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Tanaka Y, Ito K, Kurakazu T, Kasaoka S. Separate Evaluation of Fraction Absorbed and Intestinal Availability after Oral Administration of Drugs Based on the Measurement of Portal and Systemic Plasma Concentrations and Luminal Concentration. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1933-1941. [PMID: 36914610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
There are several experimental methods to estimate the product of the fraction absorbed (Fa) and intestinal availability (Fg) in vivo after oral administration of drugs. Metabolic enzyme inhibitors are typically used to separate Fg from Fa·Fg. Since Fa·Fg can be regarded as Fa under metabolism-inhibited conditions, Fg can be isolated by dividing Fa·Fg by Fa. However, if the inhibition of intestinal metabolism is insufficient, Fa is overestimated, which results in an underestimation of Fg compared to the actual value. In this study, to avoid this problem, an experimental method for the separate estimation of Fa and Fg in rats without utilizing metabolic enzyme inhibitors was established. Buspirone, a CYP3A substrate, and ribavirin, a substrate of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine kinase, were selected as models. Following oral administration of the drugs with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4000 (FD-4, an unabsorbable marker), Fa·Fg was pharmacokinetically calculated from portal and systemic plasma concentration-time profiles of model drugs and Fa was calculated from the difference in the ileal concentration profiles of the drugs and FD-4. Fg was evaluated by dividing Fa·Fg by Fa. Following oral administration, buspirone was not detected in any segment of the small intestine, indicating that the administered buspirone was completely absorbed. In addition, buspirone was extensively metabolized in enterocytes (Fg = 20.1). Ribavirin was primarily absorbed in the upper segment of the small intestine, and 64.4% of the ribavirin was absorbed before it reached the ileum. In addition, it was revealed that ribavirin was metabolized more extensively in the intestine than in the liver. Our method may be effective in quantitatively assessing Fa and Fg in vivo, which can help in the formulation design and prediction of drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takanori Kurakazu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasaoka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Cladribine as a Potential Object of Nucleoside Transporter-Based Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:167-187. [PMID: 34894346 PMCID: PMC8813788 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B and T-lymphocytes) to its active triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®), administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years), are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Cladribine has been shown to be a substrate of various nucleoside transporters (NTs). Intestinal absorption and distribution of cladribine throughout the body appear to be essentially mediated by equilibrative NTs (ENTs) and concentrative NTs (CNTs), specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Other efficient transporters of cladribine are the ABC efflux transporters, specifically breast cancer resistance protein, which likely modulates the oral absorption and renal excretion of cladribine. A key transporter for the intracellular uptake of cladribine into B and T-lymphocytes is ENT1 with ancillary contributions of ENT2 and CNT2. Transporter-based drug interactions affecting absorption and target cellular uptake of a prodrug such as cladribine are likely to reduce systemic bioavailability and target cell exposure, thereby possibly hampering clinical efficacy. In order to manage optimized therapy, i.e., to ensure uncompromised target cell uptake to preserve the full therapeutic potential of cladribine, it is important that clinicians are aware of the existence of NT-inhibiting medicinal products, various lifestyle drugs, and food components. This article reviews the existing knowledge on inhibitors of NT, which may alter cladribine absorption, distribution, and uptake into target cells, thereby summarizing the existing knowledge on optimized methods of administration and concomitant drugs that should be avoided during cladribine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Galazka
- An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Ares Trading SA, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Alain Munafo
- An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Merck Institute of Pharmacometrics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Zhu C, Sun B, Zhang B, Zhou Z. An update of genetics, co-morbidities and management of hyperuricaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1305-1316. [PMID: 34133780 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia (HU) caused by disorders of purine metabolism is a metabolic disease. A number of epidemiological reports have confirmed that HU is correlated with multiple disorders, such as chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular disease and gout. Recent studies showed that the expression and functional changes of uric acid transporters, including URAT1, GLUT9 and ABCG2, were associated with HU. Moreover, a large number of genome-wide association studies have shown that these transporters' dysfunction leads to HU. In this review, we describe the recent progress of aetiology and related transporters of HU, and we also summarise the common co-morbidities possible mechanisms, as well as the potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for HU, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Li Q, Lin H, Niu Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Song L, Gao L, Li L. Mangiferin promotes intestinal elimination of uric acid by modulating intestinal transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173490. [PMID: 32827538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the intestinal tract plays an important role in maintaining urate homeostasis and might be a potential therapeutic target for hyperuricaemia. However, uric acid-lowering drugs available in the clinic do not target intestinal excretion as a therapeutic strategy. We previously reported that mangiferin had potent hypouricaemic effects in hyperuricaemic animals. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely clear. Here, we investigated the effects of mangiferin on the intestinal excretion of urate and its underlying mechanisms. The data revealed that mangiferin concentration-dependently promoted the intestinal secretion of endogenous urate in in situ intestinal closed loops in normal and hyperuricaemic mice, as well as inhibited the absorption of exogenous uric acid perfused into the intestinal loops in rats. Administration of mangiferin not only decreased the serum urate levels in the hyperuricaemic mice but also increased the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2) and inhibited the protein expression of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT 9) in the intestine. These findings suggested that intestinal ABCG2 and GLUT9 might be pivotal and possible action sites for the observed hypouricaemic effects. Moreover, no significant changes in intestinal xanthine oxidoreductase activities were observed, suggesting that mangiferin did not affect intestinal uric acid generation in the hyperuricaemic mice. Overall, promoting intestinal elimination of urate by upregulating ABCG2 expression and downregulating GLUT9 expression might be an important mechanism underlying mangiferin lowering serum uric acid levels. Mangiferin supplementation might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurui Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yanfen Niu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Liudong Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lihui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Ikenaga T, Noguchi H, Kakumoto K, Kohda N, Tsukikawa H, Matsuguma K, Yamamoto T. Effect of phytic acid on postprandial serum uric acid level in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:504-517. [PMID: 31469027 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1656337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid, a constituent of various plants, has been related to health benefits. Phytic acid has been shown to inhibit purine nucleotide metabolism in vitro and suppress elevation of plasma uric acid levels after purine administration in animal models. This study investigated the effect of phytic acid on postprandial serum uric acid (SUA) in humans. This randomized, double-blind, crossover design study included 48 healthy subjects with normal fasting SUA. Subjects consumed a control drink and a phytic acid drink with purine-rich food, and serum and urine uric acid levels were measured for 360 min after purine loading. Phytic acid lowered the incremental area under the curve (0-360 min) and incremental maximum concentration of SUA after purine loading (p < 0.05); tended to lower cumulative urinary uric acid excretion (0-360 min) after purine loading (p < 0.10); and suppressed postprandial SUA in this clinical study. Altogether, our findings suggest that phytic acid may play a beneficial role in controlling postprandial SUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - H Noguchi
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - K Kakumoto
- Tokushima Research Institute, Pharmaceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - N Kohda
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - H Tsukikawa
- Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Souseikai Medical Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Matsuguma
- Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Souseikai Medical Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Health Evaluation Center, Osaka Gyoumeikan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Common variants in the SLC28A2 gene are associated with serum uric acid level and hyperuricemia and gout in Han Chinese. Hereditas 2019; 156:4. [PMID: 30679935 PMCID: PMC6335706 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-018-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum uric acid (SUA), hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout are complex traits with relatively high heritability. This study aims to identify whether a candidate gene, SLC28A2, exerts susceptibility for SUA fluctuation and incidence of HUA and gout in the Han Chinese population. Results Three sample sets of 1376 gout patients, 1290 long-term HUA subjects (no gout attack) and 1349 normouricemic controls were recruited for this study. Eight polymorphisms in the SLC28A2 gene were genotyped using the ligase detection reaction-polymerase chain reaction (LDR-PCR) technology. Rs16941238 showed the most significant associations with SUA level (minor allele “A”, BETA = − 13.84 μmol/L, P = 0.0041, Pperm = 0.0042) and HUA (OR = 0.7734, P = 0.0033, Pperm = 0.0020), but not with gout (OR = 0.8801, P = 0.1315, Pperm = 0.1491). Rs2271437 was significantly associated with gout (minor allele “G”, OR = 1.387, P = 0.0277, Pperm = 0.0288), and was further confirmed in the meta-analysis with the previously published gout GWAS dataset (OR = 1.3221, P = 0.0089). Each variant basically conferred consistent OR direction on gout and HUA, compared with the normouricemic control. Conclusions Our findings support the associations of the SLC28A2 gene with the SUA level, the HUA phenotype and gout in Han Chinese. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41065-018-0078-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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8
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Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, Shek KY, Zuo Z, Lam TN. A Review of Food–Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs 2017; 77:1833-1855. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Wang J, Zeng W, Li S, Shen L, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen S, Jia X. Discovery and Assessment of Atropisomers of (±)-Lesinurad. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:299-303. [PMID: 28337320 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(+)- and (-)-Lesinurad were isolated as atropisomers from racemic lesinurad for the first time. No interconversion was observed between the two atropisomers under various conditions tested. The two atropisomers showed significant differences in hURAT1 highly expressed HEK293 cell-based inhibition assays, monkey pharmacokinetic studies, and in vitro human recombinant CYP2C9 stability studies. It was speculated that (+)-lesinurad might offer a better hyperuricemia/gout therapy than (-)-lesinurad or the racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Wenqin Zeng
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Li
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbo Jia
- Sagacity New Drug R&D Co., Ltd., 18 Zhenze Road, Xinwu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214135, P. R. China
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Tatani K, Hiratochi M, Kikuchi N, Kuramochi Y, Watanabe S, Yamauchi Y, Itoh F, Isaji M, Shuto S. Identification of Adenine and Benzimidazole Nucleosides as Potent Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Potential Treatment for Hyperuricemia and Gout. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3719-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatani
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kikuchi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yu Kuramochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Watanabe
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamauchi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Itoh
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masayuki Isaji
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
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11
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Tatani K, Hiratochi M, Nonaka Y, Isaji M, Shuto S. Identification of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:244-8. [PMID: 25815140 DOI: 10.1021/ml500343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine-rich foods have long been suspected as a major cause of hyperuricemia. We hypothesized that inhibition of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) would suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines. To test this hypothesis, the development of potent hCNT2 inhibitors was required. By modifying adenosine, an hCNT2 substrate, we successfully identified 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of hCNT2 inhibitors. Compound 12 moderately inhibited hCNT2 (IC50 = 52 ± 3.8 μM), and subsequent structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 48 (IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.19 μM). Here we describe significant findings about structural requirements of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives for exhibiting potent hCNT2 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatani
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nonaka
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masayuki Isaji
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in genome technology have provided us with a list of molecules affecting urate handling in humans, many of which are unlikely to be identified through traditional physiological approach alone. Although this article is focused on urate, this can be viewed as a successful model of genomics-physiology collaboration. RECENT FINDINGS URATv1/GLUT9 (SLC2A9) is shown to play a critical role in urate reabsorption at the proximal tubule, probably more prominent than its partner URAT1 (SLC22A12). The major site of action of ABCG2 (ABCG2), an influential urate secretion transporter, has been shown to be the intestine rather than the kidney proximal tubule. Accordingly, hypofunction of ABCG2 leads to increased fractional excretion of urate, a finding traditionally interpreted as overproduction hyperuricemia. Some SLC17 family members secrete urate in the kidney or intestine. OAT2 (SLC22A7) may take up urate from blood to the proximal tubular cell. In addition, how a common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ABCG2 affects its function has been elucidated. SUMMARY A finer grained picture of urate handling in the human body is now emerging, which will help choosing novel targets for urate-lowering therapy.
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