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhangjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhangjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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Grafting of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Sialic Acid onto Chitosan to Produce a New Amphipathic Chitosan Derivative: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020452. [PMID: 33467083 PMCID: PMC7829902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the only cationic polysaccharide found in nature. It has broad application prospects in biomaterials, but its application is limited due to its poor solubility in water. A novel chitosan derivative was synthesized by amidation of chitosan with 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid. The chitosan derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and measurement of the zeta potential. We also investigated the solubility, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility of chitosan derivatives. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid could be grafted onto chitosan molecular chains. The thermal stability of the synthesized chitosan derivatives was decreased and the surface was positively charged in water and phosphate-buffered saline. After chitosan had been modified by 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid, the solubility of chitosan was improved greatly in water and phosphate-buffered saline, and percent hemolysis was <5%. Novel amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could be suitable polymers for biomedical purposes.
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3
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Lin ET, Lin BS, Tsai LC, Chen WK, Wang YJ, Chiang HM, Chang CC. Functional recovery in human partial thickness skin wounds after application of multicomponent hydrolipidic film (MAS063DP): A prospective, open-label, comparative clinical trial. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:87-96. [PMID: 33047411 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute and minor skin wounds are common in daily life. However, in clinical practice, after initial management in the acute phase, the wounds are managed mainly through observation, and the patients are usually lost to follow-up. Considering a multicomponent hydrolipidic dressing (MAS063DP) long-known for its safe application in eczema and recently in laser-induced wounds, we aimed to evaluate its ability in functional recovery of impaired skin integrity during wound healing. Sixteen patients (N = 16) were enrolled and completed (n = 8 vs n = 8) this prospective, open-label, vehicle-controlled clinical trial with 12-week follow-up. Transepidermal water, skin viscoelasticity and bioimpedance analysis were measured initially, at the 1st, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. Improvements in these parameters were greater in the MAS063DP group (from 31.4 ± 9.0 to 16.4 ± 4.3 g/m2 h, P < .001; from 77 ± 16% to 88 ± 9%, P < .05; from 4182 ± 3823 to 2644 ± 1772 Ω) than in the white petrolatum group. No significant adverse events occurred, and all participants were more satisfied with the intervention. In this study, MAS063DP can restore skin integrity and reinstitute physiologic function as a feasible and safe intervention more markedly than management through observation during the healing process by providing protective hydrolipidic layer on the skin with simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from its key ingredients such as glycyrrhetinic acid, Vitis vinifera, telmesteine, and vitamins C and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erh-Ti Lin
- Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Kung Chen
- Department of Emergency, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Cheng Chang
- Aesthetic Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Xiang M, Zhou X, Luo TR, Wang PY, Liu LW, Li Z, Wu ZB, Yang S. Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation, and Induced Apoptotic Behaviors of Epimeric and Chiral 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Ester Derivatives with an Isopropanolamine Bridge against Phytopathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13212-13220. [PMID: 31702905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because only a handful of agrochemicals can manage bacterial infections, the discovery and development of innovative, inexpensive, and high-efficiency antibacterial agents targeting these infections are challenging. Herein, a series of novel epimeric and chiral 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) ester derivatives with various tertiary amine pendants were designed, synthesized, and screened for pharmacological activity. Results showed that some of the title compounds were conferred with significantly enhanced antibacterial activity toward phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (A2, B1-B3, and C1, EC50 values within 3.81-4.82 μg/mL) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (B1, EC50 = 3.18 μg/mL; B2, EC50 = 2.76 μg/mL). These activities are superior to those of GA (EC50 > 400 μg/mL), thiodiazole copper, and bismerthiazol. Pharmacophore studies revealed that the synergistic combination of GA skeleton and tertiary amine scaffolds contributed to the biological actions. In vivo experiments displayed their promising applications in controlling bacterial infections. Antibacterial mechanism studies revealed that the title compounds could trigger apoptosis in the tested pathogens, evident by bacteria morphological changes observed in scanning electron microscopy images. This outcome should motivate the development of various apoptosis inducers against plant bacterial diseases by a novel mode of action compared to that of existing agricultural chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Ting-Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ma X, Yang S, Hu X, Tao J, Hou Y, Bai G. Glycyrrhetinic acid binds to the conserved P-loop region and interferes with the interaction of RAS-effector proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:294-303. [PMID: 30976491 PMCID: PMC6438844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the RAS proto-oncogene superfamily are indispensable molecular switches that play critical roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Recent studies have attempted to prevent the interaction of RAS/GTP with RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), impair RAS-effector interactions, and suppress RAS localization to prevent oncogenic signalling. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the natural triterpenoic acid inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid, which is isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza plant species, on RAS stability. We found that glycyrrhetinic acid may bind to the P-loop of RAS and alter its stability. Based on our biochemical tests and structural analysis results, glycyrrhetinic acid induced a conformational change in RAS. Meanwhile, glycyrrhetinic acid abolishes the function of RAS by interfering with the effector protein RAF kinase activation and RAS/MAPK signalling.
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Key Words
- Allosteric inhibitor
- CD, circular dichroism
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- FTIs, farnesyltransferase inhibitors
- FTS, fluorescence-based thermal shift
- GA, glycyrrhetinic acid
- GAPs, GTP hydrolysis by GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- Glycyrrhetinic acid
- HOBt, hydroxybenzotrizole
- Kobe, Kobe0065
- N3-tag, 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin
- NH2-MMs, Fe3O4 amino magnetic microspheres
- RAS
- RAS, GTPases RAS
- RAS/MAPK signalling
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Sulfo-SADP, sodium1-((3-((4-azidophenyl)disulfanyl)propanoyl)oxy)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3-sulfonate
- Tip, tipifarnib
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Kuk H, Arnold C, Wagner AH, Hecker M, Sticht C, Korff T. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Antagonizes Pressure-Induced Venous Remodeling in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:320. [PMID: 29670539 PMCID: PMC5893715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of spider veins is caused by the remodeling of veins located in the upper dermis and promoted by risk factors such as obesity or pregnancy that chronically increase venous pressure. We have repeatedly shown that the pressure-induced increase in biomechanical wall stress is sufficient to evoke the formation of enlarged corkscrew-like superficial veins in mice. Subsequent experimental approaches revealed that interference with endothelial- and/or smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation counteracts this remodeling process. Here, we investigate whether the herbal agent glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a suitable candidate for that purpose given its anti-proliferative as well as anti-oxidative properties. While basic abilities of cultured venous SMCs such as migration and proliferation were not influenced by GA, it inhibited proliferation but not angiogenic sprouting of human venous endothelial cells (ECs). Further analyses of biomechanically stimulated ECs revealed that GA inhibits the DNA binding capacity of the mechanosensitive transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) which, however, had only a minor impact on the endothelial transcriptome. Nevertheless, by decreasing gelatinase activity in ECs or mouse veins exposed to biomechanical stress, GA diminished a crucial cellular response in the context of venous remodeling. In line with the observed inhibitory effects, local transdermal application of GA attenuated pressure-mediated enlargement of veins in the mouse auricle. In summary, our data identifies GA as an inhibitor of EC proliferation, gelatinase activity and venous remodeling. It may thus have the capacity to attenuate spider vein formation and remodeling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kuk
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Salvador JA, Leal AS, Valdeira AS, Gonçalves BM, Alho DP, Figueiredo SA, Silvestre SM, Mendes VI. Oleanane-, ursane-, and quinone methide friedelane-type triterpenoid derivatives: Recent advances in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:95-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Marsella R, Cornegliani L, Ozmen I, Bohannon M, Ahrens K, Santoro D. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effects of topical blackcurrant emulsion enriched in essential fatty acids, ceramides and 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid on clinical signs and skin barrier function in dogs with atopic dermati. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:577-e140. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32608 USA
| | | | - Ibrahim Ozmen
- Department of Dermatology; Corlu Military Hospital; Corlu Tekirdag 59850 Turkey
| | - Mary Bohannon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32608 USA
| | - Kim Ahrens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32608 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32608 USA
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Jung Y, Kim B, Ryu MH, Kim H. Chinese medicines reported to have effects on contact dermatitis in the last 20 years. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 24:64-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Barcelos RC, de Mello-Sampayo C, Antoniazzi CT, Segat HJ, Silva H, Veit JC, Piccolo J, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME, Silva- Lima B, Rodrigues LM. Oral supplementation with fish oil reduces dryness and pruritus in the acetone-induced dry skin rat model. J Dermatol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Receptors, cells and circuits involved in pruritus of systemic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:869-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Inhibition of protein kinase C α/βII and activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediate glycyrrhetinic acid induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1188-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction exists in both human and canine atopic dermatitis, leading to increased water loss and potentially facilitating allergen penetration and sensitization. Both lipid (e.g. ceramides) and protein (e.g. filaggrin) abnormalities have been described. Some are genetically inherited (e.g. filaggrin mutations are one of the major risk factors in humans) and some are secondary and linked to inflammation. In humans, numerous studies have shown efficacy of emollients and moisturizers in barrier restoration, and this approach has been for years the mainstay of therapy. Recently, this strategy has shown promise as a preventative function. In veterinary medicine, evidence regarding skin barrier impairment is rapidly building. Decreased ceramides and filaggrin (in some subsets of dogs) have been described. Altered metabolism of ceramides has also been proposed. Despite these preliminary data and the availability of products marketed to improve the skin barrier, evidence regarding the clinical benefit of skin repair intervention is still limited. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that topical application of fatty acids and ceramides and systemic administration of fatty acids improve lipid deficiencies in the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis, but limited clinical evidence exists. Disease remission in humans is paralleled by an improved skin barrier, both with calcineurin inhibitors and glucocorticoids. In veterinary medicine, a preliminary study on ciclosporin and prednisone failed to detect significant improvement of water loss, while successful immunotherapy correlated with an improved skin barrier. Controlled, large studies are needed to address the question of which skin repair approach is clinically most effective and whether this can be used as a preventative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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15
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Okawa T, Yamaguchi Y, Takada S, Sakai Y, Numata N, Nakamura F, Nagashima Y, Ikezawa Z, Aihara M. Oral administration of collagen tripeptide improves dryness and pruritus in the acetone-induced dry skin model. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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