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Dhyani V, George K, Gare S, Venkatesh KV, Mitra K, Giri L. A computational model to uncover the biophysical underpinnings of neural firing heterogeneity in dissociated hippocampal cultures. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1208-1227. [PMID: 37705290 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+ ) imaging reveals a variety of correlated firing in cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons, pinpointing the non-synaptic paracrine release of glutamate as a possible mediator for such firing patterns, although the biophysical underpinnings remain unknown. An intriguing possibility is that extracellular glutamate could bind metabotropic receptors linked with inositol trisphosphate (IP3 ) mediated release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum of individual neurons, thereby modulating neural activity in combination with sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport ATPase (SERCA) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC). However, the possibility that such release may occur in different neuronal compartments and can be inherently stochastic poses challenges in the characterization of such interplay between various Ca2+ channels. Here we deploy biophysical modeling in association with Monte Carlo parameter sampling to characterize such interplay and successfully predict experimentally observed Ca2+ patterns. The results show that the neurotransmitter level at the plasma membrane is the extrinsic source of heterogeneity in somatic Ca2+ transients. Our analysis, in particular, identifies the origin of such heterogeneity to an intrinsic differentiation of hippocampal neurons in terms of multiple cellular properties pertaining to intracellular Ca2+ signaling, such as VGCC, IP3 receptor, and SERCA expression. In the future, the biophysical model and parameter estimation approach used in this study can be upgraded to predict the response of a system of interconnected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Dhyani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
- Optical Science Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin George
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Suman Gare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - K V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishalay Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Çarçak N, Onat F, Sitnikova E. Astrocytes as a target for therapeutic strategies in epilepsy: current insights. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1183775. [PMID: 37583518 PMCID: PMC10423940 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1183775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized non-neuronal glial cells of the central nervous system, contributing to neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission (gliotransmission). Astrocytes play a key roles in epileptogenesis and seizure generation. Epilepsy, as a chronic disorder characterized by neuronal hyperexcitation and hypersynchronization, is accompanied by substantial disturbances of glial cells and impairment of astrocytic functions and neuronal signaling. Anti-seizure drugs that provide symptomatic control of seizures primarily target neural activity. In epileptic patients with inadequate control of seizures with available anti-seizure drugs, novel therapeutic candidates are needed. These candidates should treat epilepsy with anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effects. Evidence from human and animal studies shows that astrocytes have value for developing new anti-seizure and anti-epileptogenic drugs. In this review, we present the key functions of astrocytes contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic activity following an etiology-based approach. We analyze the role of astrocytes in both development (epileptogenesis) and generation of seizures (ictogenesis). Several promising new strategies that attempted to modify astroglial functions for treating epilepsy are being developed: (1) selective targeting of glia-related molecular mechanisms of glutamate transport; (2) modulation of tonic GABA release from astrocytes; (3) gliotransmission; (4) targeting the astrocytic Kir4.1-BDNF system; (5) astrocytic Na+/K+/ATPase activity; (6) targeting DNA hypo- or hypermethylation of candidate genes in astrocytes; (7) targeting astrocytic gap junction regulators; (8) targeting astrocytic adenosine kinase (the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme); and (9) targeting microglia-astrocyte communication and inflammatory pathways. Novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategies have now been developed, such as astroglia-targeted gene therapy with a broad spectrum of genetic constructs to target astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evgenia Sitnikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Bansal Y, Fee C, Misquitta KA, Codeluppi SA, Sibille E, Berman RM, Coric V, Sanacora G, Banasr M. Prophylactic Efficacy of Riluzole against Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in Two Rodent Stress Models. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 9:57-69. [PMID: 37101541 PMCID: PMC10123365 DOI: 10.1159/000529534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic stress-related illnesses such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder share symptomatology, including anxiety, anhedonia, and helplessness. Across disorders, neurotoxic dysregulated glutamate (Glu) signaling may underlie symptom emergence. Current first-line antidepressant drugs, which do not directly target Glu signaling, fail to provide adequate benefit for many patients and are associated with high relapse rates. Riluzole modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission by increasing metabolic cycling and modulating signal transduction. Clinical studies exploring riluzole's efficacy in stress-related disorders have provided varied results. However, the utility of riluzole for treating specific symptom dimensions or as a prophylactic treatment has not been comprehensively assessed. Methods We investigated whether chronic prophylactic riluzole (∼12-15 mg/kg/day p.o.) could prevent the emergence of behavioral deficits induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) in mice. We assessed (i) anxiety-like behavior using the elevated-plus maze, open-field test, and novelty-suppressed feeding, (ii) mixed anxiety/anhedonia-like behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, and (iii) anhedonia-like behavior using the sucrose consumption test. Z-scoring summarized changes across tests measuring similar dimensions. In a separate learned helplessness (LH) cohort, we investigated whether chronic prophylactic riluzole treatment could block the development of helplessness-like behavior. Results UCMS induced an elevation in anhedonia-like behavior and overall behavioral emotionality that was blocked by prophylactic riluzole. In the LH cohort, prophylactic riluzole blocked the development of helplessness-like behavior. Discussion/Conclusion This study supports the utility of riluzole as a prophylactic medication for preventing anhedonia and helplessness symptoms associated with stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith A. Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sierra A. Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Godai K, Moriyama T. Heme oxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays crucial roles in the analgesic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin in a spared nerve-injury mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2021; 767:136310. [PMID: 34736722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain remains one of the most intractable types of pain; although calcium channel α2δ ligands, such as pregabalin and gabapentin, are classified as first-line drugs, they have only modest efficacy. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling attenuates glial activation during neuropathic pain. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), or the BBB-impermeable HO-1 inhibitor, zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), on the analgesic efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin. Additionally, we examined the effects of co-administration of SnPP with pregabalin or gabapentin on the expression of glial markers or other genes. METHODS Neuropathic pain was induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. The mechanical threshold was tested using the von Frey filaments. The expression of spinal glial markers or other genes was examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Systemic HO-1 inhibition reversed the mechanical antiallodynic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin, although peripheral HO-1 inhibition did not alter the mechanical antiallodynic effects of either pregabalin or gabapentin. Intrathecal injection of SnPP or ZnPP abolished the mechanical antiallodynic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin. Pregabalin and gabapentin increased HO-1, arginase-1, and endogenous opioid precursor preproenkephalin gene expression and decreased the expression of glial markers, interleukin-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that spinal HO-1 plays a crucial role in the analgesic effects of calcium channel α2δ ligands through the attenuation of glial activation and endogenous opioid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Godai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Moriyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Yang Y, Ji WG, Zhang YJ, Zhou LP, Chen H, Yang N, Zhu ZR. Riluzole ameliorates soluble Aβ 1-42-induced impairments in spatial memory by modulating the glutamatergic/GABAergic balance in the dentate gyrus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110077. [PMID: 32818535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) is believed to contribute to cognitive deficits in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus is closely correlated with spatial learning and memory deficits in AD. Riluzole (RLZ), an FDA-approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), has beneficial effects for AD. However, the mechanism underlying the effects remains unclear. In this study, its neuroprotective effect against soluble Aβ1-42-induced spatial cognitive deficits in rats was assessed. We found that intrahippocampal injection of soluble Aβ1-42 impaired spatial cognitive function and suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) of the DG region, which was relevant to soluble Aβ1-42-induced shift of the hippocampal excitation/inhibition balance toward excitation. Interestingly, RLZ ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced behavioral and LTP impairments through rescuing the soluble Aβ1-42-induced excitation/inhibition imbalance. RLZ attenuated Aβ1-42-mediated facilitation of excitatory synaptic transmission by facilitating glutamate reuptake and decreasing presynaptic glutamate release. Meanwhile, RLZ attenuated the suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission caused by Aβ1-42 by potentiating postsynaptic GABA receptor function. These results suggest that RLZ exerts a neuroprotective effect against soluble Aβ1-42-related spatial cognitive deficits through rescuing the excitation/inhibition imbalance, and it could be a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei-Gang Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Yoshizumi M, Watanabe C, Mizoguchi H. Gabapentin reduces painful bladder hypersensitivity in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic cystitis. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00697. [PMID: 33340266 PMCID: PMC7749515 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic condition causing bladder pain and urinary symptoms, effective treatments have not been established. The aim of this study was to adapt a chronic cystitis model in rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which reflects IC/BPS pathology, and characterize the model's histological and behavioral effects. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of an α2 δ subunit ligand, gabapentin (GBP), on bladder hypersensitivity of rats with chronic cystitis. Cystitis models were created by repeated intravesical injections of LPS. In the histological examination, the LPS-injected group had greater inflammatory response, fibrosis, and abnormally thick re-epithelialization. In the LPS-injected group, LPS prompted hyperalgesia in both the lower abdomen and hind paw regions after day 1 of the first injection compared with the saline-injected controls, without any recovery for 21 days at least. During cystometry, the LPS-injected group showed bladder hyperactivity at all times. Systemic administration of GBP reduced cystitis-related pain due to chronic inflammation and reduced the increased frequency of voiding in the LPS-injected group. These results suggest that repeated intravesical injections of LPS induce long-lasting bladder inflammation, pain, and overactivity in rats, while GBP is effective in the management of those symptoms in this chronic cystitis model. The current study identifies a relatively simple method to develop an animal model for chronic cystitis and provides evidence that GBP may be an effective treatment option for patients with IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yoshizumi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Chizuko Watanabe
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Hirokazu Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
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7
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Luo X, He T, Wang Y, Wang JL, Yan XB, Zhou HC, Wang RR, Du R, Wang XL, Chen J, Huang D. Ceftriaxone Relieves Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Through Suppression of Spatiotemporal Synaptic Plasticity via Restoration of Glutamate Transporter 1 in the Medullary Dorsal Horn. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:199. [PMID: 32714151 PMCID: PMC7340123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) produced by chronic compression of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION), we investigated the analgesic effect and the underlying mechanisms of ceftriaxone (Cef), a β-lactam antibiotic, that is thought to be a potent stimulator of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1). First, repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of Cef (200 mg/kg) for 5-days since Day 1 of CCI-ION could significantly relieve both mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity from day 10 after drug administration. Western blot and immunofluorescent results demonstrated that 5-days administration of Cef resulted in the restoration of GLT-1 expression to a level equivalent to the sham control which was dramatically lost under the TNP condition. Moreover, multi-electrode (8 × 8) array recordings of network field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were performed on the acutely dissociated medullary dorsal horn slice evoked by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal spinal tract. The results showed that the increased number of fEPSPs, induction rate, and maintenance of long-term potentiation caused by CCI-ION were significantly suppressed by 5-days administration of Cef. Taken together, the results indicate that Cef can relieve TNP through suppression of spatiotemporal synaptic plasticity via GLT-1 restoration in the medullary dorsal horn of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Yan
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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L-type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Modulators Inhibit Glutamate-Induced Morphology Changes in U118-MG Astrocytoma Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1429-1437. [PMID: 32172458 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate evokes physiological responses within the astrocytic network that lead to fine morphological changes. However, the mechanism by which astrocytes couple glutamate sensing with cellular calcium rise remains unclear. We tested a possible connection between L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav) and glutamate-induced response in U118-MG astrocytoma cells. While astrocytoma cells differ from primary astrocytes, they demonstrate the same response to glutamate. In this study, the extension of U118-MG processes upon glutamate exposure was shown to depend on extracellular calcium entry via L-type Cav's. Drugs known to bind to the pore-forming subunit of Cav's decreased the astrocytic filopodia extension caused by glutamate, and ligands of the α2δ auxiliary subunit inhibited all process growth (e.g., gabapentinoids). The observed phenotypic responses suggest that α2δ is a main contributor to the role of Cavs in glutamate-dependent filopodiagenesis, thereby opening new avenues of research on the role of α2δ in astrocytic neurochemical signaling.
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Zhang Y, Wu S, Xie L, Yu S, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhou W, Yu T. Ketamine Within Clinically Effective Range Inhibits Glutamate Transmission From Astrocytes to Neurons and Disrupts Synchronization of Astrocytic SICs. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:240. [PMID: 31244607 PMCID: PMC6581012 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are now considered as crucial modulators of neuronal synaptic transmission. General anesthetics have been found to inhibit astrocytic activities, but it is not clear whether general anesthetics within the clinical concentration range affects the astrocyte-mediated synaptic regulation. Methods The effects of propofol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine within clinically effective ranges on the slow inward currents (SICs) were tested by using the whole-cell recording in acute prefrontal cortex (PFC) slice preparations of rats. Astrocytes culture and HPLC were used to measure the effects of different anesthetics on the glutamate release of astrocytes. Results Propofol and dexmedetomidine showed no significant effect on the amplitude or frequency of SICs. Ketamine was found to inhibit the frequency of SICs in a concentration-dependent manner. The SICs synchronization rate of paired neurons was inhibited by 30 μM ketamine (from 42.5 ± 1.4% to 9.6 ± 0.8%) and was abolished by 300 μM ketamine. The astrocytic glutamate release induced by DHPG, an agonist of astrocytic type I metabotropic glutamate receptors, was not affected by ketamine, and ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN1/GluN2B receptor, blocked all SICs and enhanced the inhibitory effect of 30 μM ketamine on the frequency of SICs. Ketamine at low concentration (3 μM) could inhibit the frequency of SICs, not the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), and the inhibition rate of SICs was significantly higher than mEPSCs with 30 μM ketamine (44.5 ± 3% inhibition vs. 28.3 ± 6% inhibition). Conclusion Our data indicated that ketamine, not propofol and dexmedetomidine, within clinical concentration range inhibits glutamatergic transmission from astrocytes to neurons, which is likely mediated by the extrasynaptic GluN1/GluN2B receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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10
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Gegelashvili G, Bjerrum OJ. Glutamate transport system as a key constituent of glutamosome: Molecular pathology and pharmacological modulation in chronic pain. Neuropharmacology 2019; 161:107623. [PMID: 31047920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural uptake of glutamate is executed by the structurally related members of the SLC1A family of solute transporters: GLAST/EAAT1, GLT-1/EAAT2, EAAC1/EAAT3, EAAT4, ASCT2. These plasma membrane proteins ensure supply of glutamate, aspartate and some neutral amino acids, including glutamine and cysteine, for synthetic, energetic and signaling purposes, whereas effective removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft shapes excitatory neurotransmission and prevents glutamate toxicity. Glutamate transporters (GluTs) possess also receptor-like properties and can directly initiate signal transduction. GluTs are physically linked to other glutamate signaling-, transporting- and metabolizing molecules (e.g., glutamine transporters SNAT3 and ASCT2, glutamine synthetase, NMDA receptor, synaptic vesicles), as well as cellular machineries fueling the transmembrane transport of glutamate (e.g., ion gradient-generating Na/K-ATPase, glycolytic enzymes, mitochondrial membrane- and matrix proteins, glucose transporters). We designate this supramolecular functional assembly as 'glutamosome'. GluTs play important roles in the molecular pathology of chronic pain, due to the predominantly glutamatergic nature of nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord. Down-regulation of GluTs often precedes or occurs simultaneously with development of pain hypersensitivity. Pharmacological inhibition or gene knock-down of spinal GluTs can induce/aggravate pain, whereas enhancing expression of GluTs by viral gene transfer can mitigate chronic pain. Thus, functional up-regulation of GluTs is turning into a prospective pharmacotherapeutic approach for the management of chronic pain. A number of novel positive pharmacological regulators of GluTs, incl. pyridazine derivatives and β-lactams, have recently been introduced. However, design and development of new analgesics based on this principle will require more precise knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying physiological or aberrant functioning of the glutamate transport system in nociceptive circuits. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Gegelashvili
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Ole Jannik Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Sadick JS, Liddelow SA. Don't forget astrocytes when targeting Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3585-3598. [PMID: 30636042 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for CNS health, regulating homeostasis, metabolism, and synaptic transmission. In addition to these and many other physiological roles, the pathological impact of astrocytes ("reactive astrocytes") in acute trauma and chronic disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established. Growing evidence supports a fundamental and active role of astrocytes in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. With a growing interest in normal astrocyte biology, and countless studies on changes in astrocyte function in the context of disease, it may be a surprise that no therapies exist incorporating astrocytes as key targets. Here, we examine unintentional effects of current AD therapies on astrocyte function and theorize how astrocytes may be intentionally targeted for more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. Given their integral role in normal neuronal functioning, incorporating astrocytes as key criteria for AD drug development can only lead to more effective therapies for the millions of AD sufferers worldwide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Sadick
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Hayashida KI, Obata H. Strategies to Treat Chronic Pain and Strengthen Impaired Descending Noradrenergic Inhibitory System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040822. [PMID: 30769838 PMCID: PMC6412536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) and antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) are often used to treat chronic pain. The descending noradrenergic inhibitory system from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays an important role in the analgesic mechanisms of these drugs. Gabapentinoids activate the LC by inhibiting the release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inducing the release of glutamate, thereby increasing noradrenaline levels in the spinal cord. Antidepressants increase noradrenaline levels in the spinal cord by inhibiting reuptake, and accumulating noradrenaline inhibits chronic pain through α2-adrenergic receptors in the spinal cord. Recent animal studies, however, revealed that the function of the descending noradrenergic inhibitory system is impaired in chronic pain states. Other recent studies found that histone deacetylase inhibitors and antidepressants restore the impaired noradrenergic descending inhibitory system acting on noradrenergic neurons in the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashida
- Doctorial Course in Medicine, Organ Function-Oriented Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine;1-1-1, Hondo, Akita-City, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Obata
- Center for Pain Management and Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical University; 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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Baldewig M, Goldbaum O, Richter-Landsberg C, Weyland A, Bantel C. Short-term incubation of gabapentin or pregabalin does not affect chemically induced injury in neuronal cell models in vitro. J Pain Res 2018; 11:1181-1190. [PMID: 29950890 PMCID: PMC6016266 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s162322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gabapentinoids are currently the mainstay of pharmacological treatments for patients with neuropathic pain. Little is known about the effects of this therapy on the integrity of neuronal networks, especially in patients with an already-damaged nervous system. Since gabapentinoids can worsen cognitive functions and recent studies have shown alterations in the brains of patients with neuropathic pain, it may be possible that these drugs have neurotoxic effects. Methods Rat clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma (autonomic) and primary sensory dorsal-root ganglion (DRG) neurons from newborn Wistar rats were employed for this study. To mimic neuronal damage, cells were exposed to cytotoxins using either hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or vincristine. Results No direct cytotoxic effects were observed after incubating PC12 cells for 24 hours with increasing concentrations of gabapentin or pregabalin using MTT cytotoxicity assays. Even a 7-day incubation did not cause cellular damage. Furthermore, in preinjured PC12 and DRG neurons, neither gabapentin nor pregabalin prevented or enhanced the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 or vincristine after incubation for 24 hours and 7 days, respectively. Cell morphology and integrity of the cytoskeleton assessed by employing immunostaining of cytoskeletal proteins (α-tubulin, neurofilament L) remained intact and were not altered by gabapentinoids. Conclusion Based on these results, gabapentinoids are unlikely to be neurotoxic in cultured autonomic (PC12) and sensory DRG cells, even when cells are preinjured. These results are of high clinical relevance, as it seems unlikely that the morphological changes recently observed in the brains of neuropathic pain patients are caused or worsened by gabapentinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Baldewig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Goldbaum
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Weyland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bantel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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Descending Noradrenergic Inhibition: An Important Mechanism of Gabapentin Analgesia in Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1099:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1756-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Drugs to Alter Extracellular Concentration of Glutamate: Modulators of Glutamate Uptake Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7228-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Gabapentin loses efficacy over time after nerve injury in rats: role of glutamate transporter-1 in the locus coeruleus. Pain 2017; 157:2024-2032. [PMID: 27315512 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being one of the first-choice analgesics for chronic neuropathic pain, gabapentin sometimes fails to provide analgesia, but the mechanisms for this lack of efficacy is unclear. Rats with nerve injury including L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) respond uniformly and well to gabapentin, but many of these studies are performed within just a few weeks of injury, questioning their relevance to chronic neuropathic pain. In this study, intraperitoneal gabapentin showed a time-dependently reduction in antihypersensitivity after SNL, associated with downregulation of astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the locus coeruleus (LC). Consistently, SNL also time-dependently increased basal but masked gabapentin-induced noradrenergic neuronal activity in the LC. In rats 2 weeks after SNL, knock-down of GLT-1 in the LC reduced the antihypersensitivity effect of gabapentin. In rats 8 weeks after SNL, increasing GLT-1 expression by histone deacetylase inhibitor valproate restored the antihypersensitivity effect of gabapentin, associated with restored gabapentin-induced noradrenergic neuronal activity in the LC and subsequent spinal noradrenaline release. Knock-down of GLT-1 in the LC reversed the effect of valproate to restore gabapentin-induced antihypersensitivity. In addition, the antihypersensitivity effect of the intrathecal α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine also decreased with time after SNL injury. These results suggest that downregulation of GLT-1 in the LC and reduced spinal noradrenergic inhibition contribute to impaired analgesic efficacy from gabapentin in chronic neuropathic pain and that valproate can rescue this impaired efficacy.
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17
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Glutamate Transport System as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Chronic Pain: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 16:225-253. [PMID: 28828613 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55769-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of peripheral neurons sensing noxious stimuli and conducting pain signals to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord utilize glutamate as a chemical transmitter of excitation. High-affinity glutamate transporter subtypes GLAST/EAAT1, GLT1/EAAT2, EAAC1/EAAT3, and EAAT4, differentially expressed on sensory neurons, postsynaptic spinal interneurons, and neighboring glia, ensure fine modulation of glutamate neurotransmission in the spinal cord. The glutamate transport system seems to play important roles in molecular mechanisms underlying chronic pain and analgesia. Downregulation of glutamate transporters (GluTs) often precedes or occurs simultaneously with development of hypersensitivity to thermal or tactile stimuli in various models of chronic pain. Moreover, antisense knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of these membrane proteins can induce or aggravate pain. In contrast, upregulation of GluTs by positive pharmacological modulators or by viral gene transfer to the spinal cord can reverse the development of such pathological hypersensitivity. Furthermore, some multi-target drugs displaying analgesic properties (e.g., tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, riluzole, anticonvulsant valproate, tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone and its structural analog devoid of antibacterial activity, clavulanic acid) can significantly increase the spinal glutamate uptake. Thus, mounting evidence points at GluTs as prospective therapeutic target for chronic pain treatment. However, design and development of new analgesics based on the modulation of glutamate uptake will require more precise knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying physiological or aberrant functioning of this transport system in the spinal cord.
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Schmidt J, Schmidt T, Golla M, Lehmann L, Weber J, Hübener-Schmid J, Riess O. In vivo
assessment of riluzole as a potential therapeutic drug for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurochem 2016; 138:150-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Matthias Golla
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Lisa Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jeannette Hübener-Schmid
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics and Center for Rare Diseases; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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19
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Romero-Alejo E, Puig MM, Romero A. Inhibition of astrocyte activation is involved in the prevention of postoperative latent pain sensitization by ketamine and gabapentin in mice. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2016; 7:22-4. [PMID: 27127390 PMCID: PMC4831484 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.179357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Romero-Alejo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita M Puig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Romero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Remus JL, Dantzer R. Inflammation Models of Depression in Rodents: Relevance to Psychotropic Drug Discovery. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw028. [PMID: 27026361 PMCID: PMC5043641 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and depression are closely inter-related; inflammation induces symptoms of depression and, conversely, depressed mood and stress favor an inflammatory phenotype. The mechanisms that mediate the ability of inflammation to induce symptoms of depression are intensively studied at the preclinical level. This review discusses how it has been possible to build animal models of inflammation-induced depression based on clinical data and to explore critical mechanisms downstream of inflammation. Namely, we focus on the ability of inflammation to increase the activity of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, which leads to the production of kynurenine and downstream neuroactive metabolites. By acting on glutamatergic neurotransmission, these neuroactive metabolites play a key role in the development of depression-like behaviors. An important outcome of the preclinical research on inflammation-induced depression is the identification of potential novel targets for antidepressant treatments, which include targeting the kynurenine system and production of downstream metabolites, altering transport of kynurenine into the brain, and modulating glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Remus
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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21
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Yousuf MS, Kerr BJ. The Role of Regulatory Transporters in Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:245-71. [PMID: 26920015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain arises from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system rather than stimulation of pain receptors. As a result, the fine balance between excitation and inhibition is perturbed leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Various neuropathic pain models provide considerable evidence that changes in the glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Neurotransmitter reuptake transporter proteins have the potential to change the temporal and spatial profile of various neurotransmitters throughout the nervous system. This, in turn, can affect the downstream effects of these neurotransmitters and hence modulate pain. This chapter explores various reuptake transporter systems and implicates their role in pain processing. Understanding the transporter systems will enhance drug discovery targeting different facets of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Elsayed M, Magistretti PJ. A New Outlook on Mental Illnesses: Glial Involvement Beyond the Glue. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:468. [PMID: 26733803 PMCID: PMC4679853 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses have long been perceived as the exclusive consequence of abnormalities in neuronal functioning. Until recently, the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of mental diseases has largely been overlooked. However recently, multiple lines of evidence suggest more diverse and significant functions of glia with behavior-altering effects. The newly ascribed roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia have led to their examination in brain pathology and mental illnesses. Indeed, abnormalities in glial function, structure and density have been observed in postmortem brain studies of subjects diagnosed with mental illnesses. In this review, we discuss the newly identified functions of glia and highlight the findings of glial abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. We discuss these preclinical and clinical findings implicating the involvement of glial cells in mental illnesses with the perspective that these cells may represent a new target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elsayed
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
Astrocytes represent a highly heterogeneous population of neural cells primarily responsible for the homeostasis of the CNS. Astrocytes express multiple receptors for neurotransmitters, including the serotonin 5-HT2B receptors and interact with neurones at the synapse. Astroglia contribute to neurological diseases through homeostatic response, neuroprotection and reactivity. In major depression, astrocytes show signs of degeneration and are decreased in numbers, which may lead to a misbalance in neurotransmission and aberrant synaptic connectivity. In this review, we summarize astroglia-specific effects of major antidepressants and outline future strategies for astroglia-specific therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
| | | | - Li Gu
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Baoman Li
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
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24
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Abstract
Gabapentin, one of the antiepileptics, shows its effects via voltage-gated calcium channels. Sedation and mood elevation are among its side effects. The positive effects of antiepileptics such as valproate and carbamazepine as mood stabilizers have raised the hope that other antiepileptics may as well be efficacious in the treatment of mood disorders. However, relevant research data have not proven success of newer antiepileptics. This article presents the negative side effects of gabapentin such as psychotic and depressive symptoms, which occur shortly after its use. The use of gabapentin in mood disorders is discussed through these side effects.
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25
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Tong H, Yu X, Lu X, Wang P. Downregulation of solute carriers of glutamate in gliosomes and synaptosomes may explain local brain metastasis in anaplastic glioblastoma. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:306-11. [PMID: 25914026 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advanced grades of glioblastoma are highly aggressive, especially in terms of multisite spread within the brain or even to distant sites at the spinal cord. In advanced grades of glioblastoma, glutamate and glutamine are reported to be increased in concentration in the extracellular fluid. It has been reported that glutamate acts as an extracellular signaling molecule for facilitating local spread of advanced grades of glioblastoma. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether glutamate uptake mechanisms is impaired in advanced glioblastoma. The possible downregulated mechanisms of glutamate uptake would facilitate persistence of glutamate in the extracellular environment, rather than intracellular uptake. We obtained biobanked human specimens of glioblastoma and tested expression of proteins belonging to the solute carrier families of proteins that are known to function as membrane-located excitatory amino acid like glutamate transporters. The present study provides preliminary evidence of the downregulation of membrane expression of excitatory amino acid transporters solute carrier family 1 member 3 (SLC1A3) and its palmitoylated form in gliosomes, as well as SLC1A2 in the glio-synaptosomes. Compounds like riluzole used in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the antibiotic ceftriaxone have the potential to facilitate glutamate uptake. These medications may be examined as adjunct chemotherapy in the massively aggressive tumor glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuechun Lu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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26
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Abstract
The amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Four placebo-controlled studies found the GABA analog drug gabapentin effective for treating alcohol dependence. Gabapentin may also be effective for treating alcohol withdrawal syndromes. One placebo-controlled pilot study found gabapentin beneficial for cannabis dependence, but several controlled studies found no benefit for cocaine or methamphetamine dependence. Whether gabapentin is effective for other substance use disorders is unknown.
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27
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Gegelashvili G, Bjerrum OJ. High-affinity glutamate transporters in chronic pain: an emerging therapeutic target. J Neurochem 2014; 131:712-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Gegelashvili
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Institute of Chemical Biology; Ilia State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Ole J. Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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28
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Suto T, Severino AL, Eisenach JC, Hayashida KI. Gabapentin increases extracellular glutamatergic level in the locus coeruleus via astroglial glutamate transporter-dependent mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:95-100. [PMID: 24495399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin has shown to be effective in animals and humans with acute postoperative and chronic pain. Yet the mechanisms by which gabapentin reduces pain have not been fully addressed. The current study performed in vivo microdialysis in the locus coeruleus (LC) in normal and spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats to examine the effect of gabapentin on extracellular glutamate concentration and its mechanisms of action with focus on presynaptic GABA-B receptors, astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and interactions with α2δ subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and endogenous noradrenaline. Basal extracellular concentration and tissue content of glutamate in the LC were greater in SNL rats than normal ones. Intravenously administered and LC-perfused gabapentin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC. The net amount of glutamate increased by gabapentin is larger in SNL rats compared with normal ones, although the percentage increases from the baseline did not differ. The gabapentin-related α2δ ligand pregabalin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC, whereas another α2δ ligand, 3-exo-aminobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-exo-carboxylic acid (ABHCA), did not. Selective blockade by the dihydrokainic acid or knock-down of GLT-1 by the small interfering RNA abolished the gabapentin-induced glutamate increase in the LC, whereas blockade of GABA-B receptors by the CGP-35348 and depletion of noradrenalin by the dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin did not. These results suggest that gabapentin induces glutamate release from astrocytes in the LC via GLT-1-dependent mechanisms to stimulate descending inhibition. The present study also demonstrates that this target of gabapentin in astrocytes does not require interaction with α2δ subunits in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Amie L Severino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ken-ichiro Hayashida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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29
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Di Benedetto B, Rupprecht R. Targeting glia cells: novel perspectives for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:171-85. [PMID: 23997752 PMCID: PMC3637671 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are devastating mental illnesses with a high economic burden. The additional morbidity associated with social issues that arises along with the course of these diseases increases the need for a clear understanding of their etiopathogenesis to allow an implementation of novel pharmacological strategies. Yet a poor knowledge about interactions occurring at the glia-neuron interface in health and disease still hampers innovative discoveries, despite the fact that glia cells have been long described to actively participate in the regulation of brain circuits. The purpose of this review was to collect the scattered literature on the involvement of glia cells in neuropsychiatric disorders and to describe how also these cells besides neurons might be responsive to current pharmacological interventions. We hope thereby to offer alternative approaches for investigations that may open avenues to search for new potential targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Di Benedetto
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Regensburg University, Germany
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30
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Sanacora G, Banasr M. From pathophysiology to novel antidepressant drugs: glial contributions to the pathology and treatment of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:1172-9. [PMID: 23726152 PMCID: PMC3688253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several structural and cellular changes, including marked glial anomalies, have been observed in association with major depressive disorder. Here we review these cellular alterations and highlight the importance of glial cell pathology, especially astroglial dysfunction, in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders with a particular interest in major depressive disorder. The functional role of astrocytes in glutamate uptake and glutamate/glutamine cycling is discussed, as is the deleterious effects of chronic stress on glial cell function. Lastly, we discuss the effect of antidepressants on glial cell function and the possibility of targeting glial cells in the quest to develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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31
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Brothers HM, Bardou I, Hopp SC, Kaercher RM, Corona AW, Fenn AM, Godbout JP, Wenk GL. Riluzole partially rescues age-associated, but not LPS-induced, loss of glutamate transporters and spatial memory. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1098-105. [PMID: 23709339 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Impaired memory may result from synaptic glutamatergic dysregulation related to chronic neuroinflammation. GLT1 is the primary excitatory amino acid transporter responsible for regulating extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that if impaired spatial memory results from increased extracellular glutamate due to age or experimentally induced chronic neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, then pharmacological augmentation of the glutamate transporter GLT1 will attenuate deficits in a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. The profile of inflammation-related genes and proteins associated with normal aging, or chronic neuroinflammation experimentally-induced via a four-week LPS infusion into the IV(th) ventricle, were correlated with performance in the Morris water maze following treatment with Riluzole, a drug that can enhance glutamate clearance by increasing GLT1 expression. Age-associated inflammation was qualitatively different from LPS-induced neuro-inflammation in young rats. LPS produced a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by increased IL-1ß expression in the hippocampus, whereas aging was not associated with a strong central pro-inflammatory response but with a mixed peripheral immune phenotype. Riluzole attenuated the spatial memory impairment, the elevation of serum cytokines and the decrease in GLT1 gene expression in Aged rats, but had no effect on young rats infused with LPS. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of reducing glutamatergic function upon memory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brothers
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Kukkar A, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Implications and mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:237-51. [PMID: 23435945 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic agent but now it is also recommended as first line agent in neuropathic pain, particularly in diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia. α2δ-1, an auxillary subunit of voltage gated calcium channels, has been documented as its main target and its specific binding to this subunit is described to produce different actions responsible for pain attenuation. The binding to α2δ-1 subunits inhibits nerve injury-induced trafficking of α1 pore forming units of calcium channels (particularly N-type) from cytoplasm to plasma membrane (membrane trafficking) of pre-synaptic terminals of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and dorsal horn neurons. Furthermore, the axoplasmic transport of α2δ-1 subunits from DRG to dorsal horns neurons in the form of anterograde trafficking is also inhibited in response to gabapentin administration. Gabapentin has also been shown to induce modulate other targets including transient receptor potential channels, NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and inflammatory cytokines. It may also act on supra-spinal region to stimulate noradrenaline mediated descending inhibition, which contributes to its anti-hypersensitivity action in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Kukkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
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Song D, Li B, Yan E, Man Y, Wolfson M, Chen Y, Peng L. Chronic Treatment with Anti-bipolar Drugs Causes Intracellular Alkalinization in Astrocytes, Altering Their Functions. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2524-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Roth JA, Sridhar S, Singleton ST. Effect of glutamate and riluzole on manganese-induced apoptotic cell signaling in neuronally differentiated mouse P19 Cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:25-33. [PMID: 22543103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Excess exposure to Mn causes a neurological disorder known as manganism which is similar to dystonic movements associated with Parkinson's disease. Manganism is largely restricted to occupations in which high atmospheric levels are prevalent which include Mn miners, welders and those employed in the ferroalloy processing or related industrial settings. T1 weighted MRI images reveal that Mn is deposited to the greatest extent in the globus pallidus, an area of the brain that is presumed to be responsible for the major CNS associated symptoms. Neurons within the globus pallidus receive glutamatergic input from the subthalamic nuclei which has been suggested to be involved in the toxic actions of Mn. The neurotoxic actions of Mn and glutamate are similar in that they both affect calcium accumulation in the mitochondria leading to apoptotic cell death. In this paper, we demonstrate that the combination of Mn and glutamate potentiates toxicity of neuronally differentiated P19 cells over that observed with either agent alone. Apoptotic signals ROS, caspase 3 and JNK were increased in an additive fashion when the two neurotoxins were combined. The anti-glutamatergic drug, riluzole, was shown to attenuate these apoptotic signals and prevent P19 cell death. Results of this study confirm, for the first time, that Mn toxicity is potentiated in the presence of glutamate and that riluzole is an effective antioxidant which protects against both Mn and glutamate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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