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Sun Z, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhou S, Cheng W, Xue L, Zhou P, Li X, Zhang Z, Zuo L. Integrated brain and plasma dual-channel metabolomics to explore the treatment effects of Alpinia oxyphyllaFructus on Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285401. [PMID: 37552694 PMCID: PMC10409282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus, called Yizhi in Chinese, is the dried fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat dementia and memory defects of Alzheimer's disease for many years. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we used a rat Alzheimer's disease model on intrahippocampal injection of aggregated Aβ1-42 to study the effects of Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus. A brain and plasma dual-channel metabolomics approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was further performed to determine the effects of Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus on Alzheimer's disease animals. As a result, in the Morris water maze test, Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus had a clear ability to ameliorate the impaired learning and memory of Alzheimer's disease rats. 11 differential biomarkers were detected in AD rats' brains. The compounds mainly included amino acids and phospholipids; after Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus administration, 9 regulated biomarkers were detected compared with the AD model group. In the plasma of AD rats, 29 differential biomarkers, primarily amino acids, phospholipids and fatty acids, were identified; After administration, 23 regulated biomarkers were detected. The metabolic pathways of regulated metabolites suggest that Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus ameliorates memory and learning deficits in AD rats principally by regulating amino acid metabolism, lipids metabolism, and energy metabolism. In conclusion, our results confirm and enhance our current understanding of the therapeutic effects of Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus on Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, our work provides new insight into the potential intervention mechanism of Alpinia oxyphylla Fructus for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Shengnan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Lianping Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lihua Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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2
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Brain Bioenergetics in Chronic Hypertension: Risk Factor for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115260. [PMID: 36179931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypertension is one of the key modifiable risk factors for acute ischemic stroke, also contributing to determine greater neurological deficits and worse functional outcome when an acute cerebrovascular event would occur. A tight relationship exists between cerebrovascular autoregulation, neuronal activity and brain bioenergetics. In chronic hypertension, progressive adaptations of these processes occur as an attempt to cope with the demanding necessity of brain functions, creating a new steady-state homeostatic condition. However, these adaptive modifications are insufficient to grant an adequate response to possible pathological perturbations of the established fragile hemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis. In this narrative review, we will discuss the main mechanisms by which alterations in brain bioenergetics and mitochondrial function in chronic hypertension could lead to increased risk of acute ischemic stroke, stressing the interconnections between hemodynamic factors (i.e. cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling) and metabolic processes. Both experimental and clinical pieces of evidence will be discussed. Moreover, the potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in determining, or at least sustaining, the pathogenesis and progression of chronic neurogenic hypertension will be considered. In the perspective of novel therapeutic strategies aiming at improving brain bioenergetics, we propose some determinant factors to consider in future studies focused on the cause-effect relationships between chronic hypertension and brain bioenergetic abnormalities (and vice versa), so to help translational research in this so-far unfilled gap.
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: physiopathological and therapeutic complexity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:292-299. [PMID: 34269190 PMCID: PMC8463990 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and associated chronic hyperglycemia enhance the risk of acute ischemic stroke and lead to worsened clinical outcome and increased mortality. However, post-stroke hyperglycemia is also present in a number of non-diabetic patients after acute ischemic stroke, presumably as a stress response. The aim of this review is to summarize the main effects of hyperglycemia when associated to ischemic injury in acute stroke patients, highlighting the clinical and neurological outcomes in these conditions and after the administration of the currently approved pharmacological treatment, i.e. insulin. The disappointing results of the clinical trials on insulin (including the hypoglycemic events) demand a change of strategy based on more focused therapies. Starting from the comprehensive evaluation of the physiopathological alterations occurring in the ischemic brain during hyperglycemic conditions, the effects of various classes of glucose-lowering drugs are reviewed, such as glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, in the perspective of overcoming the up-to-date limitations and of evaluating the effectiveness of new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Federic Villa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
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Villa RF, Gorini A, Ferrari F. Clonidine and Brain Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism: Pharmacodynamic Insights Beyond Receptorial Effects. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1429-1441. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yu J, Meng F, He F, Chen F, Bao W, Yu Y, Zhou J, Gao J, Li J, Yao Y, Ge WP, Luo B. Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Aging Dis 2021; 12:386-403. [PMID: 33815872 PMCID: PMC7990357 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetative state (VS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) are two major types of chronic disorders of consciousness (DoC). The assessment of these two consciousness states generally relies on the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) score, but a high misdiagnosis rate limits the generalized use of this score. To identify metabolites in human plasma that can accurately distinguish VS from MCS patients, comprehensive plasma metabolic profiles were obtained with targeted metabolomics analysis and untargeted and targeted lipidomics analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the significance of differences. Compared with healthy controls (HCs), the DoC groups, Emerged from Minimally Conscious State (EMCS) group and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group had significantly different metabolic profiles. Purine metabolism pathway differed the most between the DoC (MCS and VS) and HC groups. In this pathway, adenosine, ADP, and AMP, which are the derived products of ATP degradation, were decreased in the MCS and VS groups compared to healthy controls. More importantly, we identified certain lipids for which the levels were enriched in the VS or MCS groups. Specifically, phosphatidylcholine, (38:5)-H (PC(38:5)-H), and arachidonic acid (AA) differed substantially between the VS and MCS groups and may be used to distinguish these two groups of patients. Together, our findings suggest that metabolic profiling is significantly altered in patients with chronic DoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fanxia Meng
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fangping He
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fei Chen
- 2Children's Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wangxiao Bao
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jintao Zhou
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian Gao
- 3Department of Rehabilitation, Hangzhou Hospital of Zhejiang Armed Police Corps, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jingqi Li
- 3Department of Rehabilitation, Hangzhou Hospital of Zhejiang Armed Police Corps, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yao Yao
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- 5Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- 1Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. The treament of hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke with incretin-based drugs. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105018. [PMID: 32574826 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Considerable experimental and clinical evidence suggests that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and post-stroke hyperglycemia are associated with increased mortality rate and worsened clinical conditions in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Insulin treatment does not seem to provide convincing benefits for these patients, therefore prompting a change of strategy. The selective agonists of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptors (GLP-1Ras) and the Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IVIs, gliptins) are two newer classes of glucose-lowering drugs used for the treatment of DM. This review examines in detail the rationale for their development and the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and clinical activities. Emphasis will be placed on their neuroprotective effects at cellular and molecular levels in experimental models of acute cerebral ischemia. In perspective, an adequate basis does exist for a novel therapeutic approach to hyperglycemia in AIS patients through the additive treatment with GLP-1Ras plus DPP-IVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferrari
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Section of Neuroradiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milano, Italy; Departments of Biology-Biotechnology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Departments of Biology-Biotechnology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Federico Villa
- Departments of Biology-Biotechnology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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The role of acetyl-L-carnitine (LAC) in the treatment of mental disorders. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, there are no fully reliable biomarkers to identify individuals suffering from depression, and conventional antidepressant treatment has its limitations. The potential influence of acetyl-L-carnitine (LAC) on the treatment of mental disorders, including depressive disorders, was noted already in the 1980s.
Goal and method: The literature on the role of LAC in the treatment of mental disorders, in particular depressive disorders, was reviewed using the Google Scholar and Pub Med databases. Two lines of research were considered:
1
the role of LAC in the therapy of various mental disorders and
2
the role of LAC in the treatment of depression and dysthymia
Conclusions: Because LAC is safe to use and has a very good tolerance profile, authors have explored its role in the treatment of many neurological and psychiatric diseases. There are studies showing that LAC supplementation has a positive effect on ADHD treatment outcomes in boys diagnosed with fragile X syndrome and plays a role in the treatment of dementia. Research has also been conducted on the impact of LAC on the treatment of depressive and dysthymic disorders. Positive outcomes of such therapy have been reported. An important correlation has been observed between LAC concentrations and the severity and onset of depressive symptoms. For instance, reduced levels of LAC have been found in people with treatment-refractory depression. It has also been proposed that LAC could decrease vulnerability to depression.
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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Villas Boas GR, Boerngen de Lacerda R, Paes MM, Gubert P, Almeida WLDC, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV, Oesterreich SA. Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:99-121. [PMID: 30776369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as unipolar depression, is one of the leading causes of disability and disease worldwide. The signs and symptoms are low self‑esteem, anhedonia, feeling of worthlessness, sense of rejection and guilt, suicidal thoughts, among others. This review focuses on studies with molecular-based approaches involving MDD to obtain an integrated, more detailed and comprehensive view of the brain changes produced by this disorder and its treatment and how the Central Nervous System (CNS) produces neuroplasticity to orchestrate adaptive defensive behaviors. This article integrates affective neuroscience, psychopharmacology, neuroanatomy and molecular biology data. In addition, there are two problems with current MDD treatments, namely: 1) Low rates of responsiveness to antidepressants and too slow onset of therapeutic effect; 2) Increased stress vulnerability and autonomy, which reduces the responses of currently available treatments. In the present review, we encourage the prospection of new bioactive agents for the development of treatments with post-transduction mechanisms, neurogenesis and pharmacogenetics inducers that bring greater benefits, with reduced risks and maximized access to patients, stimulating the field of research on mood disorders in order to use the potential of preclinical studies. For this purpose, improved animal models that incorporate the molecular and anatomical tools currently available can be applied. Besides, we encourage the study of drugs that do not present "classical application" as antidepressants, (e.g., the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and dextromethorphan) and drugs that have dual action mechanisms since they represent potential targets for novel drug development more useful for the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Meirelles Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Luis da Cruz Almeida
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Pablinny Moreira Galdino de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Adryano Augustto Valladao de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Ferrari F, Viscardi P, Gorini A, Villa RF. Synaptic ATPases system of rat frontal cerebral cortex during aging. Neurosci Lett 2019; 694:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ferrari F, Gorini A, Hoyer S, Villa RF. Glutamate metabolism in cerebral mitochondria after ischemia and post-ischemic recovery during aging: relationships with brain energy metabolism. J Neurochem 2018; 146:416-428. [PMID: 29779216 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in cerebral ischemic injury, but its role has not been completely clarified and studies are required to understand how to minimize its detrimental effects, contemporarily boosting the positive ones. In fact, glutamate is not only a neurotransmitter, but primarily a key metabolite for brain bioenergetics. Thus, we investigated the relationships between glutamate and brain energy metabolism in an in vivo model of complete cerebral ischemia of 15 min and during post-ischemic recovery after 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h in 1-year-old adult and 2-year-old aged rats. The maximum rates (Vmax ) of glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were assayed in somatic mitochondria (FM) and in intra-synaptic 'Light' mitochondria and intra-synaptic 'Heavy' mitochondria ones purified from cerebral cortex, distinguishing post- and pre-synaptic compartments. During ischemia, none of the enzymes were modified in adult animals. In aged ones, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was increased in FM and GlDH in intra-synaptic 'Heavy' mitochondria, stimulating glutamate catabolism. During post-ischemic recovery, FM did not show modifications at both ages while, in intra-synaptic mitochondria of adult animals, glutamate catabolism was increased after 1 h of recirculation and decreased after 48 and 72 h, whereas it remained decreased up to 96 h in aged rats. These results, with those previously published about Krebs' cycle and Electron Transport Chain (Villa et al., [2013] Neurochem. Int. 63, 765-781), demonstrate that: (i) Vmax of energy-linked enzymes are different in the various cerebral mitochondria, which (ii) respond differently to ischemia and post-ischemic recovery, also (iii) with respect to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferrari
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Gorini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Siegfried Hoyer
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Pathology, University Clinic, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Federico Villa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sergi G, Pizzato S, Piovesan F, Trevisan C, Veronese N, Manzato E. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in diabetic neuropathy and other geriatric disorders. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:133-138. [PMID: 28534301 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A long history of diabetes mellitus and increasing age are associated with the onset of diabetic neuropathy, a painful and highly disabling complication with a prevalence peaking at 50% among elderly diabetic patients. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule derived from the acetylation of carnitine in the mitochondria that has an essential role in energy production. It has recently been proposed as a therapy to improve the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. ALC is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including the brain, blood-brain barrier, brain neurons, and astrocytes. Aside from its metabolic activity, ALC has demonstrated cytoprotective, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects in the nervous system. It exerts an analgesic action by reducing the concentration of glutamate in the synapses. It facilitates nerve regeneration and damage repair after primary trauma: its positive effects on metabolism promote the synthesis, fluidity, and functionality of neuronal membranes, increase protein synthesis, and improve the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins and tubulin. It also amplifies nerve growth factor responsiveness, an effect that is believed to enhance overall neurite growth. ALC has been proposed for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as mood disorders and depression, dementias, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, because synaptic energy states and mitochondrial dysfunction are core factors in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sergi
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Pizzato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - F Piovesan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Trevisan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - N Veronese
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Manzato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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l-Acetylcarnitine: A Mechanistically Distinctive and Potentially Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Drug. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010011. [PMID: 29267192 PMCID: PMC5795963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapy of mood disorders has several limitations. Although a high number of drugs are clinically available, as of today, nearly two-thirds of individuals do not achieve full symptomatic remission after treatment with conventional antidepressants. Moreover, several weeks of drug treatment are usually required to obtain clinical effects, a limitation that has considerable clinical implications, ranging from high suicide risk to reduced compliance. The characteristic lag time in classical antidepressant effectiveness has given great impulse to the search for novel therapeutics with more rapid effects. l-acetylcarnitine (LAC), a small molecule of growing interest for its pharmacological properties, is currently marketed for treatment of neuropathic pain. Recent preclinical and clinical data suggested that LAC may exert antidepressant effects with a more rapid onset than conventional drugs. Herein, we review data supporting LAC antidepressant activity and its distinctive mechanisms of action compared with monoaminergic antidepressants. Furthermore, we discuss the unique pharmacological properties of LAC that allow us to look at this molecule as representative of next generation antidepressants with a safe profile.
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Villa RF, Ferrari F, Bagini L, Gorini A, Brunello N, Tascedda F. Mitochondrial energy metabolism of rat hippocampus after treatment with the antidepressants desipramine and fluoxetine. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ferrari F, Villa RF. The Neurobiology of Depression: an Integrated Overview from Biological Theories to Clinical Evidence. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4847-4865. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Villa RF, Ferrari F, Gorini A, Brunello N, Tascedda F. Effect of desipramine and fluoxetine on energy metabolism of cerebral mitochondria. Neuroscience 2016; 330:326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tian JS, Liu CC, Xiang H, Zheng XF, Peng GJ, Zhang X, Du GH, Qin XM. Investigation on the antidepressant effect of sea buckthorn seed oil through the GC-MS-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate analysis. Food Funct 2015; 6:3585-92. [PMID: 26328874 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the prevalent and serious mental disorders and the number of depressed patients has been on the rise globally during the recent decades. Sea buckthorn seed oil from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is edible and has been widely used for treatment of different diseases for a long time. However, there are few published reports on the antidepressant effect of sea buckthorn seed oil. With the objective of finding potential biomarkers of the therapeutic response of sea buckthorn seed oil in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats, urine metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with multivariate analysis was applied. In this study, we discovered a higher level of pimelic acid as well as palmitic acid and a lower level of suberic acid, citrate, phthalic acid, cinnamic acid and Sumiki's acid in urine of rats exposed to CUMS procedures after sea buckthorn seed oil was administered. These changes of metabolites are involved in energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and other metabolic pathways as well as in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and it is helpful to facilitate the efficacy evaluation and mechanism elucidating the effect of sea buckthorn seed oil for depression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
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