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DAŞDEMİR İLKHAN G, ARSLAN S, ARMAN Y, ALTUN Ö, CELİKHİSAR H, TÜKEK T. The relationship between sarcopenia and nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.896660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Devi K, Moharana B. Cigarette smoke extract triggers neoplastic change in lungs and impairs locomotor activity through wnt3a-β-catenin signaling in aged COPD rodent model. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:283-296. [PMID: 32729343 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1800139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cigarette smoking primes immense decline in lung functions and retardation of motor functions with increase in age. This raise the question of whether age status overwhelm the susceptibility to smoking induced lung inflammatory diseases and neuro-motor dysfunctions. METHODS To study the hypothesis 11-12 month old aged wistar rats (n = 6) were administered cigarette smoke extract (CSE) through intraperitoneal route (0.5 ml/rat) twice a week for 2 months. Respiratory lung functions were measured through whole body plethysmography. Lung histopathological evaluation and neuronal degeneration were observed by using H&E, picrosirius red and nissl staining respectively. Motor function tests were done through panel of neuro-behavioral tests and protein expressions were performed in lung and brain tissue homogenates through western blotting. RESULTS Sub-chronic CSE exposure worsened the lung functions including decreased tidal volume (p < 0.05), peak inspiratory flow (p < 0.05) and enhanced pause (p < 0.05). Grossly, solid neoplastic lesions were visible on the supra-lateral surface of the lungs of the CSE treated animals. Histopathological examination revealed immune cell infiltration, dominated with macrophages and alveolar type II cells stained positive for PCNA. Increased expression of BAX, PCNA, Wnt-3a, p-β-catenin (p < 0.05) was seen in the lungs of CSE treated aged animals. Elevated expression of inflammatory markers including NF-ϏB, TNF-α, TNF-R1, p-AKT was found in CSE treated lung tissues. Moreover, our result showed increased MCP-1, VEGF and IL-6 levels in BALF and plasma (p < 0.01) which might lead to neo-vascularization and excessive cell proliferation in lungs of CSE induced rats. Sub-chronic cigarette smoke exposure retarded the motor activity with suppression of D1 and D2 receptor expression in brain tissues. Brain tissue revealed the abundance of hyperchromatic and pyknotic nuclei suggesting neuronal degeneration. CONCLUSION So in conclusion, chronic cigarette smoking in old age creates susceptibility to fast onset of lung inflammatory diseases and neuro-motor retardation than their nonsmoker counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Devi
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Baisakhi Moharana
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Huang CC, Wang CH, Wu PW, He JR, Huang CC, Chang PH, Fu CH, Lee TJ. Increased nasal matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 expression in smokers with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15357. [PMID: 31653934 PMCID: PMC6814857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential mechanism underlying cigarette smoke-induced airway disease is insufficient tissue repair via altered production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Osteitis is a signature feature of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and often results in revision surgery. The present study aimed to investigate MMP expression in the nasal tissues of asthmatic patients with CRS and any association with cigarette smoking and osteitis. Thirteen smokers with CRS and asthma, 16 non-smokers with CRS and asthma, and seven non-smoker asthmatic patients without CRS were prospectively recruited. The expression of MMPs and associated immunological factors in surgically-obtained nasal tissues was evaluated via real-time PCR and western blotting. Maximal bone thickness of the anterior ethmoid (AE) partition was measured in axial sinus computed tomography (CT) sections. MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression was increased in the nasal tissues of smokers with asthma and CRS via real-time PCR and western blot. Maximal AE partition bone thickness was greater in smokers with CRS and asthma than in non-smokers with CRS and asthma. MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels were correlated with maximal AE bone thickness. Cigarette smoking was associated with the up-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in the nasal tissues of patients with airway inflammatory diseases, and with AE osteitis, and with therapeutic resistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Huang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Medicine of College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ru He
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Medicine of College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Che Huang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hung Chang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Fu
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Jen Lee
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China.
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Szucs B, Szucs C, Petrekanits M, Varga JT. Molecular Characteristics and Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with COPD: A Review Article. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4329. [PMID: 31487864 PMCID: PMC6770145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show systemic consequences, such as chronic systemic inflammation leading to changes in the airway, airway penetrability, and endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a list of alterations of endothelium towards reduced vasodilation, proinflammatory state, detachment and apoptosis of endothelial cells, and development of atherosclerosis. COPD-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. The increment of physical activities such as pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) training have a significant effect on COPD, thus, PR can be an integrative part of COPD treatment. In this narrative review the focus is on the function of endothelial inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, and cellular proteases] and pulmonary endothelial cells and endothelial dysfunction in COPD as well as the effects of dysfunction of the endothelium may play in COPD-related pulmonary hypertension. The relationship between smoking and endothelial dysfunction is also discussed. The connection between different pulmonary rehabilitation programs, arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is presented. Endothelial dysfunction is a significant prognostic factor of COPD, which can be characterized by PWV. We discuss future considerations, like training programs, as an important part of the treatment that has a favorable impact on the endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Szucs
- PharmaFlight Research and Training Center, H-4030 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szucs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Mate Petrekanits
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos T Varga
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary.
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Treatment with eucalyptol mitigates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury through suppressing ICAM-1 gene expression. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171636. [PMID: 29789401 PMCID: PMC6435500 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance of Eucalyptol in treating cigarette smoke-induced lung injury with the potential mechanism involved in the event. Rats were exposed to air (control) and cigarette smoke (smoking) after they were treated with Eucalyptol (260 mg/kg) orally once a day for 12 weeks. Cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), measurements of mean liner intercept (MLI) and mean alveolar number (MAN), and lung function test were executed in experimental animals. Contents of cytokines and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in BALF and ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression in lung tissues were determined by ELISA, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and RT-PCR, respectively. A rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) displayed declining lung function, increased cell counts and cytokine production in BALF, and emphysema-like lesions in cigarette smoke-exposed lungs compared with the controls (all P<0.01). Treatment with Eucalyptol partly reversed lung function decline with obvious decrease in inflammatory cell infiltrate, TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM-1 expression levels in the challenged lungs (all P<0.05 and 0.01). Furthermore, oral administration of the drug not only reduced the emphysema-associated lung lesions but also suppressed ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression in the lungs compared with the control (all P<0.05 or 0.01). Intervention of Eucalyptol mitigates the ongoing inflammatory process in airways and ameliorates the cigarette smoke-induced lung injury through suppressing ICAM-1 gene expression in the diseased lungs.
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Zhang X, Yang T, Wang J, Feng M, Hou Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Elevated circulating ghrelin in patients with COPD: A meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis 2018; 15:365-373. [PMID: 29486584 PMCID: PMC6234570 DOI: 10.1177/1479972318757468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, several studies reported inconsistent levels of ghrelin in plasma/serum of COPD patients. This meta-analysis aims to determine the circulating level of ghrelin in COPD. Published case–control or cohort studies were retrieved from Pubmed and Embase databases. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated in a random-effects model. Nine studies involving 515 subjects were included. Pooled effect size showed that circulating ghrelin levels were significantly enhanced in COPD patients compared with those in controls (SMD: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.04 to 1.62, p = 0.039). Noticeably, five studies stratified for body mass index in COPD group and we further found ghrelin levels were significantly higher in underweight COPD patients than those in normal weight cases (SMD: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.43 to 2.61, p = 0.006). However, no significant difference regarding ghrelin levels was indicated between normal weight COPD and controls (SMD: 0.64, 95% CI: −0.36 to 1.63, p = 0.210). In this meta-analysis, circulating level of ghrelin is significantly elevated in patients with COPD, especially in those underweight, indicating supplement with exogenous ghrelin could be a therapeutic choice for underweight COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Wang
- 3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Feng
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hou
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Command, PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Mani BK, Castorena CM, Osborne-Lawrence S, Vijayaraghavan P, Metzger NP, Elmquist JK, Zigman JM. Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise. Mol Metab 2018; 9:114-130. [PMID: 29396372 PMCID: PMC5870098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Exercise training has several well-established health benefits, including many related to body weight, appetite control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms and, in particular, the hormonal systems that mediate and integrate these beneficial effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR; ghrelin receptor), in mediating the effects of exercise on food intake and blood glucose following exercise as well as in regulating exercise endurance capacity. Methods We used two mouse models of treadmill running to characterize the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise. We also assessed the role of the ghrelin system to influence food intake and blood glucose after exercise, exercise endurance, and parameters potentially linked to responses to exercise. Mice lacking GHSRs (GHSR-null mice) and wild-type littermates were studied. Results An acute bout of exercise transiently elevated plasma acyl-ghrelin. Without the action of this increased ghrelin on GHSRs (as in GHSR-null mice), high intensity interval exercise markedly reduced food intake compared to control mice. The effect of exercise to acutely raise blood glucose remained unmodified in GHSR-null mice. Exercise-induced increases in plasma ghrelin positively correlated with endurance capacity, and time to exhaustion was reduced in GHSR-null mice as compared to wild-type littermates. In an effort to mechanistically explain their reduced exercise endurance, exercised GHSR-null mice exhibited an abrogated sympathoadrenal response, lower overall insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and altered glycogen utilization. Conclusions Exercise transiently increases plasma ghrelin. GHSR-null mice exhibit decreased food intake following high intensity interval exercise and decreased endurance when submitted to an exercise endurance protocol. These data suggest that an intact ghrelin system limits the capacity of exercise to restrict food intake following exercise, although it enhances exercise endurance. High intensity exercise transiently increases plasma ghrelin. Without ghrelin action on its receptors (growth hormone secretagogue receptors), exercise markedly reduces food intake. An intact ghrelin system enhances exercise endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Prasanna Vijayaraghavan
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Rocha NDN, de Oliveira MV, Braga CL, Guimarães G, Maia LDA, Padilha GDA, Silva JD, Takiya CM, Capelozzi VL, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Ghrelin therapy improves lung and cardiovascular function in experimental emphysema. Respir Res 2017; 18:185. [PMID: 29100513 PMCID: PMC5670513 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emphysema is a progressive disease characterized by irreversible airspace enlargement followed by a decline in lung function. It also causes extrapulmonary effects, such as loss of body mass and cor pulmonale, which are associated with shorter survival and worse clinical outcomes. Ghrelin, a growth-hormone secretagogue, stimulates muscle anabolism, has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes vasodilation, and improves cardiac performance. Therefore, we hypothesized that ghrelin might reduce lung inflammation and remodelling as well as improve lung mechanics and cardiac function in experimental emphysema. Methods Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into two main groups: control (C) and emphysema (ELA). In the ELA group (n=20), animals received four intratracheal instillations of pancreatic porcine elastase (PPE) at 1-week intervals. C animals (n=20) received saline alone (50 μL) using the same protocol. Two weeks after the last instillation of saline or PPE, C and ELA animals received ghrelin or saline (n=10/group) intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily, during 3 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), echocardiography, lung mechanics, histology, and molecular biology were analysed. Results In elastase-induced emphysema, ghrelin treatment decreased alveolar hyperinflation and mean linear intercept, neutrophil infiltration, and collagen fibre content in the alveolar septa and pulmonary vessel wall; increased elastic fibre content; reduced M1-macrophage populations and increased M2 polarization; decreased levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, a mouse analogue of interleukin-8), tumour necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β, but increased interleukin-10 in lung tissue; augmented static lung elastance; reduced arterial pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography; and increased lean mass. Conclusion In the elastase-induced emphysema model used herein, ghrelin not only reduced lung damage but also improved cardiac function and increased lean mass. These findings should prompt further studies to evaluate ghrelin as a potential therapy for emphysema. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0668-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareth de Novaes Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Vasconcellos de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cássia Lisboa Braga
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lígia de Albuquerque Maia
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gisele de Araújo Padilha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Colldén G, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Ghrelin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040798. [PMID: 28398233 PMCID: PMC5412382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). Since then, ghrelin has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects that go far beyond its initial characterization as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue. Among the numerous well-established effects of ghrelin are the stimulation of appetite and lipid accumulation, the modulation of immunity and inflammation, the stimulation of gastric motility, the improvement of cardiac performance, the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation and reward-seeking behavior, as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Due to a variety of beneficial effects on systems’ metabolism, pharmacological targeting of the endogenous ghrelin system is widely considered a valuable approach to treat metabolic complications, such as chronic inflammation, gastroparesis or cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the broad pharmacological potential of ghrelin pathway modulation for the treatment of anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Business Campus Garching-Hochbrück, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Sun J, Bao J, Shi Y, Zhang B, Yuan L, Li J, Zhang L, Sun M, Zhang L, Sun W. Effect of simvastatin on MMPs and TIMPs in cigarette smoke-induced rat COPD model. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:717-724. [PMID: 28260878 PMCID: PMC5327908 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases may play an important role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema in response to cigarette smoke exposure (CSE). The current study was designed to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-4 in rat lung tissues in response to CSE, and assessed the effect of simvastatin in regulating expression of MMPs and TIMPs. METHODS Thirty normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control (n=10), CSE (n=10), and CSE plus simvastatin (n=10) groups. Animals were whole-body exposed to the cigarette smoke in the box for 1 hour each time, twice a day, 5 days a week for 16 weeks. Animals of CSE + simvastatin group were intra-gastrically administered simvastatin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day followed by CSE. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was harvested for inflammatory cell count and lung tissues were stained for morphologic examination. Expression of mRNA and protein level of MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 was assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS CSE resulted in a significant increase of mean linear intercept (MLI: 34.6±2.0 μm) and bronchial wall thickness and diameter (BWT/D, 0.250±0.062) compared to control (MLI: 24.0±1.7 μm, BWT/D: 0.160±0.034, P<0.01). In contrast, mean alveolar number was significantly decreased in the CSE group than that in the control group (13.5±2.0 of CSE vs 21.5±2.0 N/μm2 of control, P>0.01). Simvastatin slightly but not significantly prevented alteration of MLI, BWT/D, and mean alveolar number (MLI: 33.4±1.4 μm; BWT/D: 0.220±0.052; mean alveolar number: 15.5±2.5 N/μm2, P>0.05). Total white blood cell was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of smoking group (3.3±2.5×109 cells/L vs 1.1±1.3×109 cells/L of control, P<0.01), and it was significantly reduced by simvastatin (2.3±2.1×109 cells/L, P<0.01). CSE resulted in significantly increased accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages (neutrophils: 14.5%±1.3% of CSE group vs 9.1%±1.5% of control; macrophage: 91%±3% of CSE group vs 87%±2% of control, P<0.05), and simvastatin significantly reduced neutrophils (12.9%±2.0%, P<0.05) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but had no effect on macrophage (89%±1.6%, P>0.05). In response to CSE, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12 mRNA were upregulated more than sevenfold, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 increased two- to fivefold. Simvastatin significantly blocked upregulation of MMP-8 and -9 (P<0.01), but had no effect on MMP-12, TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 mRNA (P>0.05). In addition, simvastatin significantly blocked cigarette smoke-induced MMP-8 and -9 protein synthesis, while it had no significant effect on TIMP-1 and -4 protein synthesis even in the presence of cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION CSE resulted in imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs, and by which mechanism, cigarette smoke may lead to insufficient lung tissue repair. Simvastatin partially blocked airway inflammation and MMP production and, thus, statins may modulate composition of the lung extracellular matrix.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 8/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 8/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/enzymology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Simvastatin/pharmacology
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Jie Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province
| | - Yanan Shi
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Hebei Province
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang
| | - Lindong Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng
| | - Junhong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Mo Sun
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province
| | - Wuzhuang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
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Takahashi Y, Matsutani N, Morita S, Dejima H, Nakayama T, Uehara H, Kawamura M. Predictors of long-term compensatory response of pulmonary function following major lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Respirology 2016; 22:364-371. [PMID: 27649690 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long-term pulmonary function which might include compensatory response (CR) significantly influences quality of life of long-term survivor after major lung resection. We investigated long-term pulmonary function after major lung resection. METHODS A total of 137 patients who had undergone lobar resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from May 2013 to June 2014 had spirometry at 10-14 months after surgery. Actual post-operative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) (FEV1apo )/predicted post-operative FEV1 (FEV1ppo ), actual post-operative forced vital capacity (FVC) (FVCapo )/predicted post-operative FVC (FVCppo ), its relationship with clinicopathological factors and immunohistochemistry for pro-surfactant protein C (pro-SPC), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were investigated. RESULTS FEV1apo /FEV1ppo showed strong correlation with FVCapo /FVCppo (r = 0.628; P < 0.001). We defined greater CR as both FEV1apo /FEV1ppo and FVCapo /FVCppo were >120%. Greater CR was significantly associated with decreased smoking index (P < 0.001) and greater resected subsegments (P = 0.037). The never-smoker group revealed significantly greater CR compared with the smoker group in both FEV1apo /FEV1ppo (119.9 ± 12.5% vs 107.5 ± 14.2%; P = 0.030) and FVCapo /FVCppo (117.9 ± 9.98% vs 107.2 ± 13.1%; P = 0.046) in case-matched comparison. The expression of pro-SPC, TTF-1 and VEGFR2 in the normal lung parenchyma of greater CR group was significantly higher than those of lesser CR group (P < 0.001 for each). In addition, pro-SPC, TTF-1 and VEGFR2 expressions showed a significant correlation to the degree of CR especially in the smoker group (r = 0.631, 0.705 and 0.732, respectively; P < 0.001 for each). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that smokers may develop lesser long-term CR after major lung resection. Decreased expression of pro-SPC, TTF-1 and VEGFR2 may indicate decreased capacity of CR, especially in patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsutani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Morita
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Dejima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uehara
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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