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Song X, Cui Z, He J, Yang T, Sun X. κ‑opioid receptor agonist, U50488H, inhibits pyroptosis through NLRP3 via the Ca 2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway and improves synaptic plasticity in APP/PS1 mice. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:529. [PMID: 34036389 PMCID: PMC8170177 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder with slow onset in most cases. Clinically, dementia associated with AD is characterized by memory disorders, aphasia, executive dysfunction and personality and behavior changes. Currently, treatment strategies attempt to reduce certain symptoms, however there is no cure for AD. The aim of the present study was to identify a novel treatment strategy for AD. Thus, the protective effects of a κ‑opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, U50488H on neural damage in AD mice were investigated. The underlying mechanism of the Ca2+/calcium/calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II/cyclic adenosine monophosphate‑response element binding protein (Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB) signaling pathway was evaluated. Amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin‑1 (PS1) mice were treated subcutaneously with a KOR agonist for 28 days. The learning and memory abilities of the APP/PS1 mice were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Damage to hippocampal neurons was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Inflammatory factors and brain injury markers were detected using ELISA. Neurons were examined using immunofluorescence and dendritic spines were observed using Golgi‑Cox staining. Western blotting was used to detect NOD‑, LRR‑ and pyrin domain‑containing protein 3, microglial ptosis and the Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB‑related protein pathway. The KOR agonist significantly improved the brain injury observed in APP/PS1 mice, inhibited microglia pyroptosis and improved the synaptic plasticity of APP/PS1 mice, which was reversed by a KOR antagonist. Thus, the KOR agonist improved the symptoms of APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting the Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/administration & dosage
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzylamines/administration & dosage
- Brain Injuries/drug therapy
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Pyrolysis/drug effects
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Song
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuan He
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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2
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Li L, Zong S, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Qian Z, Zhu K, Wang Z, Yang K, Wang Z, Cui Y. Quaternary-Ammonium-Modulated Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Effect: Discovery, Mechanism, and Application for Highly Sensitive In Vitro Sensing of Acetylcholine. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9706-9713. [PMID: 32580546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium (QA) plays multiple roles in biological functions, whose dysregulation may result in multiple diseases. However, how to efficiently detect QA-based materials such as acetylcholine (ACh) still remains a great challenge, especially in complex biological environments. Here, a new effect [called quaternary-ammonium-modulated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (QAM-SERS) effect] is discovered, showing that the existence of QA will modulate the intensity of SERS signals in a concentration-dependent manner. When the QAM-SERS effect is used, a new method is easily developed for in vitro detection of ACh with an extremely high sensitivity and an ultrawide dynamic range. Particularly, the linear dynamic range can be freely tuned to adapt for various physiological samples. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the time-dependent secretion of ACh from PC12 cells was successfully monitored using the QAM-SERS method, which were under either the stimulation of potassium ions or the incubation of drugs. The discovery of the QAM-SERS effect provides an easy and universal strategy for detecting ACh as well as other QA-contained molecules, which can also inspire new insights into the roles that QA could play in biology and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Li
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Ziting Qian
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zhile Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Kuo Yang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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3
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The effect of activated κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) on the role of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension development. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109931. [PMID: 32066040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) plays a key role in preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) development after activated by exogenous agonist U50,488H. Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) activation induces HPH by promoting vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. The activated κ-OR is reported to inhibit the expression of CaSR in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Thus, in this study, we aimed to explore the effect of activated κ-OR on the role of CaSR in preventing HPH development. An HPH rat model was constructed using Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and right ventricular pressure (RVP) mediated by κ-OR agonist U50,488H and CaSR inhibitor NPS2143 were observed. The effects of CaSR agonist spermine and inhibitor NPS2143 on pulmonary artery tension were tested. The expression and localization of κ-OR and CaSR were measured in isolated PASMCs. A cell-counting kit-8 assay was performed to evaluate the effect of spermine in PASMC proliferation. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Erk, and p-Erk was evaluated by western blot analysis. Results showed that κ-OR and CaSR were co-expressed and colocalized in PASMCs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Interactions between κ-OR and CaSR were also observed. Spermine improved vasoconstriction in the pulmonary artery in HPH rats, which was abolished by U50,488H. RVP and mPAP were significantly increased in HPH rats under CaSR stimulation, but were significantly reduced when the rats were pretreated with U50,488H and NPS2143 (P < 0.01). Spermine treatment significantly promoted PASMC proliferation, which was significantly inhibited by U50,488H, p38 inhibitor SB203580, JNK inhibitor SP600125, Erk inhibitor SCH772984, and MEK inhibitor U0126, especially Erk inhibitor (P < 0.01). Spermine significantly increased PCNA and P-Erk expression in hypoxic conditions, which was inhibited by U50,488H and NPS2143. κ-OR stimulation prevented HPH development via the CaSR/MAPK signaling pathway.
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4
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis Are Attenuated on κ-Opioid Receptor Activation Through AMPK/GSK-3β Pathway After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 73:70-81. [PMID: 30422891 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that κ-opioid receptor activation possesses cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether mitochondrial dysfunction after MI/R is regulated by the κ-opioid receptor and to further explore the underlying mechanisms involved. MI/R rat model was established in vivo, and a hypoxia and reoxygenation cardiomyocytes model was used in vitro. Mitochondrial morphology and function as well as myocardial apoptosis were determined. Our data indicated that treatment with U50,488H (a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist) not only reduced apoptosis but also significantly improved mitochondrial morphology and function. These effects were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI, a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist), Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), and AR-A014418 (a GSK3β inhibitor). Moreover, in cardiomyocytes, treatment with U50,488H significantly increased the expression in phosphorylation of AMPK and the phosphorylation of GSK3β. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with AMPKα siRNA decreased the phosphorylation of AMPK and GSK3β. Moreover, AMPK activation resulted in the phosphorylation of GSK3β. Our findings suggested that U50,488H exerted cardioprotective effects by improving mitochondrial morphology and function against MI/R injury through activation of the κ-opioid receptor-mediated AMPK/GSK3β pathway.
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5
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Dong J, Feng X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia F, Liu L, Jin Z, Lu C, Xia Y, Papadimos TJ, Xu X. ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion preconditioning mitigates myocardial oxidative damage in rats through aldehydes stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109198. [PMID: 31336342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-3 fish oil fat emulsions contain a considerable quantity of unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds, which undergo lipid peroxidation to yield low-dose aldehydes. These aldehydes may stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, thereby mitigating myocardial oxidative damage. This study aims to (1) verify the cardioprotective effect of ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion in vivo and in vitro, and (2) determine whether aldehyde stress is a protective mechanism. For modeling purposes, we pretreated rats with 2 ml/kg of a 10% ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion for 5 days in order to generate a sufficient aldehyde stress response to trigger the production of antioxidant enzymes, and we obtained similar response with H9C2 cells that were pretreated with a 0.5% ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion for 24 h. ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion pretreatment in vivo reduced the myocardial infarct size, decreased the incidence of arrhythmias, and promoted the recovery of cardiac function after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Once the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was silenced in H9C2 cells, aldehydes no longer produced enough antioxidant enzymes to reverse the oxidative damage caused by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Our results demonstrated that ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion enhanced the inhibition of oxidation and production of free radicals, and alleviated myocardial oxidative injury via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaona Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhousheng Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caijiao Lu
- Burn Wound Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Papadimos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuzhong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Li X, Sun Y, Jin Q, Song D, Diao Y. Kappa opioid receptor agonists improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in rats via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1866-1876. [PMID: 31545485 PMCID: PMC6777679 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common and well‑known complication following surgery, particularly cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. There are currently no suitable treatments for POCD, which is associated with increased illness and mortality rates. The present study aimed to identify a novel treatment for POCD. The protective effect of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists on POCD in rats following CPB was determined and the regulatory mechanism of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway was examined. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham operation (Sham group), CPB operation (CPB group), KOR agonist + CPB (K group), KOR agonist + norbinaltorphimine (nor‑BNI) + CPB (NK group), and KOR agonist + JAK2‑STAT3 specific pathway inhibitor + CPB (AG group). A water maze test and neurological function scores were used to evaluate POCD. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe hippocampal neurons. ELISA was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress factors and brain injury markers. Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the neurons. TUNEL staining and western blotting were used to detect neuronal apoptosis, and western blotting was also used to detect JAK2/STAT3 pathway‑related proteins. The KOR agonists significantly improved POCD. S‑100β and NSE detection revealed that KOR agonists alleviated brain damage in CPB rats, and this result was reversed by KOR antagonists. The KOR agonists led to a significantly reduced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, as determined by ELISA detection, and attenuated hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, as revealed by TUNEL staining and western blotting, compared with the results in the CPB group. Finally, the KOR agonists inhibited the expression levels of phosphorylated (p‑)JAK2 and p‑STAT3, rather than total JAK2 and STAT3, compared with levels in the CPB group. Taken together, KOR agonists improved POCD in rats with CPB by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University in The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Department of Anesthesia, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Anesthesia, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yugang Diao
- Department of Anesthesia, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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7
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Melo Z, Ishida C, Goldaraz MDLP, Rojo R, Echavarria R. Novel Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Opioid Signaling and Cardioprotection. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4030022. [PMID: 30227648 PMCID: PMC6162605 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. A large proportion of CVD deaths are secondary to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). Even though prevention is the best strategy to reduce risk factors associated with MI, the use of cardioprotective interventions aimed at improving patient outcomes is of great interest. Opioid conditioning has been shown to be effective in reducing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and cardiomyocyte death. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these effects are under investigation and could provide the basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of CVD. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are functional RNA molecules that do not translate into proteins, are critical modulators of cardiac gene expression during heart development and disease. Moreover, ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be induced by opioid receptor activation and regulate opioid signaling pathways. Recent advances in experimental and computational tools have accelerated the discovery and functional characterization of ncRNAs. In this study, we review the current understanding of the role of ncRNAs in opioid signaling and opioid-induced cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesergio Melo
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada #800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Cecilia Ishida
- Programa de Genomica Computacional, Centro de Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Maria de la Paz Goldaraz
- Departamento de Anestesiologia, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE CMNO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Rocio Rojo
- Departamento de Anestesiologia, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE CMNO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Raquel Echavarria
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada #800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
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8
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Zhang S, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Tian X, Jia M, Gu X, Feng N, An R, Yang L, Zheng G, Li J, Guo H, Fan R, Pei J. κ-opioid receptor activation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via AMPK/Akt/eNOS signaling activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:100-108. [PMID: 29856969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of κ-opioid receptor activation on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion(I/R) injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Myocardial I/R rat model and simulated I/R cardiomyocytes model were established. In vivo study showed that U50,488 H improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial infarct size and serum cTnT significantly. The effect of U50,488 H was abolished by nor-BNI(a κ-opioid receptor antagonist), Compound C(an AMPK inhibitor), Akt inhibitor and L-NAME(an eNOS inhibitor). AICAR, an AMPK activator, mimicked the effect of U50,488 H. U50,488 H up-regulated p-AMPK, p-Akt, and p-eNOS, which were abolished by nor-BNI. AICAR increased p-Akt and p-eNOS, which was abolished by Compound C. In vitro study showed that U50,488 H increased p-AMPK, p-Akt, and p-eNOS via κ-OR activation. The effect of U50,488 H on p-AMPK was abolished by compound C, but not Akt inhibitor and L-NAME. The effect of U50,488 H on p-Akt was abolished by compound C and Akt inhibitor, but not L-NAME. AICAR increased p-Akt and p-eNOS, which was abolished by Akt inhibitor, but not L-NAME. U50,488 H and AICAR also increased the viability of cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated I/R, the effects of U50,488 H and AICAR were blocked by nor-BNI, Compound C, Akt inhibitor, and L-NAME, respectively. In conclusion, κ-OR activation confers cardioprotection via AMPK/Akt/eNOS signaling.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/therapeutic use
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide/analogs & derivatives
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide/pharmacology
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Male
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Ribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Ribonucleotides/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Troponin T/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaguang Zhou
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710033, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Gu
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710033, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guoxu Zheng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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9
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Zhou Y, Tian X, Wang X, Wang Y, Fan R, Wang Y, Feng N, Zhang S, Guo H, Gu X, Jia M, Yin W, Hou Z, Li J, Pei J. Quaternary ammonium salt of U50,488H elicits protective effects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 832:129-137. [PMID: 29782857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of quaternary ammonium salt of U50,488H (Q-U50,488H) in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and underlying mechanisms involved. A HPH animal model was established in rats under hypoxia and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and right ventricular pressure (RVP) were measured. Relaxation of the pulmonary artery in response to Q-U50,488H was determined. In addition, expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) with NO content, Akt expression, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and gp91phox were evaluated. Cell viability was determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. We demonstrated that both the molecular weight and solubility of Q-U50,488H were higher than that of U50,488H. Q-U50,488H reduced mPAP and RVP and prevented the development of HPH. Moreover, Q-U50,488H relaxed the pulmonary arteries from both normal and HPH rats in a time-dependent manner. Under hypoxic conditions, Q-U50,488H significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, eNOS phosphorylation, NO content in serum, and T-AOC in pulmonary arteries of HPH rats. In addition, the activity of eNOS was elevated, but the activity of iNOS was reduced when Q-U50,488H was given under hypoxia. Q-U50,488H significantly counteracted the increase of gp91phox expression in pulmonary arteries under hypoxia. In addition, in vitro studies suggested that Q-U50,488H inhibited pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation under hypoxic conditions and that the effects of Q-U50,488H were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI). Thus, our results provided evidence that Q-U50,488H plays a protective role against HPH via κ-opioid receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhou
- Departemnt of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Departemnt of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Gu
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Departemnt of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zuoxu Hou
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jianming Pei
- Departemnt of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50448H protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:97-106. [PMID: 28770825 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is regarded as a leading cause of acute kidney failure and renal dysfunction. Previous studies show that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists can attenuate IRI in cardiomycytes and neuronal cells. In this study we explored the effects of a KOR agonist on renal IRI and the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. An IRI model was established in SD rats, which were intravenously pretreated with a KOR agonist U50448H (1 mg/kg), a KOR antagonist Nor-BNI (2 mg/kg) followed by U50448H (1 mg/kg), or the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (1.4 mg/kg) followed by U50448H (1 mg/kg). U50448H pretreatment significantly decreased the serum levels of creatinine (Cr) and BUN, the renal tubular injury scores and the apoptotic index (AI) in IRI model rats. Furthermore, U50448H significantly increased SOD activity and NO levels, and reduced the MDA levels in the kidney tissues of IRI model rats. Moreover, U50448H significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and PI3K in the kidney tissues of IRI model rats. All the beneficial effects of U50448H were blocked by Nor-BNI or wortmannin pre-administered. Similar results were observed in vitro in renal tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells subjected to a hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) procedure. Our results demonstrate that the KOR agonist U50448H protects against renal IRI via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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11
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Geng X, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li J, Tian F, Feng N, Fan R, Jia M, Guo H, Cheng L, Liu J, Chen W, Pei J. κ-opioid receptor is involved in the cardioprotection induced by exercise training. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170463. [PMID: 28301473 PMCID: PMC5354247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exercise training elicited a cardioprotective effect against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) via the κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR)-mediated signaling pathway. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the moderate intensity exercise (ME) group, the high intensity exercise (HE) group, and the acute exercise (AE) group. For the exercise training protocols, the rats were subjected to one week of adaptive treadmill training, while from the second week, the ME and HE groups were subjected to eight weeks of exercise training, and the AE group was subjected to three days of adaptive treadmill training and one day of vigorous exercise. After these protocols, the three exercise training groups were divided into different treatment groups, and the rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Changes in infarct size and serum cTnT (cardiac troponin T) caused by I/R were reduced by exercise training. Moreover, cardiac dysfunction caused by I/R was also alleviated by exercise training. These effects of exercise training were reversed by nor-BNI (a selective κ-OR antagonist), Compound C (a selective AMPK inhibitor), Akt inhibitor and L-NAME (a non-selective eNOS inhibitor). Expression of κ-OR and phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt and eNOS were significantly increased in the ME, HE and AE groups. These findings demonstrated that the cardioprotective effect of exercise training is possibly mediated by the κ-OR-AMPK-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Geng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physical Education, Chang’an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Honglin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (JP); (W C)
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JP); (W C)
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12
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Maslov LN, Khaliulin I, Oeltgen PR, Naryzhnaya NV, Pei J, Brown SA, Lishmanov YB, Downey JM. Prospects for Creation of Cardioprotective and Antiarrhythmic Drugs Based on Opioid Receptor Agonists. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:871-923. [PMID: 27197922 PMCID: PMC5082499 DOI: 10.1002/med.21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has now been demonstrated that the μ, δ1 , δ2 , and κ1 opioid receptor (OR) agonists represent the most promising group of opioids for the creation of drugs enhancing cardiac tolerance to the detrimental effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Opioids are able to prevent necrosis and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes during I/R and improve cardiac contractility in the reperfusion period. The OR agonists exert an infarct-reducing effect with prophylactic administration and prevent reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death when ischemic injury of heart has already occurred; that is, opioids can mimic preconditioning and postconditioning phenomena. Furthermore, opioids are also effective in preventing ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | | | - Jian‐Ming Pei
- Department of PhysiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP. R. China
| | | | - Yury B. Lishmanov
- Research Institute for CardiologyTomskRussia
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University634050TomskRussia
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13
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Highly selective non-opioid kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist salvinorin A protects against forebrain ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1637:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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15
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Wang Z, Tang B, Tang F, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhong L, Dong C, He S. Protection of rat intestinal epithelial cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury by (D-Ala2, D-Leu5)-enkephalin through inhibition of the MKK7-JNK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4079-4088. [PMID: 26126577 PMCID: PMC4526098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that (D‑Ala2, D‑Leu5)‑enkephalin (DADLE) protects rats from hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, DADLE was also observed to alleviate IR‑induced intestinal epithelial cell injury in rats by inhibiting mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)‑c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) pathway signaling. To investigate the protective effect of DADLE on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in rat intestinal epithelial cells, rat intestinal epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of DADLE, following which the cell survival rate was determined using a tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay, and apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. To confirm whether the protective effect of DADLE was due to its effect on MKK7‑JNK signaling, the phosphorylation levels of MKK7 and JNK were analyzed using western blot analysis following treatment with different concentrations of DADLE. The results demonstrated that, following treatment with DADLE, the survival rate of the rat intestinal cells subjected to I/R‑induced injury increased significantly and the apoptotic rate decreased in a concentration‑dependent manner. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated MKK7 and JNK decreased in a concentration‑dependent manner following treatment with DADLE. Silencing the gene expression of MKK7 using small interfering RNA prior to DADLE treatment resulted in a reduction in the protective effects of DADLE on the rat intestinal epithelial cells subjected to I/R injury. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated that the protective effects of DADLE in I/R injury in rat intestinal cells occurred through inhibition of the MKK7‑JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenran Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Chencheng Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
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16
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Kleinbongard P, Heusch G. Extracellular signalling molecules in the ischaemic/reperfused heart - druggable and translatable for cardioprotection? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:2010-25. [PMID: 25204973 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with acute myocardial infarction, timely reperfusion is essential to limit infarct size. However, reperfusion also adds to myocardial injury. Brief episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion in the myocardium or on organ remote from the heart, before or shortly after sustained myocardial ischaemia effectively reduce infarct size, provided there is eventual reperfusion. Such conditioning phenomena have been established in many experimental studies and also translated to humans. The underlying signal transduction, that is the molecular identity of triggers, mediators and effectors, is not clear yet in detail, but several extracellular signalling molecules, such as adenosine, bradykinin and opioids, have been identified to contribute to cardioprotection by conditioning manoeuvres. Several trials have attempted the translation of cardioprotection by such autacoids into a clinical scenario of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Adenosine and its selective agonists reduced infarct size in a few studies, but this benefit was not translated into improved clinical outcome. All studies with bradykinin or drugs which increase bradykinin's bioavailability reported reduced infarct size and some of them also improved clinical outcome. Synthetic opioid agonists did not result in a robust infarct size reduction, but this failure of translation may relate to the cardioprotective properties of the underlying anaesthesia per se or of the comparator drugs. The translation of findings in healthy, young animals with acute coronary occlusion/reperfusion to patients of older age, with a variety of co-morbidities and co-medications, suffering from different scenarios of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University School of Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
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