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Wright NJD. A review of the direct targets of the cannabinoids cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. AIMS Neurosci 2024; 11:144-165. [PMID: 38988890 PMCID: PMC11230856 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2024009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Marijuana has been used by humans for thousands of years for both medicinal and recreational purposes. This included the treatment of pain, inflammation, seizures, and nausea. In the 1960s, the structure of the principal psychoactive ingredient Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was determined, and over the next few decades, two cannabinoid receptors were characterized along with the human endocannabinoid system and what it affects. This includes metabolism, the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and it is involved in such conditions as inflammation, cancer, glaucoma, and liver and musculoskeletal disorders. In the central nervous system, the endocannabinoid system has been linked to appetite, learning, memory, and conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, stroke, multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneration, addiction, and epilepsy. It was the profound effectiveness of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, to relieve the symptoms of Dravet syndrome, a severe form of childhood epilepsy, that recently helped spur marijuana research. This has helped substantially to change society's attitude towards this potential source of useful drugs. However, research has also revealed that the actions of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and the phytocannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, were not just due to interactions with the two cannabinoid receptors but by acting directly on many other targets including various G-protein receptors and cation channels, such as the transient receptor potential channels for example. This mini-review attempts to survey the effects of these 4 important cannabinoids on these currently identified targets.
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Daniju Y, Faulkner P, Brandt K, Allen P. Prefrontal cortex and putamen grey matter alterations in cannabis and tobacco users. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1315-1323. [PMID: 36112825 PMCID: PMC9716493 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous magnetic resonance imaging studies in regular cannabis users report altered grey matter volume (GMV) in brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), putamen and hippocampus. However, most studies have tended to recruit recreational users with high levels of cannabis use, and have not controlled for the possible confounding effects of tobacco use. We attempt to address these limitations in the present study. METHODS We acquired volumetric images in sex, age and IQ-matched groups of (1) regular Cannabis users who also smoke Tobacco cigarettes ('CT'; n = 33), (2) non-cannabis-using Tobacco cigarette smokers ('T'; n = 19) and (3) non-cannabis/tobacco-using Controls ('C'; n = 35). GMV in bilateral PFC, putamen and hippocampal regions was compared across groups. We also examined the associations between GMV differences and levels of cannabis and tobacco use, measures of intellectual function, and of depression, anxiety and stress. RESULTS Relative to controls, both CT and T groups showed lower GMV in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and greater GMV in the putamen. In addition, lower GMV in the right frontal pole in the CT group (but not the T group) was associated with lifetime cannabis use, but not with cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Regular cannabis users who also smoked tobacco cigarettes showed altered GMV patterns relative to controls. However, a similar pattern of GMV differences was also seen between regular tobacco users that did not use cannabis. Further research is needed to disentangle the effects of cannabis and tobacco use on brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Daniju
- School of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Paul Faulkner
- School of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK,Combined Universities Brain Imaging Centre, Royal Holloway University of London, UK
| | - Kaz Brandt
- School of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Paul Allen
- School of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK,Combined Universities Brain Imaging Centre, Royal Holloway University of London, UK,Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,Paul Allen, School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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İlhan SÖ, Fincan GSÖ, Okçay Y, Koç DS, Aşkın Cİ, Kibar AK, Vural İM, Sarıoğlu Y. Enhancing effect of nicotine on electrical field stimulation elicited contractile responses in isolated rabbit bladder straight muscle; the role of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:1814-1820. [PMID: 36945969 PMCID: PMC10390188 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These receptors belong to a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. We previously demonstrated that nicotine increased electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractile or relaxation responses, possibly by facilitating neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals in various rabbit tissues. Studies have shown that there is an interaction between the endocannabinoid and nicotinic systems. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between nicotine and the endocannabinoid system in the rabbit urine bladder and also investigate the enhancing effect of nicotine on EFS-induced contractile responses in rabbit isolated bladder smooth muscle and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system. METHODS The New Zealand albino male adult rabbits were used for this study. Following scarification, the urine bladder was rapidly excised, and then uniform strips were prepared. Each strip was mounted under 1 g isometric resting tension in an organ bath containing 20 mL of Krebs-Henseleit solution. After obtaining EFS-induced contractile responses, 10-4 M concentrations of nicotine were applied to the preparations, and EFS was stopped after 5 stimulations. Following washing, the same experimental procedure was performed with the same tissue in the presence of AM251 (a cannabinoid CB1R antagonist, 10-6 M), AM630 (a cannabinoid CB2R antagonist, 10-6 M), and capsazepine (a vanilloid receptor antagonist, 3 × 10-6 M). RESULTS Nicotine enhanced the EFS-induced contraction responses by 17.16% ± 2.81% at a 4-Hz stimulation frequency. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630 reduced this increasing effect of nicotine although it was not significant and vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine did not significantly alter the nicotines' effect. DISCUSSION These results show that enhancing effect of nicotine in the smooth muscle of the rabbit bladder, even though it was not significant endocannabinoid system possibly have a role in nicotines' effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Özger İlhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yağmur Okçay
- Department of Pharmacology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Sebile Koç
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celil İlker Aşkın
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Kübra Kibar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Mert Vural
- Department of Pharmacology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sarıoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Oz M, Yang KHS, Mahgoub MO. Effects of cannabinoids on ligand-gated ion channels. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1041833. [PMID: 36338493 PMCID: PMC9627301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1041833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, endocannabinoids such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and synthetic cannabinoids such as CP47,497 and JWH-018 constitute major groups of structurally diverse cannabinoids. Along with these cannabinoids, CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and enzymes involved in synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids comprise the major components of the cannabinoid system. Although, cannabinoid receptors are known to be involved in anti-convulsant, anti-nociceptive, anti-psychotic, anti-emetic, and anti-oxidant effects of cannabinoids, in recent years, an increasing number of studies suggest that, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, these compounds interact with several molecular targets including G-protein coupled receptors, ion channels, and enzymes in a cannabinoid-receptor independent manner. In this report, the direct actions of endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoids on the functional properties of ligand-gated ion channels and the plausible mechanisms mediating these effects were reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Murat Oz,
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Mohamed Omer Mahgoub
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Khawarizmi International College, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Bjork JM, Keyser-Marcus L, Vassileva J, Ramey T, Houghton DC, Moeller FG. Attentional function and inhibitory control in different substance use disorders. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114591. [PMID: 35533472 PMCID: PMC9177751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attentional function in substance use disorder (SUD) is not well understood. To probe attentional function in SUD as a function of primary substance of abuse, we administered the attentional network task (ANT) to 44 individuals with Cocaine Use Disorder (CoUD), 49 individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder (CaUD), 86 individuals with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), and 107 controls with no SUD, along with the stop-signal task (SST). The ANT quantifies the effects of (temporal) alerting cues and (spatial) orienting cues to reduce reaction time (RT) to targets, as well as probing how conflicting (target-incongruent) stimuli slow RT. The SST quantifies individuals' ability to inhibit already-initiated motor responses. After controlling for sex representation and age, OUD and CaUD participants showed blunted alerting effects compared to controls, whereas CaUD and CoUD participants showed greater stimulus conflict (flanker) effects. Finally, CoUD participants showed a trend toward increased orienting ability. In SST performance, no SUD group showed a prolonged stop-signal reaction compared to controls. However, the OUD group (and CoUD group at trend level) showed prolonged "go" RT to targets and reduced hit rates. These data indicate differences in attentional function in persons with SUD as a function of the primary substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Address correspondence to: James M. Bjork, Associate Professor, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 E Cary St, Room 202, Richmond, Virginia 23219, Phone: (301) 351-4143,
| | - Lori Keyser-Marcus
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmin Vassileva
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Ramey
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David C. Houghton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Narouze S. Antinociception mechanisms of action of cannabinoid-based medicine: an overview for anesthesiologists and pain physicians. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 46:240-250. [PMID: 33239391 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-based medications possess unique multimodal analgesic mechanisms of action, modulating diverse pain targets. Cannabinoids are classified based on their origin into three categories: endocannabinoids (present endogenously in human tissues), phytocannabinoids (plant derived) and synthetic cannabinoids (pharmaceutical). Cannabinoids exert an analgesic effect, peculiarly in hyperalgesia, neuropathic pain and inflammatory states. Endocannabinoids are released on demand from postsynaptic terminals and travels retrograde to stimulate cannabinoids receptors on presynaptic terminals, inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Cannabinoids (endogenous and phytocannabinoids) produce analgesia by interacting with cannabinoids receptors type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), as well as putative non-CB1/CB2 receptors; G protein-coupled receptor 55, and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1. Moreover, they modulate multiple peripheral, spinal and supraspinal nociception pathways. Cannabinoids-opioids cross-modulation and synergy contribute significantly to tolerance and antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids. This narrative review evaluates cannabinoids' diverse mechanisms of action as it pertains to nociception modulation relevant to the practice of anesthesiologists and pain medicine physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Narouze
- Center for Pain Medicine, Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA
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Butler K, Le Foll B. Novel therapeutic and drug development strategies for tobacco use disorder: endocannabinoid modulation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1065-1080. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1767581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Nguyen AX, Wu AY. Association between cannabis and the eyelids: A comprehensive review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:230-239. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne X. Nguyen
- Faculty of MedicineMcGill University Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Albert Y. Wu
- Department of OphthalmologyStanford University School of Medicine Stanford California
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Challenges and Opportunities in Preclinical Research of Synthetic Cannabinoids for Pain Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56010024. [PMID: 31936616 PMCID: PMC7023162 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used in pain management since 2900 BC. In the 20th century, synthetic cannabinoids began to emerge, thus opening the way for improved efficacy. The search for new forms of synthetic cannabinoids continues and, as such, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive tool for the research and development of this promising class of drugs. Methods for the in vitro assessment of cytotoxic, mutagenic or developmental effects are presented, followed by the main in vivo pain models used in cannabis research and the results yielded by different types of administration (systemic versus intrathecal versus inhalation). Animal models designed for assessing side-effects and long-term uses are also discussed. In the second part of this review, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of synthetic cannabinoid biodistribution, together with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric identification of synthetic cannabinoids in biological fluids from rodents to humans are presented. Last, but not least, different strategies for improving the solubility and physicochemical stability of synthetic cannabinoids and their potential impact on pain management are discussed. In conclusion, synthetic cannabinoids are one of the most promising classes of drugs in pain medicine, and preclinical research should focus on identifying new and improved alternatives for a better clinical and preclinical outcome.
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Abstract
Given the aging Baby Boomer generation, changes in cannabis legislation, and the growing acknowledgment of cannabis for its therapeutic potential, it is predicted that cannabis use in the older population will escalate. It is, therefore, important to determine the interaction between the effects of cannabis and aging. The aim of this report is to describe the link between cannabis use and the aging brain. Our review of the literature found few and inconsistent empirical studies that directly address the impact of cannabis use on the aging brain. However, research focused on long-term cannabis use points toward cumulative effects on multimodal systems in the brain that are similarly affected during aging. Specifically, the effects of cannabis and aging converge on overlapping networks in the endocannabinoid, opioid, and dopamine systems that may affect functional decline particularly in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are critical areas for memory and executive functioning. To conclude, despite the limited current knowledge on the potential interactive effects between cannabis and aging, evidence from the literature suggests that cannabis and aging effects are concurrently present across several neurotransmitter systems. There is a great need for future research to directly test the interactions between cannabis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Bin Yoo
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer DiMuzio
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Vučković S, Srebro D, Vujović KS, Vučetić Č, Prostran M. Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30542280 PMCID: PMC6277878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The prohibition of cannabis in the middle of the 20th century has arrested cannabis research. In recent years there is a growing debate about the use of cannabis for medical purposes. The term ‘medical cannabis’ refers to physician-recommended use of the cannabis plant and its components, called cannabinoids, to treat disease or improve symptoms. Chronic pain is the most commonly cited reason for using medical cannabis. Cannabinoids act via cannabinoid receptors, but they also affect the activities of many other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Preclinical studies in animals using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have increased our understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced analgesia and provided therapeutical strategies for treating pain in humans. The mechanisms of the analgesic effect of cannabinoids include inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from presynaptic nerve endings, modulation of postsynaptic neuron excitability, activation of descending inhibitory pain pathways, and reduction of neural inflammation. Recent meta-analyses of clinical trials that have examined the use of medical cannabis in chronic pain present a moderate amount of evidence that cannabis/cannabinoids exhibit analgesic activity, especially in neuropathic pain. The main limitations of these studies are short treatment duration, small numbers of patients, heterogeneous patient populations, examination of different cannabinoids, different doses, the use of different efficacy endpoints, as well as modest observable effects. Adverse effects in the short-term medical use of cannabis are generally mild to moderate, well tolerated and transient. However, there are scant data regarding the long-term safety of medical cannabis use. Larger well-designed studies of longer duration are mandatory to determine the long-term efficacy and long-term safety of cannabis/cannabinoids and to provide definitive answers to physicians and patients regarding the risk and benefits of its use in the treatment of pain. In conclusion, the evidence from current research supports the use of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain in adults. Careful follow-up and monitoring of patients using cannabis/cannabinoids are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Vučković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Čedomir Vučetić
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prostran
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Tirgar F, Rezayof A, Alijanpour S, Yazdanbakhsh N. Interactive effects of morphine and nicotine on memory function depend on the central amygdala cannabinoid CB1 receptor function in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:62-68. [PMID: 29203303 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible involvement of the central amygdala (CeA) cannabinoid receptors type-1 (CB1Rs) in the interactive effects of morphine and nicotine on memory formation in a passive avoidance learning task. Our results showed that systemic administration of morphine (3 and 6mg/kg, s.c.) immediately after training phase impaired memory consolidation and induced amnesia. Administration of nicotine (0.3 and 0.6mg/kg, s.c.) before testing phase significantly restored morphine-induced amnesia, suggesting a cross state-dependent learning between morphine and nicotine. The results showed that while the administration of the lower dose of nicotine (0.1mg/kg, s.c.) per se did not induce a significant effect on morphine-induced amnesia, intra-CeA injection of arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA), a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist (3 and 4ng/rat), significantly potentiated the nicotine response. Furthermore, the blockade of the CeA cannabinoid CB1 receptors by the injection of AM251 (0.75 and 1ng/rat) reversed the potentiative effect of nicotine (0.6mg/kg, s.c.) on morphine-induced amnesia. It should be considered that bilateral injection of the same doses of ACPA or AM251 (0.5-1ng/rat) into the CeA by itself had no effect on morphine response in a passive avoidance learning task. Confirmed by the cubic interpolation planes, the dose-response data revealed a cross-state-dependent learning between morphine and nicotine which may be mediated by the CeA endocannabinoid system via CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tirgar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Nima Yazdanbakhsh
- School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Galindo L, Moreno E, López-Armenta F, Guinart D, Cuenca-Royo A, Izquierdo-Serra M, Xicota L, Fernandez C, Menoyo E, Fernández-Fernández JM, Benítez-King G, Canela EI, Casadó V, Pérez V, de la Torre R, Robledo P. Cannabis Users Show Enhanced Expression of CB1-5HT2A Receptor Heteromers in Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6347-6361. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P. The development of novel polypharmacological agents targeting the multiple binding sites of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:969-81. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1227317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ahmadi-Mahmoodabadi N, Nasehi M, Emam Ghoreishi M, Zarrindast MR. Synergistic effect between prelimbic 5-HT3 and CB1 receptors on memory consolidation deficit in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats: An isobologram analysis. Neuroscience 2016; 317:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alvarez JC, Pape E, Grassin-Delyle S, Knapp A. Cannabinoïdes de synthèse : aspects pharmacologiques. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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