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Bagchi S, Nozohouri E, Ahn Y, Patel D, Bickel U, Karamyan VT. Systemic and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Milnacipran in Mice: Comparison of Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Administration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:53. [PMID: 38258064 PMCID: PMC10819729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Milnacipran is a dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, clinically used for the treatment of major depression or fibromyalgia. Currently, there are no studies reporting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of milnacipran after intraperitoneal (IP) injection, despite this being the primary administration route in numerous experimental studies using the drug. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the PK profile of IP-administered milnacipran in mice and compare it to the intravenous (IV) route. First a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to accurately quantify milnacipran in biological samples. The method was used to quantify milnacipran in blood and brain samples collected at various time-points post-administration. Non-compartmental and PK analyses were employed to determine key PK parameters. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of the drug in plasma was at 5 min after IP administration, whereas in the brain, it was at 60 min for both routes of administration. Curiously, the majority of PK parameters were similar irrespective of the administration route, and the bioavailability was 92.5% after the IP injection. These findings provide insight into milnacipran's absorption, distribution, and elimination characteristics in mice after IP administration for the first time and should be valuable for future pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.B.); (E.N.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ehsan Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.B.); (E.N.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.B.); (E.N.); (Y.A.)
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.B.); (E.N.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.B.); (E.N.); (Y.A.)
| | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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Wang QS, Wang YL, Zhang WY, Li KD, Luo XF, Cui YL. Puerarin from Pueraria lobata alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea. Food Funct 2021; 12:2211-2224. [PMID: 33595580 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02848g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), especially IBS-diarrhea (IBS-D), affects approximately 9-20% of the population worldwide. Classical treatments for IBS usually result in some side effects and intestinal microbial disorders, which inhibit the clinical effects. Natural edible medicines with beneficial effects and few side effects have received more attention in recent years. Puerarin is the main active ingredient in pueraria and has been used in China to treat splenasthenic diarrhea and as a natural food in folk medicine for hundreds of years. However, there have been no reports of using puerarin in the treatment of IBS-D, and the underlying mechanism is also still unclear. In this study, a comprehensive model that could reflect the symptoms of IBS-D was established by combining neonatal maternal separation (NMS) and adult colonic acetic acid stimulation (ACAAS) in rats. The results showed that puerarin could reverse the abdominal pain and diarrhea in IBS-D rats. The therapeutic effect was realized by regulating the richness of the gut microbiota to maintain the stabilization of the intestinal micro-ecology. Furthermore, the possible mechanism might be related to the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by the suppressed expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRF) 1. At the same time, intestinal function was improved by enhancing the proliferation of colonic epithelial cells by upregulating the expression of p-ERK/ERK and by repairing the colonic mucus barrier by upregulating occludin expression. All these results suggest that puerarin could exert excellent therapeutic effects on IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Song Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuang-Dai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Dreyfus N, Myers JK, Badescu VO, de Frutos O, de la Puente ML, Ding C, Filla SA, Fynboe K, Gernert DL, Heinz BA, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Johnson KW, Johnson MP, López P, Love PL, Martin LJ, Masquelin T, McCoy MJ, Mendiola J, Morrow D, Muhlhauser M, Pascual G, Perun TJ, Pfeifer LA, Phebus LA, Richards SJ, Rincón JA, Seest EP, Shah J, Shaojuan J, Simmons RMA, Stephenson GA, Tromiczak EG, Thompson LK, Walter MW, Weber WW, Zarrinmayeh H, Thomas CE, Joshi E, Iyengar S, Johansson AM. Discovery of a potent, dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:560-4. [PMID: 24900709 DOI: 10.1021/ml400049p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the described research effort was to identify a novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with improved norepinephrine transporter activity and acceptable metabolic stability and exhibiting minimal drug-drug interaction. We describe herein the discovery of a series of 3-substituted pyrrolidines, exemplified by compound 1. Compound 1 is a selective SNRI in vitro and in vivo, has favorable ADME properties, and retains inhibitory activity in the formalin model of pain behavior. Compound 1 thus represents a potential new probe to explore utility of SNRIs in central nervous system disorders, including chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dreyfus
- Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Sunninghill Road, Windlesham,
Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason K. Myers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Valentina O. Badescu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | - Maria Luz de la Puente
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | - Chunjin Ding
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Sandra A. Filla
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Douglas L. Gernert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A. Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Susan K. Hemrick-Luecke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kirk W. Johnson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael P. Johnson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Pilar López
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | | | - Laura J. Martin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael J. McCoy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Javier Mendiola
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | - Denise Morrow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark Muhlhauser
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gustavo Pascual
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | - Thomas J. Perun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lance A. Pfeifer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lee A. Phebus
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Simon J. Richards
- Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Sunninghill Road, Windlesham,
Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Antonio Rincón
- Lilly S.A., Centro de Investigación,
Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid
28108, Spain
| | - Eric P. Seest
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jikesh Shah
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jia Shaojuan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rosa Maria A. Simmons
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gregory A. Stephenson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Eric G. Tromiczak
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Linda K. Thompson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Magnus W. Walter
- Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Sunninghill Road, Windlesham,
Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne W. Weber
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Hamideh Zarrinmayeh
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Craig E. Thomas
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Elizabeth Joshi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Smriti Iyengar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anette M. Johansson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
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