1
|
Hafenbreidel M, Pandey S, Briggs SB, Arza M, Bonthu S, Fisher C, Tiller A, Hall AB, Reed S, Mayorga N, Lin L, Khan S, Cameron MD, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Basolateral amygdala corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2 interacts with nonmuscle myosin II to destabilize memory in males. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 206:107865. [PMID: 37995804 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that inhibiting the actin motor ATPase nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) with blebbistatin (Blebb) in the basolateral amgydala (BLA) depolymerizes actin, resulting in an immediate, retrieval-independent disruption of methamphetamine (METH)-associated memory in male and female adult and adolescent rodents. The effect is highly selective, as NMII inhibition has no effect in other relevant brain regions (e.g., dorsal hippocampus [dPHC], nucleus accumbens [NAc]), nor does it interfere with associations for other aversive or appetitive stimuli, including cocaine (COC). To understand the mechanisms responsible for drug specific selectivity we began by investigating, in male mice, the pharmacokinetic differences in METH and COC brain exposure . Replicating METH's longer half-life with COC did not render the COC association susceptible to disruption by NMII inhibition. Therefore, we next assessed transcriptional differences. Comparative RNA-seq profiling in the BLA, dHPC and NAc following METH or COC conditioning identified crhr2, which encodes the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2), as uniquely upregulated by METH in the BLA. CRF2 antagonism with Astressin-2B (AS2B) had no effect on METH-associated memory after consolidation, allowing for determination of CRF2 influences on NMII-based susceptibility. Pretreatment with AS2B prevented the ability of Blebb to disrupt an established METH-associated memory. Alternatively, combining CRF2 overexpression and agonist treatment, urocortin 3 (UCN3), in the BLA during conditioning rendered COC-associated memory susceptible to disruption by NMII inhibition, mimicking the Blebb-induced, retrieval-independent memory disruption seen with METH. These results suggest that BLA CRF2 receptor activation during memory formation in male mice can prevent stabilization of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton supporting the memory, rendering it vulnerable to disruption by NMII inhibition. CRF2 represents an interesting target for BLA-dependent memory destabilization via downstream effects on NMII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Hafenbreidel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Surya Pandey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Sherri B Briggs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Meghana Arza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Shalakha Bonthu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Cadence Fisher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Annika Tiller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Alice B Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Shayna Reed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Natasha Mayorga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Susan Khan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kokane SS, Butler BD, Antonio JH, Armant RJ, Hoch AC, Coelho CS, Brady BN, Chamseddine HH, Perrotti LI. Interactions between estradiol and ERK, but not mTOR, signaling is necessary for enhanced cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173653. [PMID: 37804867 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Women rapidly progress from recreational cocaine use to dependence, consume greater quantities of cocaine, experience more positive subjective effects of cocaine and have higher incidences of relapse during abstinence. These effects have been replicated in animal models of cocaine addiction and indicate an enhanced sensitivity and therefore, vulnerability of females to cocaine addiction. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that estradiol (E2) is a key mediator of the aforementioned effects of cocaine in women and female animals. However, studies identifying the influence of E2 on cocaine-associated reward and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms are lacking. Here, we further explored the influence of E2 on cocaine conditioned place preference in female rats. We show that E2 mediates cocaine-conditioned reward by potentiating cocaine-context associations. In addition, the E2-mediated increases in cocaine-induced CPP are associated with increased activation of ERK1/2 and mTOR proteins in the nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, and ventral tegmental area. To assess the involvement of ERK1/2 and mTOR in E2-mediated enhanced cocaine-CPP, we inhibited ERK1/2 and/or mTOR activity during cocaine-conditioning and before CPP-test. Inhibition of ERK1/2 during conditioning blocked cocaine-CPP in females, inhibition mTOR was without effect, and inhibiting ERK1/2 and mTOR before CPP-test blocked cocaine-CPP. In conclusion, we have established that E2 enhances cocaine-conditioned reward by potentiating cocaine-context associations formed during conditioning. Additionally, activation of ERK1/2 during cocaine-conditioning is necessary for the potentiation of cocaine-conditioned reward by E2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Studies characterizing the molecular substrates underlying the effects of E2 during the formation of cocaine-context associations are virtually unknown. In this study, we established the influence of E2 during the formation of cocaine-CPP and characterized the role of ERK1/2 and mTOR activity on this effect within significant nodes of the reward pathway. The elucidation of the role of E2 in cocaine-induced intracellular signaling fills a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which E2 affects intracellular signaling pathways to indicate the motivational salience of a stimulus. These data are crucial to our understanding of how fluctuating hormone levels can render females increasing sensitive to the rewarding effects of cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Kokane
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Brandon D Butler
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Josimar Hernandez Antonio
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Ross J Armant
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Adam C Hoch
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Clinton S Coelho
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Blake N Brady
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Houda H Chamseddine
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barber KR, Vizcarra VS, Zilch A, Majuta L, Diezel CC, Culver OP, Hughes BW, Taniguchi M, Streicher JM, Vanderah TW, Riegel AC. The Role of Ryanodine Receptor 2 in Drug-Associated Learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560743. [PMID: 37873212 PMCID: PMC10592901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) ion channels facilitate the release of Ca 2+ from stores and serve an important function in neuroplasticity. The role for RyR2 in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory is well established and chronic hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 (RyR2P) is associated with pathological calcium leakage and cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. By comparison, little is known about the role of RyR2 in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) circuitry important for working memory, decision making, and reward seeking. Here, we evaluated the basal expression and localization of RyR2 and RyR2P in the vmPFC. Next, we employed an operant model of sucrose, cocaine, or morphine self-administration (SA) followed by a (reward-free) recall test, to reengage vmPFC neurons and reactivate reward-seeking and re-evaluated the expression and localization of RyR2 and RyR2P in vmPFC. Under basal conditions, RyR2 was expressed in pyramidal cells but not regularly detected in PV/SST interneurons. On the contrary, RyR2P was rarely observed in PFC somata and was restricted to a different subcompartment of the same neuron - the apical dendrites of layer-5 pyramidal cells. Chronic SA of drug (cocaine or morphine) and nondrug (sucrose) rewards produced comparable increases in RyR2 protein expression. However, recalling either drug reward impaired the usual localization of RyR2P in dendrites and markedly increased its expression in somata immunoreactive for Fos, a marker of highly activated neurons. These effects could not be explained by chronic stress or drug withdrawal and instead appeared to require a recall experience associated with prior drug SA. In addition to showing the differential distribution of RyR2/RyR2P and affirming the general role of vmPFC in reward learning, this study provides information on the propensity of addictive drugs to redistribute RyR2P ion channels in a neuronal population engaged in drug-seeking. Hence, focusing on the early impact of addictive drugs on RyR2 function may serve as a promising approach to finding a treatment for substance use disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng L, Wu L, Gao R, Xu X, Chen C, Liu J. Non-Opioid Anesthetics Addiction: A Review of Current Situation and Mechanism. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1259. [PMID: 37759860 PMCID: PMC10526861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is one of the major worldwide health problems, which will have serious adverse consequences on human health and significantly burden the social economy and public health. Drug abuse is more common in anesthesiologists than in the general population because of their easier access to controlled substances. Although opioids have been generally considered the most commonly abused drugs among anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists, the abuse of non-opioid anesthetics has been increasingly severe in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical situation and potential molecular mechanisms of non-opioid anesthetics addiction. This review incorporates the clinical and biomolecular evidence supporting the abuse potential of non-opioid anesthetics and the foreseeable mechanism causing the non-opioid anesthetics addiction phenotypes, promoting a better understanding of its pathogenesis and helping to find effective preventive and curative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lining Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (R.G.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hafenbreidel M, Briggs SB, Arza M, Bonthu S, Fisher C, Tiller A, Hall AB, Reed S, Mayorga N, Lin L, Khan S, Cameron MD, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Basolateral Amygdala Corticotrophin Releasing Factor Receptor 2 Interacts with Nonmuscle Myosin II to Destabilize Memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541732. [PMID: 37292925 PMCID: PMC10245849 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting the actin motor ATPase nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) with blebbistatin (Blebb) in the basolateral amgydala (BLA) depolymerizes actin, resulting in an immediate, retrieval-independent disruption of methamphetamine (METH)-associated memory. The effect is highly selective, as NMII inhibition has no effect in other relevant brain regions (e.g. dorsal hippocampus [dPHC], nucleus accumbens [NAc]), nor does it interfere with associations for other aversive or appetitive stimuli, including cocaine (COC). To investigate a potential source of this specificity, pharmacokinetic differences in METH and COC brain exposure were examined. Replicating METH's longer half-life with COC did not render the COC association susceptible to disruption by NMII inhibition. Therefore, transcriptional differences were next assessed. Comparative RNA-seq profiling in the BLA, dHPC and NAc following METH or COC conditioning identified crhr2, which encodes the corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2), as uniquely upregulated by METH in the BLA. CRF2 antagonism with Astressin-2B (AS2B) had no effect on METH-associated memory after consolidation, allowing for determination of CRF2 influences on NMII-based susceptibility after METH conditioning. Pretreatment with AS2B occluded the ability of Blebb to disrupt an established METH-associated memory. Alternatively, the Blebb-induced, retrieval-independent memory disruption seen with METH was mimicked for COC when combined with CRF2 overexpression in the BLA and its ligand, UCN3 during conditioning. These results indicate that BLA CRF2 receptor activation during learning can prevent stabilization of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton supporting the memory, rendering it vulnerable to disruption via NMII inhibition. CRF2 represents an interesting target for BLA-dependent memory destabilization via downstream effects on NMII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Hafenbreidel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Sherri B Briggs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Meghana Arza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Shalakha Bonthu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Cadence Fisher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Annika Tiller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29464
| | - Alice B Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Shayna Reed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Natasha Mayorga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Susan Khan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology Jupiter, FL, 33458
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amaral IM, Scheffauer L, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Protein kinases in natural versus drug reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173472. [PMID: 36244528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and drug rewards act on the same neural pathway, the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. In brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, drugs of abuse-induced stimulation of signaling pathways can lead to synaptic reshaping within this system. This is believed to be underlying the maladaptive alterations in behaviors associated with addiction. In this review, we discuss animal studies disclosing the implication of several protein kinases, namely protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 MAPK, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), in reward-related brain regions in drug and natural reward. Furthermore, we refer to studies that helped pave the way toward a better understanding of the neurobiology underlying non-drug and drug reward through genetic deletion or brain region-specific pharmacological inhibition of these kinases. Whereas the role of kinases in drug reward has been extensively studied, their implication in natural reward, such as positive social interaction, is less investigated. Discovering molecular candidates, recruited specifically by drug versus natural rewards, can promote the identification of novel targets for the pharmacological treatment of addiction with less off-target effects and being effective when used combined with behavioral-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Amaral
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Laura Scheffauer
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Hofer
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Rana El Rawas
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Li H, Hu T, Zhao Z, Liu Q, Li H. Disrupting reconsolidation by PKA inhibitor in BLA reduces heroin-seeking behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:996379. [PMID: 36106011 PMCID: PMC9464818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.996379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is considered a maladaptive pathology of emotional memory and is associated with craving and relapse induced by drug-associated stimuli or drugs. Reconsolidation is an independent memory process with a strict time window followed by the reactivation of drug-associated stimulus depending on the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Pharmacology or behavior treatment that disrupts the reconsolidation can effectively attenuate drug-seeking in addicts. Here, we hypothesized that heroin-memory reconsolidation requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) of BLA based on the fundamental effect of PKA in synaptic plasticity and memory process. After 10 days of acquisition, the rats underwent 11 days of extinction training and then received the intra-BLA infusions of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPS at different time windows with/without a reactivation session. The results show that PKA inhibitor treatment in the reconsolidation time window disrupts the reconsolidation and consequently reduces cue-induced reinstatement, heroin-induced reinstatement, and spontaneous recovery of heroin-seeking behavior in the rats. In contrast, there was no effect on cue-induced reinstatement in the intra-BLA infusion of PKA inhibitor 6 h after reactivation or without reactivation. These data suggest that PKA inhibition disrupts the reconsolidation of heroin-associated memory, reduces subsequent drug seeking, and prevents relapse, which is retrieval-dependent, time-limited, and BLA-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Center of Medical Genetics, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Haoxian Li
- Center of Medical Genetics, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zijin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Haoyu Li
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Rational Design of α-Helix-Shaped Peptides Employing the Hydrogen-Bond Surrogate Approach: A Modulation Strategy for Ras-RasGRF1 Interaction in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111099. [PMID: 34832880 PMCID: PMC8623491 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, abnormal Ras (rat sarcoma protein)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signalling in the brain has been involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including drug addiction, certain forms of intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder. Modulation of membrane-receptor-mediated Ras activation has been proposed as a potential target mechanism to attenuate ERK signalling in the brain. Previously, we showed that a cell penetrating peptide, RB3, was able to inhibit downstream signalling by preventing RasGRF1 (Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1), a neuronal specific GDP/GTP exchange factor, to bind Ras proteins, both in brain slices and in vivo, with an IC50 value in the micromolar range. The aim of this work was to mutate and improve this peptide through computer-aided techniques to increase its inhibitory activity against RasGRF1. The designed peptides were built based on the RB3 peptide structure corresponding to the α-helix of RasGRF1 responsible for Ras binding. For this purpose, the hydrogen-bond surrogate (HBS) approach was exploited to maintain the helical conformation of the designed peptides. Finally, residue scanning, MD simulations, and MM-GBSA calculations were used to identify 18 most promising α-helix-shaped peptides that will be assayed to check their potential activity against Ras-RasGRF1 and prevent downstream molecular events implicated in brain disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cabana-Domínguez J, Martín-García E, Gallego-Roman A, Maldonado R, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Cormand B. Reduced cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in Plcb1 +/- mice. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:521. [PMID: 34635637 PMCID: PMC8505421 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction causes serious health problems, and no effective treatment is available yet. We previously identified a genetic risk variant for cocaine addiction in the PLCB1 gene and found this gene upregulated in postmortem brains of cocaine abusers and in human dopaminergic neuron-like cells after an acute cocaine exposure. Here, we functionally tested the contribution of the PLCB1 gene to cocaine addictive properties using Plcb1+/- mice. First, we performed a general phenotypic characterization and found that Plcb1+/- mice showed normal behavior, although they had increased anxiety and impaired short-term memory. Subsequently, mice were trained for operant conditioning, self-administered cocaine for 10 days, and were tested for cocaine motivation. After extinction, we found a reduction in the cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in Plcb1+/- mice. After reinstatement, we identified transcriptomic alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex of Plcb1+/- mice, mostly related to pathways relevant to addiction like the dopaminergic synapse and long-term potentiation. To conclude, we found that heterozygous deletion of the Plcb1 gene decreases cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking, pointing at PLCB1 as a possible therapeutic target for preventing relapse and treating cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.20522.370000 0004 1767 9005Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Roman
- grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.20522.370000 0004 1767 9005Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shapiro LP, Pitts EG, Li DC, Barbee BR, Hinton EA, Bassell GJ, Gross C, Gourley SL. The PI3-Kinase p110β Isoform Controls Severity of Cocaine-Induced Sequelae and Alters the Striatal Transcriptome. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:959-969. [PMID: 33773752 PMCID: PMC8202243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PI3-kinase (PI3K) complex is a well-validated target for mitigating cocaine-elicited sequelae, but pan-PI3K inhibitors are not viable long-term treatment options. The PI3K complex is composed of p110 catalytic and regulatory subunits, which can be individually manipulated for therapeutic purposes. However, this possibility has largely not been explored in behavioral contexts. METHODS Here, we inhibited PI3K p110β in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of cocaine-exposed mice. Behavioral models for studying relapse, sensitization, and decision-making biases were paired with protein quantification, RNA sequencing, and cell type-specific chemogenetic manipulation and RNA quantification to determine whether and how inhibiting PI3K p110β confers resilience to cocaine. RESULTS Viral-mediated PI3K p110β silencing reduced cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking by half, blocked locomotor sensitization, and restored mPFC synaptic marker content after exposure to cocaine. Cocaine blocked the ability of mice to select actions based on their consequences, and p110β inhibition restored this ability. Silencing dopamine D2 receptor-expressing excitatory mPFC neurons mimicked cocaine, impairing goal-seeking behavior, and again, p110β inhibition restored goal-oriented action. We verified the presence of p110β in mPFC neurons projecting to the dorsal striatum and orbitofrontal cortex and found that inhibiting p110β in the mPFC altered the expression of functionally defined gene clusters within the dorsal striatum and not orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Subunit-selective PI3K silencing potently mitigates drug seeking, sensitization, and decision-making biases after exposure to cocaine. We suggest that inhibiting PI3K p110β provides neuroprotection against cocaine by triggering coordinated corticostriatal adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P. Shapiro
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Elizabeth G. Pitts
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University
| | - Dan C. Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University
| | - Britton R. Barbee
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Elizabeth A. Hinton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University
| | - Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Shannon L. Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blackwood CA, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL. Oxycodone self-administration activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MAPK-MSK) signaling pathway in the rat dorsal striatum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2567. [PMID: 33510349 PMCID: PMC7843984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify signaling pathways activated by oxycodone self-administration (SA), Sprague–Dawley rats self-administered oxycodone for 20 days using short—(ShA, 3 h) and long-access (LgA, 9 h) paradigms. Animals were euthanized 2 h after SA cessation and dorsal striata were used in post-mortem molecular analyses. LgA rats escalated their oxycodone intake and separated into lower (LgA-L) or higher (LgA-H) oxycodone takers. LgA-H rats showed increased striatal protein phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MSK1/2. Histone H3, phosphorylated at serine 10 and acetylated at lysine 14 (H3S10pK14Ac), a MSK1/2 target, showed increased abundance only in LgA-H rats. RT-qPCR analyses revealed increased AMPA receptor subunits, GluA2 and GluA3 mRNAs, in the LgA-H rats. GluA3, but not GluA2, mRNA expression correlated positively with changes in pMSK1/2 and H3S10pK14Ac. These findings suggest that escalated oxycodone SA results in MSK1/2-dependent histone phosphorylation and increases in striatal gene expression. These observations offer potential avenues for interventions against oxycodone addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Blackwood
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael T McCoy
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bruce Ladenheim
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang M, Pu X, Feng B, Fan Q, Dai Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Liu L, Cao S, Wang G. Alterations of Glucose Uptake and Protein Expression Related to the Insulin Signaling Pathway in the Brain of Phenobarbital-Addictive Rats by 18F-FDG PET/CT and Proteomic Analysis. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:950-959. [PMID: 33105993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease. Alterations of glucose uptake and metabolism are found in the brain of drug addicts. Insulin mediates brain glucose metabolism and its abnormality could induce brain injury and cognitive impairment. Here, we established a rat model of phenobarbital addiction by 90 days of dose escalation and evaluated addiction-related symptoms. We also performed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to detect glucose uptake in the brain and proteomic analysis of the function of the differentially expressed (DE) proteins via bioinformatics in brain tissues by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on days 60 and 90 of phenobarbital or 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) (vehicle) administration. The results showed that phenobarbital-addictive rats developed severe withdrawal symptoms after abstinence and glucose uptake was significantly increased in the brain. Proteomics analysis showed that numerous DE proteins were enriched after phenobarbital administration, among which CALM1, ARAF, and Cbl proteins (related to the insulin signaling pathway) were significantly downregulated on day 60 but not day 90. However, SLC27A3 and NF-κB1 proteins (related to insulin resistance) were significantly upregulated on day 90 (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021101). Our data indicate that the insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance may play a role in the development of phenobarbital addiction and brain injury, so the findings may have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bimin Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingze Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dalby NO, Falk-Petersen CB, Leurs U, Scholze P, Krall J, Frølund B, Wellendorph P. Silencing of spontaneous activity at α4β1/3δ GABA A receptors in hippocampal granule cells reveals different ligand pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3975-3990. [PMID: 32484592 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors, α4 β1 δ and α4 β3 δ, in dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) are known to exhibit both spontaneous channel openings (i.e. constitutive activity) and agonist-induced current. The functional implications of spontaneous gating are unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that constitutively active α4 β1/3 δ receptors limit agonist efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings of adult male rat and mouse hippocampal DGGCs were used to characterize known agonists and antagonists at δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors. To separate constitutive and agonist-induced currents, different recording conditions were employed. KEY RESULTS Recordings at either 24°C or 34°C, including the PKC autoinhibitory peptide (19-36) intracellularly, removed spontaneous gating by GABAA receptors. In the absence of spontaneous gating, DGGCs responded to the α4 β1/3 δ orthosteric agonist Thio-THIP with a four-fold increased efficacy relative to recording conditions favouring constitutive activity. Surprisingly, the neutral antagonist gabazine was unable to antagonize the current by Thio-THIP. Furthermore, a current was elicited by gabazine alone only when the constitutive current was silenced (EC50 2.1 μM). The gabazine-induced current was inhibited by picrotoxin, potentiated by DS2, completely absent in δ-/- mice and reduced in β1 -/- mice, but could not be replicated in human α4 β1/3 δ receptors expressed heterologously in HEK cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Kinase activity infers spontaneous gating in α4 β1/3 δ receptors in DGGCs. This significantly limits the efficacy of GABAA agonists and has implications in pathologies involving aberrant excitability caused by phosphorylation (e.g. addiction and epilepsy). In such cases, the efficacy of δ-preferring GABAA ligands may be reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ole Dalby
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrike Leurs
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacob Krall
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Frølund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu S, Chen P, Chen M, Ruan J, Ren W, Zhang X, Gao Y, Li Y. Alcohol inhibits morphine/cocaine reward memory acquisition and reconsolidation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1043-1053. [PMID: 31912191 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Alcohol is a recreational substance that is generally socially acceptable and legal in most areas worldwide. An alcohol overdose will produce an inhibitory effect on the brain and impair cognition and memory. In this study, we examined the effect of alcohol on the acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation of drug reward memory induced by morphine and cocaine in rats. METHODS Rats were trained to acquire morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) conditioned place preference (CPP) via an unbiased CPP paradigm. Vehicle or alcohol (0.25, 0.75, 1.5 g/kg, i.p.) was administered at various time-points, including 30 min before each CPP conditioning session (acquisition), immediately after each CPP conditioning session (consolidation), immediately after the reactivation of CPP (reconsolidation with re-exposure), or without reactivation to the drug-paired context (reconsolidation without re-exposure). Conditioning scores were recorded before or after each conditioning session or memory reactivation. RESULTS Alcohol at a dose of 1.5 g/kg but not 0.25 g/kg or 0.75 g/kg significantly inhibited the acquisition and reconsolidation of morphine- and cocaine-associated memory. In contrast, alcohol had no effect on the consolidation of morphine- or cocaine-induced CPP. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that pre-exposure alcohol dose-dependently attenuated morphine- or cocaine-induced place preference and prevented drug reinstatement in rats by disrupting memory reconsolidation, which may be explained by the inhibitory effect of alcohol on dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Mingzhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wanying Ren
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szumlinski KK, Ary AW, Shin CB, Wroten MG, Courson J, Miller BW, Ruppert‐Majer M, Hiller JW, Shahin JR, Ben‐Shahar O, Kippin TE. PI3K activation within ventromedial prefrontal cortex regulates the expression of drug-seeking in two rodent species. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1216-1226. [PMID: 30450839 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are intracellular signal transducer enzymes that recruit protein kinase B (aka Akt) to the cell membrane, the subsequent activation of which regulates many cellular functions. PI3K/Akt activity is up-regulated within mesocorticolimbic structures in animal models of alcoholism, but less is known regarding PI3K/Akt activity in animal models of cocaine addiction. Given that prefrontal cortex (PFC) is grossly dysregulated in addiction, we studied how cocaine affects protein indices of PFC PI3K/Akt activity in rat and mouse models and examined the relevance of PI3K activity for cocaine-related learning. Immunoblotting of mouse medial PFC at 3 weeks withdrawal from a cocaine-sensitization regimen (seven injections of 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [IP]) revealed increased kinase activity, as did immunoblotting of tissue from the ventral PFC of rats with a history of long-access intravenous cocaine self-administration (0.25 mg/0.1 mL infusion; 10 days of 6 h/d cocaine access). Interestingly, increased Akt phosphorylation was observed in rat ventromedial PFC at both 3- and 30-day withdrawal only in animals re-exposed to cocaine-associated cues. A conditioned place-preference paradigm in mice and a cue-elicited drug-seeking test in rats were conducted to determine the functional relevance for elevated PI3K activity for addiction-related behavior. In both cases, an intra-PFC infusion of the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (50μM) reduced drug-seeking behavior. Taken together, this cross-species, interdisciplinary, study provides convincing evidence that cocaine history produces an enduring increase in PI3K/Akt-dependent signaling within the more ventral aspect of the PFC that is relevant to behavioral reactivity to drug-associated cues/contexts. As such, PI3K inhibitors may well serve as an effective strategy for reducing drug cue reactivity and craving in cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
- Department of MolecularCellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute Santa Barbara California
| | - Alexis W. Ary
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Christina B. Shin
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Melissa G. Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Justin Courson
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Bailey W. Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Micaela Ruppert‐Majer
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - John W. Hiller
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - John R. Shahin
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Osnat Ben‐Shahar
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
- Department of MolecularCellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute Santa Barbara California
- Center for Collaborative BiotechnologyUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dunn AD, Reed B, Erazo J, Ben-Ezra A, Kreek MJ. Signaling Properties of Structurally Diverse Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands: Toward in Vitro Models of in Vivo Responses. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3590-3600. [PMID: 31313902 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased ligands preferentially activate certain signaling pathways downstream of their target receptor, leading to differential physiological or behavioral responses downstream. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a drug target for diseases involving mood and reward, such as depression and addiction. Biased KOR ligands offer the potential to overcome negative side effects that have previously hampered the therapeutic development of KOR agonists by preferentially activating certain signaling pathways. Understanding relationships between ligand bias and behavior is difficult, however, because differences in cellular context and bias quantification methods lead to variation between studies. Here, a set of 21 structurally diverse KOR ligands were tested in parallel, to systematically quantify ligand bias at the KOR. Compounds included the endogenous peptide ligand Dynorphin A(1-17), two novel compounds synthesized for our research, and 18 additional compounds of different structural classes, including morphinans and the natural product Salvinorin A. Compounds were tested for their activity in early KOR signaling pathways (G-protein and β-arrestin recruitment) in KOR-expressing U2OS cells, and ligand bias was calculated. A subset of compounds was tested for sedative properties in the rotarod assay in mice. We found that rotarod sedation significantly correlated with β-arrestin signaling in this system, indicating that this in vitro system can be used to accurately describe this in vivo behavior caused by KOR agonists. Additionally, downstream signaling pathways ERK1/2 and mTOR were evaluated, and we determined that signaling via both of these pathways could diverge from KOR-mediated G-protein and arrestin signaling in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D. Dunn
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Brian Reed
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jose Erazo
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ariel Ben-Ezra
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Q, Li X, Zhao Y, Cao K, Liu Y, Xiao R, Wang C, Li Y, Huang W, Wang X. Dopamine D1 receptor agonist treatment alleviates morphine-exposure-induced learning and memory impairments. Brain Res 2019; 1711:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
18
|
Krawczyk MC, Millan J, Blake MG, Feld M, Boccia MM. Relevance of ERK1/2 Post-retrieval Participation on Memory Processes: Insights in Their Particular Role on Reconsolidation and Persistence of Memories. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31057366 PMCID: PMC6478671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Back in 1968, Misanin and his group posited that reactivation of consolidated memories could support changes in that trace, similar to what might happen during the consolidation process. Not until 2000, when Nader et al. (2000) studied the behavioral effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor on retrieved memories, could this previous statement be taken under consideration once again; suggesting that consolidated memories can become labile after reactivation. The process of strengthening after memory labilization was named memory reconsolidation. In recent years, many studies pointed towards a critical participation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway in different memory processes (e.g., consolidation, extinction, reconsolidation, among others). In this review article, we will focus on how this system might be modulating the processes triggered after retrieval of well-consolidated memories in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Millan
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Blake
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Feld
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CABA, Argentina
| | - Mariano M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
There is a plethora of amphetamine derivatives exerting stimulant, euphoric, anti-fatigue, and hallucinogenic effects; all structural properties allowing these effects are contained within the amphetamine structure. In the first part of this review, the interaction of amphetamine with the dopamine transporter (DAT), crucially involved in its behavioral effects, is covered, as well as the role of dopamine synthesis, the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, and organic cation 3 transporter (OCT3). The second part deals with requirements in amphetamine's effect on the kinases PKC, CaMKII, and ERK, whereas the third part focuses on where we are in developing anti-amphetamine therapeutics. Thus, treatments are discussed that target DAT, VMAT2, PKC, CaMKII, and OCT3. As is generally true for the development of therapeutics for substance use disorder, there are multiple preclinically promising specific compounds against (meth)amphetamine, for which further development and clinical trials are badly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E A Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Margaret E Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mukilan M, Bogdanowicz W, Marimuthu G, Rajan KE. Odour discrimination learning in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus sphinx): differential expression of Egr-1, C-fos and PP-1 in the olfactory bulb, amygdala and hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.175364. [PMID: 29674380 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) is induced by exposure to odour. The present study was designed to investigate whether there is differential expression of IEGs (Egr-1, C-fos) in the brain region mediating olfactory memory in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx We assumed that differential expression of IEGs in different brain regions may orchestrate a preference odour (PO) and aversive odour (AO) memory in C. sphinx We used preferred (0.8% w/w cinnamon powder) and aversive (0.4% w/v citral) odour substances, with freshly prepared chopped apple, to assess the behavioural response and induction of IEGs in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala. After experiencing PO and AO, the bats initially responded to both, later only engaging in feeding bouts in response to the PO food. The expression pattern of EGR-1 and c-Fos in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala was similar at different time points (15, 30 and 60 min) following the response to PO, but was different for AO. The response to AO elevated the level of c-Fos expression within 30 min and reduced it at 60 min in both the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, as opposed to the continuous increase noted in the amygdala. In addition, we tested whether an epigenetic mechanism involving protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) acts on IEG expression. The observed PP-1 expression and the level of unmethylated/methylated promoter revealed that C-fos expression is possibly controlled by odour-mediated regulation of PP-1. These results in turn imply that the differential expression of C-fos in the hippocampus and amygdala may contribute to olfactory learning and memory in C. sphinx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Mukilan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Wieslaw Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ganapathy Marimuthu
- Department of Animal Behavior and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He K, Duan G, Li Y. Dehydroeffusol inhibits viability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Hedgehog and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:93-101. [PMID: 29665365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most predominant extracranial solid tumor of infancy in the world. However, current chemotherapy has limited efficacy for more advanced stages of NB due to acquired chemoresistance or acute toxicity in NB patients. Therefore, effective novel anti-NB drugs are desperately needed. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dehydroeffusol (DHE), a phenanthrene isolated from J. effuses, on NB cells and its underlying mechanism. The results showed that DHE treatment effectively inhibited NB cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DHE treatment suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in NB cells by promoting the expression of E-cadherin (E-cad) and restraining the expressions of N-cadherin (N-cad) and vimentin. Also, the invasive capacity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in NB cells were inhibited by DHE. Furthermore, DHE suppressed the hedgehog (Hh) and the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in NB cells. In conclusion, DHE effectively inhibited the viability and EMT through inactivating the Hh and the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in NB cells, providing a novel evidence that DHE may be a potential anti-NB drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China.
| | - Guoqing Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
| | - Yanyang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caffino L, Piva A, Mottarlini F, Di Chio M, Giannotti G, Chiamulera C, Fumagalli F. Ketamine Self-Administration Elevates αCaMKII Autophosphorylation in Mood and Reward-Related Brain Regions in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5453-5461. [PMID: 28948570 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of αCaMKII expression and phosphorylation is a feature shared by drugs of abuse with different mechanisms of action. Accordingly, we investigated whether αCaMKII expression and activation could be altered by self-administration of ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor, with antidepressant and psychotomimetic as well as reinforcing properties. Rats self-administered ketamine at a sub-anesthetic dose for 43 days and were sacrificed 24 h after the last drug exposure; reward-related brain regions, such as medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral striatum (vS), and hippocampus (Hip), were used for the measurement of αCaMKII-mediated signaling. αCaMKII phosphorylation was increased in these brain regions suggesting that ketamine, similarly to other reinforcers, activates this kinase. We next measured the two main targets of αCaMKII, i.e., GluN2B (S1303) and GluA1 (S831), and found increased activation of GluN2B (S1303) together with reduced phosphorylation of GluA1 (S831). Since GluN2B, via inhibition of ERK, regulates the membrane expression of GluA1, we measured ERK2 phosphorylation in the crude synaptosomal fraction of these brain regions, which was significantly reduced suggesting that ketamine-induced phosphorylation of αCaMKII promotes GluN2B (S1303) phosphorylation that, in turn, inhibits ERK 2 signaling, an effect that results in reduced membrane expression and phosphorylation of GluA1. Taken together, our findings point to αCaMKII autophosphorylation as a critical signature of ketamine self-administration providing an intracellular mechanism to explain the different effects caused by αCaMKII autophosphorylation on the post-synaptic GluN2B- and GluA1-mediated functions. These data add ketamine to the list of drugs of abuse converging on αCaMKII to sustain their addictive properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caffino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piva
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mottarlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Chio
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roesler R. Molecular mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
24
|
Li Y, Xia B, Li R, Yin D, Liang W. Changes in Expression of Dopamine, Its Receptor, and Transporter in Nucleus Accumbens of Heroin-Addicted Rats with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Overexpression. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2805-2815. [PMID: 28598964 PMCID: PMC5473376 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore how changes in the expression of BDNF in MLDS change the effect of BDNF on dopamine (DA) neurons, which may have therapeutic implications for heroin addiction. MATERIAL AND METHODS We established a rat model of heroin addiction and observed changes in the expression of BDNF, DA, dopamine receptor (DRD), dopamine transporter (DAT), and other relevant pathways in NAc. We also assessed the effect of BDNF overexpression in the NAc, behavioral changes of heroin-conditioned place preference (CPP), and naloxone withdrawal in rats with high levels of BDNF. We established 5 adult male rat groups: heroin addiction, lentivirus transfection, blank virus, sham operation, and control. The PCR gene chip was used to study gene expression changes. BDNF lentivirus transfection was used for BDNF overexpression. A heroin CPP model and a naloxone withdrawal model of rats were established. RESULTS Expression changes were found in 20 of the 84 DA-associated genes in the NAc of heroin-addicted rats. Weight loss and withdrawal symptoms in the lentivirus group for naloxone withdrawal was less than in the blank virus and the sham operation group. These 2 latter groups also showed significant behavioral changes, but such changes were not observed in the BDNF lentivirus group before or after training. DRD3 and DAT increased in the NAc of the lentivirus group. CONCLUSIONS BDNF and DA in the NAc are involved in heroin addiction. BDNF overexpression in NAc reduces withdrawal symptoms and craving behavior for medicine induced by environmental cues for heroin-addicted rats. BDNF participates in the regulation of the dopamine system by acting on DRD3 and DAT.
Collapse
|
25
|
Robayo-Castro B, Rico JL, Hurtado-Parrado C, Ortega LA. Impacto y calidad de la productividad académica de los investigadores en Colombia en neurociencia comportamental utilizando modelos animales. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy15-5.icpa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
La productividad científica colombiana es limitada considerando indicadores como el número de artículos publicados en revistas de alto impacto y el índice h. La ausencia de una línea de base y de metodologías de comparación de productividad dificulta trazar las expectativas de publicación provenientes de las instancias nacionales. El objetivo del presente estudio es el de evaluar de manera comparativa aspectos relacionados con el impacto y la calidad de la productividad académica de los investigadores en neurociencia comportamental utilizando modelos animales en Colombia. Se encontró que aunque los investigadores en Colombia publican de manera significativa (0.9 artículos por año), están rezagados en todos los aspectos de productividad con relación a investigadores internacionales. Se espera que la metodología propuesta pueda extenderse a la evaluación del impacto y calidad de la productividad en temáticas específicas de otras áreas de investigación.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang J, Li M, Wang P, Zha Y, He Z, Li Z. Inhibition of the lateral habenular CaMKⅡ abolishes naloxone-precipitated conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:64-70. [PMID: 28527717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addictive substances mediate positive and negative states promoting compulsive drug use. However, substrates for aversive effects of drugs are not fully understood. We found that inactivation of the lateral habenula (LHb) by microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) abolished naloxone-precipitated conditioned place aversion (CPA) in morphine-dependent mice. We also found that lateral habenular administration of KN-62, a specific inhibitor for calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), abolished naloxone-precipitated CPA in morphine-dependent mice. Furthermore, we found chronic morphine treatment induced overexpression of CaMKII in the LHb. In conclusion, our results suggest that the increased expression of CaMKII in the LHb is instrumental for morphine-driven aversive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Min Li
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ping Wang
- People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yunhong Zha
- People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Zhi He
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao P, de Munck JC, Limpens JHW, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Voorn P. A neuronal activation correlate in striatum and prefrontal cortex of prolonged cocaine intake. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3453-3475. [PMID: 28393262 PMCID: PMC5676843 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive changes in the involvement of striatal and frontal cortical regions in drug use are thought to underlie the progression to habitual drug use and loss of cognitive control over drug intake that occur with accumulating drug experience. The present experiments focus on changes in neuronal activity in these regions associated with short-term (10 days) and long-term (60 days) self-administration of cocaine. Quantitative in situ hybridization for the immediate early gene Mkp1 was combined with statistical parametric mapping to assess the distribution of neuronal activity. We hypothesized that neuronal activity in striatum would increase in its dorsal part and that activity in frontal cortex would decrease with prolonged cocaine self-administration experience. Expression of Mkp1 was profoundly increased after cocaine self-administration, and the magnitude of this effect was greater after short-term compared to long-term self-administration. Increased neuronal activity was seen in both dorsal and ventral sectors of the striatum after 10 days exposure to cocaine. However, enhanced activity was restricted to dorsomedial and dorsocentral striatum after 60 days cocaine self-administration. In virtually all medial prefrontal and most orbitofrontal areas, increased expression of Mkp1 was observed after 10 days of cocaine taking, whereas after 60 days, enhanced expression was restricted to caudal parts of medial prefrontal and caudomedial parts of orbitofrontal cortex. Our data reveal functional changes in cellular activity in striatum and frontal cortex with increasing cocaine self-administration experience. These changes might reflect the neural processes that underlie the descent from recreational drug taking to compulsive cocaine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C de Munck
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules H W Limpens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Voorn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Garcinol: A Magic Bullet of Amnesia for Maladaptive Memories? Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:581-583. [PMID: 27550731 PMCID: PMC5240180 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Wang Y, Yao Y, Li Y, Nie H, He X. Prenatal morphine exposure during late embryonic stage enhances the rewarding effects of morphine and induces the loss of membrane-bound protein kinase C-α in intermediate medial mesopallium in the chick. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:25-30. [PMID: 27989573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility to drug abuse may be associated with the structural and/or functional changes in the reward-related brain regions induced by drug exposure during sensitive periods of embryonic development. Previously, we have found that prenatal morphine exposure during embryonic days 17-20 may be crucial for developing the susceptibility to morphine reward after hatching. However, the underlying structure and cellular mechanisms need further investigation. In the present study, the chicks of a few days old, which were prenatally exposed to morphine during E17-20, obviously showed higher preference for the morphine-paired chamber and hyperactivity during the expression of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP), and the reduction in membrane-bound of PKCα of the bilateral intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) assayed immunologically. These results indicate that the decreased expression of PKCα in IMM may participate in the development of the susceptibility to the rewarding effects of morphine in chicks prenatally exposed to morphine, and provide further support for the cross-species evolutionary concordance among amniotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Medical Humanities, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Han Nie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xingu He
- School of Medical Humanities, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoffmann HM, Crouzin N, Moreno E, Raivio N, Fuentes S, McCormick PJ, Ortiz J, Vignes M. Long-Lasting Impairment of mGluR5-Activated Intracellular Pathways in the Striatum After Withdrawal of Cocaine Self-Administration. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 20:72-82. [PMID: 27744406 PMCID: PMC5412585 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine addiction continues to be a major heath concern, and despite public health intervention there is a lack of efficient pharmacological treatment options. A newly identified potential target are the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, with allosteric modulators showing particular promise. METHODS We evaluated the capacity of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors to induce functional responses in ex vivo striatal slices from rats with (1) acute cocaine self-administration, (2) chronic cocaine self-administration, and (3) 60 days cocaine self-administration withdrawal by Western blot and extracellular recordings of synaptic transmission. RESULTS We found that striatal group I metabotropic glutamate receptors are the principal mediator of the mGluR1/5 agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced cAMP responsive-element binding protein phosphorylation. Both acute and chronic cocaine self-administration blunted group I metabotropic glutamate receptor effects on cAMP responsive-element binding protein phosphorylation in the striatum, which correlated with the capacity to induce long-term depression, an effect that was maintained 60 days after chronic cocaine self-administration withdrawal. In the nucleus accumbens, the principal brain region mediating the rewarding effects of drugs, chronic cocaine self-administration blunted group I metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 and cAMP responsive-element binding protein. Interestingly, the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist/inverse-agonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride, led to a specific increase in cAMP responsive-element binding protein phosphorylation after chronic cocaine self-administration, specifically in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged cocaine self-administration, through withdrawal, leads to a blunting of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor responses in the striatum. In addition, specifically in the accumbens, group I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling to cAMP responsive-element binding protein shifts from an agonist-induced to an antagonist-induced cAMP responsive-element binding protein phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Mette Hoffmann
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Nadine Crouzin
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Noora Raivio
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France (Drs Hoffmann, Crouzin, and Vignes); Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Dr Hoffmann, Ms Raivio, Dr Fuentes, and Dr Ortiz); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Moreno and McCormick); University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom (Dr McCormick)
| | - Jordi Ortiz
- Present address (H.M.H.): Department of Reproductive Medicine, 349 Leichtag Biomedical Research Building, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Papale A, Morella IM, Indrigo MT, Bernardi RE, Marrone L, Marchisella F, Brancale A, Spanagel R, Brambilla R, Fasano S. Impairment of cocaine-mediated behaviours in mice by clinically relevant Ras-ERK inhibitors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27557444 PMCID: PMC4996650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-ERK signalling in the brain plays a central role in drug addiction. However, to date, no clinically relevant inhibitor of this cascade has been tested in experimental models of addiction, a necessary step toward clinical trials. We designed two new cell-penetrating peptides - RB1 and RB3 - that penetrate the brain and, in the micromolar range, inhibit phosphorylation of ERK, histone H3 and S6 ribosomal protein in striatal slices. Furthermore, a screening of small therapeutics currently in clinical trials for cancer therapy revealed PD325901 as a brain-penetrating drug that blocks ERK signalling in the nanomolar range. All three compounds have an inhibitory effect on cocaine-induced ERK activation and reward in mice. In particular, PD325901 persistently blocks cocaine-induced place preference and accelerates extinction following cocaine self-administration. Thus, clinically relevant, systemically administered drugs that attenuate Ras-ERK signalling in the brain may be valuable tools for the treatment of cocaine addiction. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17111.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papale
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Maria Morella
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rick Eugene Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livia Marrone
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchisella
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|