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Heitaku S, Sasase T, Sotani T, Maki M, Kawai T, Morinaga H, Nishiu J. JTT-654, an 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, improves hypertension and diabetic kidney injury by suppressing angiotensinogen production. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:246-255. [PMID: 38485342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in regulating the expression of glucocorticoid actions in target tissues. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in mouse adipose tissue causes a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype, leading to hypertension. Although, many 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been studied, few have shown a clear ameliorative effect against hypertension. We investigated whether JTT-654, a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, ameliorated hypertension and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. JTT-654 showed inhibitory effects on angiotensinogen production in cortisone-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in a rat model. JTT-654 improved hypertension not only in cortisone-treated rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but also in SHR/NDmcr-cp rats. In the SHR study, JTT-654 and losartan showed the same degree of antihypertensive efficacy. In addition, JTT-654 ameliorated diabetic nephropathy by suppressing renal angiotensinogen production in SHR/NDmcr-cp rats. These effects of JTT-654 were independent of its insulin-sensitizing effects, and similar effects were not observed for pioglitazone, an insulin sensitizer. Moreover, JTT-654 did not affect normotension or hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results indicate that JTT-654 ameliorates hypertension and diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting 11β-HSD1 in the adipose tissue, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Heitaku
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Sotani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mimi Maki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Hisayo Morinaga
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Jun Nishiu
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Kim Y, Lee SR, Lee SW. First in human randomised trial of J2H-1702: A novel 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 58:1132-1142. [PMID: 37743843 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which is an enzyme that converts cortisone to cortisol, plays a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation. J2H-1702 is a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, and the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and prevent the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in preclinical models. AIMS We aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), safety, and tolerability of J2H-1702 after a single-dose oral administration. METHODS A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation study was conducted on 50 healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected to assess the PK and PD of J2H-1702. RESULTS The peak plasma concentration of J2H-1702 was observed at 2-2.9 h after a single-dose oral administration. J2H-1702 reduced 11β-HSD1 activity compared to the placebo at all dose levels. The drug reached its maximal inhibitory effect within 12-24 h post-dose administration, and the inhibitory effect was maintained till 1 day after administration of the study drug. The drug showed typical first-order elimination kinetics, with a mean elimination half-life of 9.8-14.7 h. Systemic exposure to J2H-1702 increased in a dose-dependent manner. J2H-1702 was well tolerated after a single oral administration of up to 300 mg. A total of 11 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in seven (14%) participants, all of which were mild and resolved spontaneously. The most common TEAE was diarrhoea (8%), followed by dizziness (4%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that J2H-1702 could be developed as an effective therapeutic option for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ra Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Heitaku S, Sasase T, Sotani T, Maki M, Katsumi S, Fukuda S, Goto H, Yamamoto H, Nishiu J. An 11-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor, JTT-654 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Non-obese Type 2 Diabetes. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:969-978. [PMID: 37394647 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is the only enzyme that converts inactive glucocorticoids to active forms and plays an important role in the regulation of glucocorticoid action in target tissues. JTT-654 is a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor and we investigated its pharmacological properties in cortisone-treated rats and non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats because Asians, including Japanese, are more likely to have non-obese type 2 diabetics. Systemic cortisone treatment increased fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and impaired insulin action on glucose disposal rate and hepatic glucose production assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, but all these effects were attenuated by JTT-654 administration. Cortisone treatment also reduced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue, increased plasma glucose levels after administration of the pyruvate, the substrate of gluconeogenesis, and increased liver glycogen content. Administration of JTT-654 also inhibited all of these effects. Cortisone treatment decreased basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]-glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased the release of free fatty acids and glycerol, a gluconeogenic substrate, from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and JTT-654 significantly attenuated these effects. In GK rats, JTT-654 treatment significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue, and suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis as assessed by pyruvate administration. These results demonstrated that glucocorticoid was involved in the pathology of diabetes in GK rats, as in cortisone-treated rats, and that JTT-654 ameliorated the diabetic conditions. Our results suggest that JTT-654 ameliorates insulin resistance and non-obese type 2 diabetes by inhibiting adipose tissue and liver 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Heitaku
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Tomohiro Sotani
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Mimi Maki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Sohei Katsumi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Sumiaki Fukuda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Hiroyuki Goto
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | | | - Jun Nishiu
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
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Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 relieves fibrosis through depolarizing of hepatic stellate cell in NASH. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1011. [PMID: 36446766 PMCID: PMC9709168 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of cortisone to physiologically active cortisol. Although 11βHSD1 has been implicated in numerous metabolic syndromes, such as obesity and diabetes, the functional roles of 11βHSD1 during progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and consequent fibrosis have not been fully elucidated. We found that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of 11βHSD1 resulted in reprogramming of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation via inhibition of p-SMAD3, α-SMA, Snail, and Col1A1 in a fibrotic environment and in multicellular hepatic spheroids (MCHSs). We also determined that 11βHSD1 contributes to the maintenance of NF-κB signaling through modulation of TNF, TLR7, ITGB3, and TWIST, as well as regulating PPARα signaling and extracellular matrix accumulation in activated HSCs during advanced fibrogenesis in MCHSs. Of great interest, the 11βHSD1 inhibitor J2H-1702 significantly attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorated liver fibrosis in diet- and toxicity-induced NASH mouse models. Together, our data indicate that J2H-1702 is a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of NASH.
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Chen X, Chen S, Ren Q, Niu S, Pan X, Yue L, Li Z, Zhu R, Jia Z, Chen X, Zhen R, Ban J. Metabolomics Provides Insights into Renoprotective Effects of Semaglutide in Obese Mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3893-3913. [DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s383537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Lin L, Tan W, Pan X, Tian E, Wu Z, Yang J. Metabolic Syndrome-Related Kidney Injury: A Review and Update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904001. [PMID: 35813613 PMCID: PMC9261267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS is 20-25%, which is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). MetS causes effects on renal pathophysiology, including glomerular hyperfiltration, RAAS, microalbuminuria, profibrotic factors and podocyte injury. This review compares several criteria of MetS and analyzes their differences. MetS and the pathogenesis of CKD includes insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The intervention of MetS-related renal damage is the focus of this article and includes controlling body weight, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, requiring all components to meet the criteria. In addition, interventions such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, body metabolism, appetite inhibition, podocyte apoptosis, and mesenchymal stem cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianfeng Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Kaizhou District People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - En Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
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Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as Potential Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Systematic Review of Clinical and In Vivo Preclinical Studies. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a pathology with increasing frequency in society, being one of the main causes of death worldwide. For this reason, new therapeutic targets have been studied over the years. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is an enzyme responsible for reducing cortisone to its active form cortisol, which can lead to metabolic changes such as insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Therefore, 11β-HSD1 inhibition may offer a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This work intends to systematically review the available scientific evidence on this subject. For this, a search was conducted in three databases and 15 clinical and in vivo preclinical studies were included in this review. Despite the high inhibitory and selectivity levels achieved with several molecules and the demonstrated clinical efficacy in diabetes treatment, no phase III clinical trials have yet been conducted. This is important because the long-term effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors including the consequences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis must be evaluated. However, this enzyme remains a promising target for drug development, including due to its effectiveness in controlling various factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome and its potential for multiple indications in patients with diabetes, including wound healing and weight loss.
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Cai J, Zhang J, Li S, Lin Y, Xiao X, Guo J. Comprehensive chemical analysis of Zhenshu Tiaozhi formula and its effect on ameliorating glucolipid metabolic disorders in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111060. [PMID: 33378969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to reveal the compositions of Zhenshu TiaoZhi formula (FTZ) comprehensively, and investigate whether FTZ ameliorate glucolipid metabolism disorders in diabetic rats with the involvement of glucocorticoids in peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues. The fingerprint was established based on 11 batches of FTZ samples and chemical compostions of FTZ were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF/MS). High-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were orally administrated with 3 and 6 g/kg body weight of FTZ for 8 weeks. Indices of glucolipid metabolism, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, insulin resistance index (IRI) and blood lipids were evaluated after treatment of FTZ. The levels of HPA axis hormones were examined. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was adopted to investigate the relative mRNA expressions of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and glucolipid metabolic indicators. A reference fingerprint was established and 93 compounds of FTZ were tentatively identified. In vivo, FTZ treatment exerted antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic effects while decreased the level of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). 11β-HSD1 mRNA showed similar trajectory in both liver, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, which was up-regulated in diabetic group and ameliorated in FTZ groups. Furthermore, the expressions of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) were down-regulated in liver and skeletal muscle. These results elucidated the compositions of FTZ comprehensively and indicated its effect on ameliorating glucolipid metabolism of diabetic rats involved hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis homeostasis. Down-regulating 11β-HSD1 in insulin-sensitive tissues might be a potential mechanism of FTZ in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Cai
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yanduan Lin
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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9
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Hardy RS, Botfield H, Markey K, Mitchell JL, Alimajstorovic Z, Westgate CSJ, Sagmeister M, Fairclough RJ, Ottridge RS, Yiangou A, Storbeck KHH, Taylor AE, Gilligan LC, Arlt W, Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW, Mollan SP, Lavery GG, Sinclair AJ. 11βHSD1 Inhibition with AZD4017 Improves Lipid Profiles and Lean Muscle Mass in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:174-187. [PMID: 33098644 PMCID: PMC7765633 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) determines prereceptor metabolism and activation of glucocorticoids within peripheral tissues. Its dysregulation has been implicated in a wide array of metabolic diseases, leading to the development of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. We examined the impact of the reversible competitive 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, AZD4017, on the metabolic profile in an overweight female cohort with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). METHODS We conducted a UK multicenter phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 12-week treatment with AZD4017. Serum markers of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, renal and hepatic function, inflammation and androgen profiles were determined and examined in relation to changes in fat and lean mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Patients receiving AZD4017 showed significant improvements in lipid profiles (decreased cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein [HDL] and cholesterol/HDL ratio), markers of hepatic function (decreased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase), and increased lean muscle mass (1.8%, P < .001). No changes in body mass index, fat mass, and markers of glucose metabolism or inflammation were observed. Patients receiving AZD4017 demonstrated increased levels of circulating androgens, positively correlated with changes in total lean muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS These beneficial metabolic changes represent a reduction in risk factors associated with raised intracranial pressure and represent further beneficial therapeutic outcomes of 11β-HSD1 inhibition by AZD4017 in this overweight IIH cohort. In particular, beneficial changes in lean muscle mass associated with AZD4017 may reflect new applications for this nature of inhibitor in the management of conditions such as sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah Botfield
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keira Markey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James L Mitchell
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zerin Alimajstorovic
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Connar S J Westgate
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Sagmeister
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca J Fairclough
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences. BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ryan S Ottridge
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Yiangou
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz H Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan P Mollan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Alexandra Sinclair, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
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Lack of adipose-specific hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes inactivation of adipose glucocorticoids and improves metabolic phenotype in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2189-2202. [PMID: 31696216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive glucocorticoid (GC) production in adipose tissue promotes the development of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is critical for controlling intracellular GC production, and this process is tightly regulated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). To better understand the integrated molecular physiological effects of adipose H6PDH, we created a tissue-specific knockout of the H6PDH gene mouse model in adipocytes (adipocyte-specific conditional knockout of H6PDH (H6PDHAcKO) mice). H6PDHAcKO mice exhibited almost complete absence of H6PDH expression and decreased intra-adipose corticosterone production with a reduction in 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissue. These mice also had decreased abdominal fat mass, which was paralleled by decreased adipose lipogenic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) gene expression and reduction in their transcription factor C/EBPα mRNA levels. Moreover, H6PDHAcKO mice also had reduced fasting blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity. In addition, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were decreased with a concomitant decrease in the expression of lipase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue. These results indicate that inactivation of adipocyte H6PDH expression is sufficient to cause intra-adipose GC inactivation that leads to a favorable pattern of metabolic phenotypes. These data suggest that H6PDHAcKO mice may provide a good model for studying the potential contributions of fat-specific H6PDH inhibition to improve the metabolic phenotype in vivo. Our study suggests that suppression or inactivation of H6PDH expression in adipocytes could be an effective intervention for treating obesity and diabetes.
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Chuanxin Z, Shengzheng W, Lei D, Duoli X, Jin L, Fuzeng R, Aiping L, Ge Z. Progress in 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases: A comprehensive guide to their chemical structure diversity in drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112134. [PMID: 32088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyzing the intracellular conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to physiologically active ones. Work over the past decade has demonstrated the aberrant overexpression of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the pathophysiological process of metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on the diverse molecular scaffolds. This review focused on the structural features of the most important 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and categorized them into natural products derivatives and synthetic compounds. We also briefly discussed the optimization process, binding modes, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluations of each inhibitor. Moreover, the challenges and directions for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were discussed, which might provide some useful clues to guide the future discovery of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chuanxin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wang Shengzheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Dang Lei
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xie Duoli
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Jin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education (IRACE), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ren Fuzeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Lu Aiping
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang Ge
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
The FATZO/Pco mouse is the result of a cross of the C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains. The crossing of these two strains and the selective inbreeding for obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia has resulted in an inbred strain exhibiting obesity in the presumed presence of an intact leptin pathway. Routinely used rodent models for obesity and diabetes research have a monogenic defect in leptin signaling that initiates obesity. Given that obesity and its sequelae in humans are polygenic in nature and not associated with leptin signaling defects, the FATZO mouse may represent a more translatable rodent model for study of obesity and its associated metabolic disturbances. The FATZO mouse develops obesity spontaneously when fed a normal chow diet. Glucose intolerance with increased insulin levels are apparent in FATZO mice as young as 6 weeks of age. These progress to hyperglycemia/pre-diabetes and frank diabetes with decreasing insulin levels as they age. The disease in these mice is multi-faceted, similar to the metabolic syndrome apparent in obese individuals, and thus provides a long pre-diabetic state for determining the preventive value of new interventions. We have assessed the utility of this new model for the pre-clinical screening of agents to stop or slow progression of the metabolic syndrome to severe diabetes. Our assessment included: 1) characterization of the spontaneous development of disease, 2) comparison of metabolic disturbances of FATZO mice to control mice and 3) validation of the model with regard to the effectiveness of current and emerging anti-diabetic agents; rosiglitazone, metformin and semaglutide. CONCLUSION Male FATZO mice spontaneously develop significant metabolic disease when compared to normal controls while maintaining hyperglycemia in the presence of high leptin levels and hyperinsulinemia. The disease condition responds to commonly used antidiabetic agents.
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Ryu JH, Lee JA, Kim S, Shin YA, Yang J, Han HY, Son HJ, Kim YH, Sa JH, Kim JS, Lee J, Lee J, Park HG. Discovery of 2-((R)-4-(2-Fluoro-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-((1R,2s,3S,5S,7S)-5-hydroxyadamantan-2-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide (SKI2852): A Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1). J Med Chem 2016; 59:10176-10189. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Je Ho Ryu
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jung A Lee
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Shinae Kim
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Young Ah Shin
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Jewon Yang
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hye Young Han
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Son
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Yong Hyuk Kim
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Sa
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Kim
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Bundang-Gu, Sampyeong-Dong 686, Gyeonggi-Do 463-400, Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyeung-geun Park
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor protects against the insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:140-151. [PMID: 27242185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) metabolism is regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). When GCs are present in excess, they can impair glucose-dependent insulin sensitivity. We have previously synthesized several curcumin analogues, of which four compounds were selective inhibitors of 11β-HSD1. Here, we present data supporting that the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor (H8) inhibits insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. We compared glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice with or without administration of H8, which significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels and protected against insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis compared to when glucose and lipid metabolism were measured following curcumin administration. The hepatic enzyme was reduced significantly in the plasma samples from db/db mice which were treated with H8. Serum corticosterone (active) levels, which are regulated by 11β-HSD1 were reduced when mice received H8. H8 administration suppressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6-pase) expression, which are related to gluconeogenesis and enhanced glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein content in liver. Treatment with H8 improved obesity and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by suppressing activity of 11β-HSD1, suggesting that H8 might be a beneficial drug for the treatment of obesity and Type-2 diabetes (T2D).
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