1
|
Hall RR, Cohall DH. The Relationship between Muscarinic and Cannabinoid Receptors in Neuronal Excitability and Epilepsy: A Review. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2024; 7:91-98. [PMID: 39015608 PMCID: PMC11250071 DOI: 10.1159/000538297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Of the seventy million people who suffer from epilepsy, 40 percent of them become resistant to more than one antiepileptic medication and have a higher chance of death. While the classical definition of epilepsy was due to the imbalance between excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signalling, substantial evidence implicates muscarinic receptors in the regulation of neural excitability. Summary Cannabinoids have shown to reduce seizure activity and neuronal excitability in several epileptic models through the activation of muscarinic receptors with drugs which modulate their activity. Cannabinoids also have been effective in reducing antiepileptic activity in pharmaco-resistant individuals; however, the mechanism of its effects in temporal lobe epilepsy is not clear. Key Messages This review seeks to elucidate the relationship between muscarinic and cannabinoid receptors in epilepsy and neural excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Renaldo Hall
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - Damian Hugh Cohall
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
TAVARES-SILVA M, FERREIRA D, CARDOSO S, RAIMUNDO AR, BARBOSA-BREDA J, LEITE-MOREIRA A, ROCHA-SOUSA A. Modulation of Iris Sphincter and Ciliary Muscles by Urocortin 2. Physiol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (UCN2) is a peptide related to corticotropin-releasing factor, capable of activating CRF-R2. Among its multisystemic effects, it has actions in all 3 muscle subtypes. This study’s aim was to determine its potential role in two of the intrinsic eye muscle kinetics. Strips of iris sphincter (rabbit) and ciliary (bovine) muscles were dissected and mounted in isometric force-transducer systems filled with aerated-solutions. Contraction was elicited using carbachol (10-6 M for iris sphincter, 10-5 M for ciliary muscle), prior adding to all testing substances. UCN2 induced relaxation in iris sphincter muscle, being the effect maximal at 10-7 M concentrations (-12.2 % variation vs. control). This effect was abolished with incubation of indomethacin, antisauvagine-30, chelerytrine and SQ22536, but preserved with L-nitro-L-arginine. In carbachol pre-stimulated ciliary muscle, UCN2 (10-5 M) enhanced contraction (maximal effect of 18.2 % increase vs. control). UCN2 is a new modulator of iris sphincter relaxation, dependent of CRF-R2 activation, synthesis of prostaglandins (COX pathway) and both adenylate cyclase and PKC signaling pathways, but independent of nitric oxide production. Regarding ciliary muscle, UCN2 enhances carbachol-induced contraction, in higher doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. ROCHA-SOUSA
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cairns EA, Szczesniak AM, Straiker AJ, Kulkarni PM, Pertwee RG, Thakur GA, Baldridge WH, Kelly MEM. The In Vivo Effects of the CB 1-Positive Allosteric Modulator GAT229 on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Normotensive and Hypertensive Mice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:582-590. [PMID: 28719234 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthosteric cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation leads to decreases in intraocular pressure (IOP). However, use of orthosteric CB1 agonists chronically has several disadvantages, limiting their usefulness as clinically relevant drugs. Allosteric modulators interact with topographically distinct sites to orthosteric ligands and may be useful to circumvent some of these disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the novel CB1-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) GAT229 on IOP. METHODS IOP was measured using rebound tonometry in anesthetized normotensive C57Bl/6 mice and in a genetic model of ocular hypertension [nose, eyes, ears (nee) mice] before drug administration, and at 1, 6, and 12 h thereafter. RESULTS In normotensive mice, topical administration of 5 μL GAT229 alone at either 0.2% or 2% did not reduce IOP. However, a subthreshold dose (0.25%) of the nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist WIN 55,212-2, when combined with 0.2% GAT229, significantly reduced IOP compared with vehicle at 6 and 12 h. Similarly, combination of subthreshold Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (a nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist; 1 mg/kg) with topical 0.2% GAT229 produced IOP lowering at 6 h. In nee mice, administration of topical 0.2% GAT229 or 10 mg/kg GAT229 alone was sufficient to lower IOP at 6 and 12 h, and 12 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CB1 PAM GAT229 reduces IOP in ocular hypertensive mice and enhanced CB1-mediated IOP reduction when combined with subthreshold CB1 orthosteric ligands in normotensive mice. Administration of CB1 PAMs may provide a novel approach to reduce IOP with fewer of the disadvantages associated with orthosteric CB1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cairns
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Alex J Straiker
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- 4 School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William H Baldridge
- 5 Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma C, Sadek B, Goyal SN, Sinha S, Kamal MA, Ojha S. Small Molecules from Nature Targeting G-Protein Coupled Cannabinoid Receptors: Potential Leads for Drug Discovery and Development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:238482. [PMID: 26664449 PMCID: PMC4664820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid molecules are derived from Cannabis sativa plant which acts on the cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) which have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development. Currently, there are numerous cannabinoid based synthetic drugs used in clinical practice like the popular ones such as nabilone, dronabinol, and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol mediates its action through CB1/CB2 receptors. However, these synthetic based Cannabis derived compounds are known to exert adverse psychiatric effect and have also been exploited for drug abuse. This encourages us to find out an alternative and safe drug with the least psychiatric adverse effects. In recent years, many phytocannabinoids have been isolated from plants other than Cannabis. Several studies have shown that these phytocannabinoids show affinity, potency, selectivity, and efficacy towards cannabinoid receptors and inhibit endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, thus reducing hyperactivity of endocannabinoid systems. Also, these naturally derived molecules possess the least adverse effects opposed to the synthetically derived cannabinoids. Therefore, the plant based cannabinoid molecules proved to be promising and emerging therapeutic alternative. The present review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of ligands and plants modulating cannabinoid receptors that may be of interest to pharmaceutical industry in search of new and safer drug discovery and development for future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Mahrastra 425405, India
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cholinergic and endocannabinoid neuromodulatory effects overlap on neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice. Neuroreport 2015; 26:273-8. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Influence of muscarinic receptor modulators on interacerebroventricular injection of arachydonylcyclopropylamide induced antinociception in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
7
|
Djafi N, Vergnolle C, Cantrel C, Wietrzyñski W, Delage E, Cochet F, Puyaubert J, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Gey D, Collin S, Balzergue S, Zachowski A, Ruelland E. The Arabidopsis DREB2 genetic pathway is constitutively repressed by basal phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase C coupled to diacylglycerol kinase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:307. [PMID: 23964284 PMCID: PMC3737466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) are activated in response to various stimuli. They utilize substrates provided by type III-Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinases (PI4KIII) to produce inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG) that is phosphorylated into phosphatidic acid (PA) by DAG-kinases (DGKs). The roles of PI4KIIIs, PI-PLCs, and DGKs in basal signaling are poorly understood. We investigated the control of gene expression by basal PI-PLC pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells. A transcriptome-wide analysis allowed the identification of genes whose expression was altered by edelfosine, 30 μM wortmannin, or R59022, inhibitors of PI-PLCs, PI4KIIIs, and DGKs, respectively. We found that a gene responsive to one of these molecules is more likely to be similarly regulated by the other two inhibitors. The common action of these agents is to inhibit PA formation, showing that basal PI-PLCs act, in part, on gene expression through their coupling to DGKs. Amongst the genes up-regulated in presence of the inhibitors, were some DREB2 genes, in suspension cells and in seedlings. The DREB2 genes encode transcription factors with major roles in responses to environmental stresses, including dehydration. They bind to C-repeat motifs, known as Drought-Responsive Elements that are indeed enriched in the promoters of genes up-regulated by PI-PLC pathway inhibitors. PA can also be produced by phospholipases D (PLDs). We show that the DREB2 genes that are up-regulated by PI-PLC inhibitors are positively or negatively regulated, or indifferent, to PLD basal activity. Our data show that the DREB2 genetic pathway is constitutively repressed in resting conditions and that DGK coupled to PI-PLC is active in this process, in suspension cells and seedlings. We discuss how this basal negative regulation of DREB2 genes is compatible with their stress-triggered positive regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Djafi
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Chantal Vergnolle
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Catherine Cantrel
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | | | - Elise Delage
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Françoise Cochet
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Juliette Puyaubert
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196Evry Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Gey
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196Evry Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196Evry Cedex, France
| | - Alain Zachowski
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS EAC7180Paris, France
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UPMC-Univ Paris06 UR5Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|