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Fahmy MI, Khalaf SS, Elrayess RA. The neuroprotective effects of alpha lipoic acid in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in mice via activating PI3K/AKT pathway and antagonizing related inflammatory cascades. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 980:176878. [PMID: 39127301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an idiopathic disease caused by the loss or degeneration of the dopaminergic (dopamine-producing) neurons in the brain and characterized by various inflammatory and apoptotic responses in the neuronal cells. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) axis is responsible for neuronal survival by providing a number of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic milieu that prevent the progression of PD. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural cofactor that has antioxidant capacity and contributes to various metabolic processes. ALA can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and contribute to numerous neuroprotective effects. It can activate PI3K/AKT pathway with consequent reduction of different inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Our work aims to unfold the neuroprotective effects of ALA via targeting PI3k/AKT pathway. Forty male mice were divided into four groups: control, ALA (100 mg/kg/day; i.p.), rotenone (ROT) (1.5 mg/kg/2 days, i.p.) and rotenone + ALA for 21 days. ALA showed obvious neuroprotective effects via significant activation of PI3K/AKT pathway with subsequent decreasing level of Caspase-3. ALA resulted in prominent anti-inflammatory actions by decreasing interlukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor kabba (NFk)-B. ALA remarkably induced antioxidant activities via increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels as well as decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The substantial behavioral improvement reflected in these results was noticed in the ALA-treated mice as a reflection of the neuroprotective activities of ALA. In conclusion, ALA showed promising neuroprotective effects in rotenone-induced PD via activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and consequent inhibition of apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Fahmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Samar S Khalaf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, 11785, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ranwa A Elrayess
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Kılınç S, Şahin P, Yığman Z, Sevgili AM. Topiramate's effects on normal and fatty liver. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:729-738. [PMID: 37919963 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2276083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Topiramate (TPM), a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor, is known for its anti-obesity effect. Even though, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is present in 80% of obese patients, TPM's effects on oxidant-antioxidant parameters and CA activity on fatty liver is not known. 24 Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, TPM, diet, and diet + TPM. Diet groups fed with high-fat diet while control and TPM groups received standard chow for six weeks. Than 100 mg/kg/day TPM (po) was added to TPM groups for 21 days. Rats' weight and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly, and at the end of the study liver removed for biochemical and histological analysis. TPM eliminated the increases in weight and blood glucose levels caused by high-fat diet. TPM decreased CA activity in all groups. MDA levels increased significantly in TPM and DT groups (p = 0.004; p = 0.008). GSH levels were decreased in the TPM, D and DT groups (p = 0.004; p = 0.015; p = 0.003). Similarly, GPx activity levels were significantly decreased in all groups. Histological evaluation revealed notable infiltration, eosinophilia and cytoplasmic vacuolization in the TPM group. Steatosis and NAFLD activity score (NAS) were higher in the diet group. Ballooning, infiltration and NAS were higher in the diet + TPM group compared to control. CA activity negatively correlated with MDA (p < 0.001), and positively correlated with GSH (p < 0.001). TPM caused oxidant stress and liver damage, which are exacerbated in NAFLD induced rats. Therefore, use of TPM in patients with liver disease should be considered very carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Kılınç
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Şahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yığman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Meltem Sevgili
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Varzandeh R, Khezri MR, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Jafari A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Protective effects of topiramate on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats through the inhibition of oxidative stress. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1141-1149. [PMID: 37632553 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an intestinal inflammatory condition characterized by a rise in inflammatory mediator production and oxidative stress. Topiramate is an anticonvulsant agent with effectiveness on a wide range of seizures, which is anti-oxidative. This study aims to examine the protective effects of topiramate on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control, acetic acid, acetic acid + topiramate, and acetic acid + dexamethasone groups. Topiramate (100 mg/kg/day) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg/day) was administered for six consecutive days, and ulcerative colitis was induced on the first day of the study by transrectal administration of 4% acetic acid. Four hours after the last dose of treatments, animals of each group were sacrificed, and colon tissues were removed for further macroscopic, histopathologic, and biochemical analyses. Treatment with topiramate markedly decreased colonic lesions and macroscopic scores as well as the improvement of histopathologic changes. Topiramate also effectively decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and upregulated the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Our results reveal that the administration of topiramate ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats via anti-oxidative properties, and further studies may introduce it as an effective therapeutic candidate to decrease ulcerative colitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Varzandeh
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute On Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Bravo J, Magalhães C, Andrade EB, Magalhães A, Summavielle T. The impact of psychostimulants on central and peripheral neuro-immune regulation: a scoping review of cytokine profiles and their implications for addiction. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1109611. [PMID: 37305435 PMCID: PMC10251407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that psychostimulants act on glial cells causing neuroinflammation and adding to the neurotoxic effects of such substances. Neuroinflammation can be described as an inflammatory response, within the CNS, mediated through several cytokines, reactive oxygen species, chemokines and other inflammatory markers. These inflammatory players, in particular cytokines, play important roles. Several studies have demonstrated that psychostimulants impact on cytokine production and release, both centrally and at the peripheral level. Nevertheless, the available data is often contradictory. Because understanding how cytokines are modulated by psychoactive substances seems crucial to perspective successful therapeutic interventions, here, we conducted a scoping review of the available literature. We have focused on how different psychostimulants impact on the cytokine profile. Publications were grouped according to the substance addressed (methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA or other amphetamines), the type of exposure and period of evaluation (acute, short- or long-term exposure, withdrawal, and reinstatement). Studies were further divided in those addressing central cytokines, circulating (peripheral) levels, or both. Our analysis showed that the classical pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were those more investigated. The majority of studies have reported increased levels of these cytokines in the central nervous system after acute or repeated drug. However, studies investigating cytokine levels during withdrawal or reinstatement have shown higher variability in their findings. Although we have identified fewer studies addressing circulating cytokines in humans, the available data suggest that the results may be more robust in animal models than in patients with problematic drug use. As a major conclusion, an extensive use of arrays for relevant cytokines should be considered to better determine which cytokines, upon the classical ones, may be involved in the progression from episodic use to the development of addiction. A concerted effort is still necessary to address the link between peripheral and central immune players, including from a longitudinal perspective. Until there, the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to envision personalized immune-based therapeutics will continue to be unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bravo
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Magalhães
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Elva B. Andrade
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Immunobiology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jafari A, Andishfar N, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Gastroprotective effect of topiramate on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in rats: Biochemical and histological analyses. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 130:559-568. [PMID: 35261181 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant drug effective against a wide range of seizures and epilepsies. The present study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of topiramate on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. The animals were randomly distributed into four experimental groups with 10 animals in each group. Group 1 was the control group received vehicle only (DMSO at 1:4 (w/v)), group 2 was the model group received indomethacin (50 mg/kg; i.p.), and groups 3 and 4 received topiramate (100 mg/kg; i.p.) and ranitidine (100 mg/kg; i.p.), respectively, 1 h before indomethacin (50 mg/kg; i.p.). The efficacy of topiramate was compared with ranitidine. Animals were euthanized 4 h after indomethacin administration, and gastric tissues were collected for macroscopical, histopathological, and biochemical analyses. The mucosal lesions in the gastric corpus were evaluated by pathological examinations. The results revealed that the administration of indomethacin caused evident gastric mucosal damage with morphological and histological manifestation, whereas topiramate pretreatment extensively ameliorated the gastric injuries. Topiramate pretreatment also reduced the contents of tissue malonaldehyde, enhanced ferric reducing antioxidant power value and glutathione levels, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in gastric mucosa compared to the model group. Our results indicate that topiramate might possess a protective role against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers by inhibition of oxidative stress in gastric tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Andishfar
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Bai YF, Zeng C, Jia M, Xiao B. Molecular mechanisms of topiramate and its clinical value in epilepsy. Seizure 2022; 98:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ghafarimoghadam M, Mashayekh R, Gholami M, Fereydani P, Shelley-Tremblay J, Kandezi N, Sabouri E, Motaghinejad M. A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113652. [PMID: 34801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information. Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress, dementia, head trauma, amnesia, Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) may be mentioned among the diseases in which memory and learning are affected. The task of understanding deficits in memory and learning in humans is daunting due to the complexity of neural and cognitive mechanisms in the nervous system. This job is made more difficult for clinicians and researchers by the fact that many techniques used to research memory are not ethically acceptable or technically feasible for use in humans. Thus, animal models have been necessary alternative for studying normal and disordered learning and memory. This review attempts to bridge these domains to allow biomedical researchers to have a firm grasp of "memory" and "learning" as constructs in humans whereby they may then select the proper animal cognitive test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various tests (open field habituation test, Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance test, active avoidance test, 8-arms radial maze test, Morris water maze test, radial arm water maze, novel object recognition test and gait function test) have been designed to evaluate different kinds of memory. Each of these tests has their strengths and limits. Abnormal results obtained using these tasks in non-human animals indicate malfunctions in memory which may be due to several physiological and psychological diseases of nervous system. Further studies by using the discussed tests can be very beneficial for achieving a therapeutic answer to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghafarimoghadam
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mashayekh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Fereydani
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niyoosha Kandezi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Erfan Sabouri
- Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Influence of Topiramate on the Synaptic Endings of the Temporal Lobe Neocortex in an Experimental Model of Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures: An Ultrastructural Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111433. [PMID: 34827435 PMCID: PMC8615765 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this pioneering study was to assess potentially neuroprotective properties of topiramate (TPM), a broad spectrum and newer-generation antiepileptic used against damage to synaptic endings of the temporal lobe neocortex in experimental hyperthermia-induced seizures (HS). TPM (80 mg/kg b.m.) was administered in young male Wistar rats with an intragastric tube before and immediately after HS. Specimens (1 mm3) collected from the neocortex, fixed via transcardial perfusion with paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde solution, were routinely processed for transmission-electron microscopic study, i.e., for descriptive and morphometric analysis. The ultrastructure of neocortical neuropil components affected by hyperthermic stress showed distinct swelling of pre and post-synaptic axodendritic and axospinal endings, including total disintegration. Mitochondria were markedly damaged in synaptic structures. Axoplasm of presynaptic boutons contained a decreased number of synaptic vesicles. Synaptic junctions showed active zone-shortening. Preventive administration of TPM before HS induction demonstrated neuroprotective effects against synaptic damage in approximately 1/4 of these structures. Interestingly, beneficial effects on synapsis morphology were more common in perivascular zones close to well-preserved capillaries. They were demonstrated by smaller swelling of both presynaptic and postsynaptic parts, well-preserved mitochondria, an increased number and regular distribution of synaptic vesicles within axoplasm, and a significantly increased synaptic active zones. However, topiramate used directly after HS was ineffective in the prevention of hyperthermia-evoked synaptic injury. Our findings support the hypothesis that topiramate applied before HS can protect some neocortical synapses via the vascular factor by enhancing blood-brain barrier components and improving the blood supply of gray matter in the temporal lobe, which may be significant in febrile seizure-prevention in children.
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Chen W, Jiang L, Hu Y, Fang G, Yang B, Li J, Liang N, Wu L, Hussain Z. Nanomedicines, an emerging therapeutic regimen for treatment of ischemic cerebral stroke: A review. J Control Release 2021; 340:342-360. [PMID: 34695522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its intricate pathophysiology, cerebral stroke is a serious medical condition caused by interruption or obstruction of blood supply (blockage of vasculature) to the brain tissues which results in diminished supply of essential nutrients and oxygen (hypoxia) and ultimate necrosis of neuronal tissues. A prompt risks assessment and immediate rational therapeutic plan with proficient neuroprotection play critically important role in the effective management of this neuronal emergency. Various conventional medications are being used for treatment of acute ischemic cerebral stroke but fibrinolytic agents, alone or in combination with other agents are considered the mainstay. These clot-busting agents effectively restore blood supply (reperfusion) to ischemic regions of the brain; however, their clinical significance is hampered due to various factors such as short plasma half-life, limited distribution to brain tissues due to the presence of highly efficient physiological barrier, blood brain barrier (BBB), and lacking of target-specific delivery to the ischemic brain regions. To alleviate these issues, various types of nanomedicines such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, nanoemulsion, micelles and dendrimers have been designed and evaluated. The implication of these newer therapies (nanomedicines) have revolutionized the therapeutic outcomes by improving the plasma half-life, permeation across BBB, efficient distribution to ischemic cerebral tissues and neuroprotection. Furthermore, the adaptation of some diverse techniques including PEGylation, tethering of targeting ligands on the surfaces of nanomedicines, and pH responsive features have also been pondered. The implication of these emerging adaptations have shown remarkable potential in maximizing the targeting efficiency of drugs to ischemic brain tissues, simultaneous delivery of drugs and imaging agents (for early prognosis as well as monitoring of therapy), and therapeutic outcomes such as long-term neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Lingfei Jiang
- Graduate College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China.
| | - Gang Fang
- Guangxi Zhuang and Yao Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Bilin Yang
- Graduate College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Junhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Ni Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China.
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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Soleimani Meigoni Z, Jabari F, Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Protective effects of forced exercise against topiramate-induced cognition impairment and enhancement of its antiepileptic activity: molecular and behavioral evidences. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1198-1209. [PMID: 33428483 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1873979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Propose/aim of study: Forced exercise can act as a neuroprotective factor and cognitive enhancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of forced exercise on topiramate (TPM) induced cognitive impairment and also on TPM anti-seizure activity and neurodegeneration status after seizure.Material and method: Forty adult male rats were divided into four groups receiving normal saline, TPM (100 mg/kg), TPM in combination with forced exercise and forced exercise only respectively for 21 days. MWM test, and PTZ induced seizure were used and some oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers were measured for assessment of experimental animals.Results: Forced exercise in combination with TPM could abolish the TPM induced cognitive impairment and potentiates its anti-seizure activity. Also forced exercise in combination with TPM decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Bax protein, while caused increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities after PTZ administration.Conclusion: It seems that forced exercise could act as an adjunct therapy with TPM for management of induced cognitive impairment and can also potentiate TPM antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soleimani Meigoni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jabari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kong N, Bao Y, Zhao H, Kang X, Tai X, Shen Y. Methylphenidate causes cytotoxicity on photoreceptor cells via autophagy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:71-80. [PMID: 32748667 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120940357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is used as the first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, there are concerns that this treatment may be associated with increased risk of retinal damage. This study was to investigate cytotoxicity of MPH on photoreceptor cells and explore its underlying mechanisms. MPH-caused cell toxicity was established in 661 W cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromid and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Oxidative stress was measured by the markers: glutathione (GSH) reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities as well as GSH, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels. Gene and protein expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, respectively. Results showed that MPH decreased 661 W cell viability, increased caspase-3/9 activities, and induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, MPH treatment increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3B) protein expression in 661 W cells, suggesting autophagy was induced. MPH treatment also upregulated p-JAK1/p-STAT1 protein expression. These data demonstrated that MPH could increase oxidative stress in photoreceptor cells to cause cell toxicity via autophagy, providing the scientific rationale for the photoreceptor cell damage caused by the MPH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, 477093Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 477093Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Zhao
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - X Kang
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - X Tai
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Y Shen
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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CDDO-Me Inhibits Microglial Activation and Monocyte Infiltration by Abrogating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-Mediated Signaling Pathways Following Status Epilepticus. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051123. [PMID: 32370011 PMCID: PMC7290793 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity), microglial activation, and monocyte infiltration result in the inflammatory responses in the brain that is involved in the epileptogenesis. Therefore, the regulation of microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the therapeutic strategies for avoidance of secondary brain injury induced by SE. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me; RTA 402) is an activator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates intracellular redox homeostasis. In addition, CDDO-Me has anti-inflammatory properties that suppress microglial proliferation and its activation, although the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In the present study, CDDO-Me ameliorated monocyte infiltration without vasogenic edema formation in the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) following SE, accompanied by abrogating monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, CDDO-Me inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-S276 phosphorylation and microglial transformation, independent of Nrf2 expression. Similar to CDDO-Me, SN50 (an NFκB inhibitor) mitigated monocyte infiltration by reducing MCP-1 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the FPC following SE. Therefore, these findings suggest, for the first time, that CDDO-Me may attenuate microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation via modulating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-MCP-1 signaling pathways following SE.
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Goudarzi N, Mohammad Valipour S, Nooritahneh A, Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Safari S, Gholami M, Vatandour S, Hekmati M. Pharmacological Evidences for Curcumin Neuroprotective Effects against Lead-Induced Neurodegeneration: Possible Role of Akt/GSK3 Signaling Pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:494-508. [PMID: 33680047 PMCID: PMC7758019 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of main herbal compounds with neuroprotective effects is curcumin. Lead poisoning cause neurodegeneration effect but its clear mechanism remains unknown. The current study evaluates the role of Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in mediating the neuroprotective effects of curcumin against lead -induced neurodegeneration in rats. Sixty adult male rats were divided to: Group 1 and 2 receiving normal saline and drinking water containing 0.075% of lead acetate. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were treated concurrently with lead acetate (0.075% in drinking water) and Curcumin (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg I.P, respectively). Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate cognitive activity, Hippocampal oxidative, anti-oxidant, as well as inflammatory and apoptotic factors and also Akt and GSK3 protein levels were studied. We found that lead poisoning disturbed the learning and memory and simultaneous treatment with Curcumin reduced the lead -induced cognition disturbances. In addition, lead acetate treatment increased lipid peroxidation and the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α , Bax, GSK3 (total and phosphorylated) while reducing reduced form of GSH, Bcl-2, and Akt3 (total and phosphorylated) levels in the hippocampus. Lead also reduced the activity of SOD, GPx, and GR in the hippocampus. In contrast, various doses of Curcumin attenuated lead -induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation; while elevating P-Akt and reduced of GSK3 levels. Thus, Curcumin via mediation of Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway confers neuroprotection against lead-induced neurodegeneration in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Goudarzi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - Sanaz Mohammad Valipour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Akram Nooritahneh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Safieh Vatandour
- Department of Animal science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Malak Hekmati
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Hafizi S, Tabatabaei D, Lai MC. Review of Clinical Studies Targeting Inflammatory Pathways for Individuals With Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:849. [PMID: 31824351 PMCID: PMC6886479 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction and abnormal immune response may be associated with certain mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The early evidence for this link was based on the increased incidence of ASD in children with a history of maternal infection during pregnancy. Observational studies show increased prevalence of immune-related disorders-ranging from atopy, food allergy, viral infections, asthma, primary immunodeficiency, to autoimmune disorders-in individuals with ASD and their families. Evidence of neuroglial activation and focal brain inflammation in individuals with ASD implies that the central nervous system immunity may also be atypical in some individuals with ASD. Also, both peripheral and central inflammatory responses are suggested to be associated with ASD-related behavioral symptoms. Atypical immune responses may be evident in specific ASD subgroups, such as those with significant gastrointestinal symptoms. The present review aimed to evaluate current literature of potential interventions that target inflammatory pathways for individuals with ASD and to summarize whether these interventions were associated with improvement in autism symptoms and adaptation. We found that the current literature on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in ASD is still limited and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to provide robust evidence. We concluded that the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the emergence of ASD or related challenges may be specific to subsets of individuals (e.g. those with concurrent immunological disorders, developmental regression, or high irritability). These subsets of individuals of ASD might be more likely to benefit from interventions that target immune-mediated mechanisms and with whom next-stage immune-mediated clinical trials could be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hafizi
- Department of Psychiatry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dina Tabatabaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Tassorelli C. Chronic and intermittent administration of systemic nitroglycerin in the rat induces an increase in the gene expression of CGRP in central areas: potential contribution to pain processing. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:51. [PMID: 30003352 PMCID: PMC6043463 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a key neuropeptide involved in the activation of the trigeminovascular system and it is likely related to migraine chronification. Here, we investigated the role of CGRP in an animal model that mimics the chronic migraine condition via repeated and intermittent nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. We also evaluated the modulatory effect of topiramate on this experimental paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with NTG (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, every 2 days over a 9-day period (5 total injections). A group of animals was injected with topiramate (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline every day for 9 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of NTG or vehicle, animals underwent tail flick test and orofacial Von Frey test. Rats were subsequently sacrificed to evaluate c-Fos and CGRP gene expression in medulla-pons region, cervical spinal cord and trigeminal ganglia. Results NTG administration induced spinal hyperalgesia and orofacial allodynia, together with a significant increase in the expression of CGRP and c-Fos genes in trigeminal ganglia and central areas. Topiramate treatment prevented NTG-induced changes by reversing NTG-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia, and inhibiting CGRP and c-Fos gene expression in all areas evaluated. Conclusions These findings point to the role of CGRP in the processes underlying migraine chronification and suggest a possible interaction with gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) and glutamate transmission to induce/maintain central sensitization and to contribute to the dysregulation of descending pain system involved in chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ishikawa AA, da Silva RM, Santos MSF, da Costa ET, Sakamoto AC, Carrilho E, de Gaitani CM, Garcia CD. Determination of topiramate by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively-coupled contactless conductivity detection: A powerful tool for therapeutic monitoring in epileptic patients. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2598-2604. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Akemi Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Instituto de Quimica de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Mauro Sérgio Ferreira Santos
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Americo Ceiki Sakamoto
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Quimica de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica - INCTBio; Campinas SP Brazil
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Dong YW, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. Dietary threonine deficiency depressed the disease resistance, immune and physical barriers in the gills of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:161-173. [PMID: 29100986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary threonine on the disease resistance, gill immune and physical barriers function of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1080 juveniles were fed six iso-nitrogenous diets containing graded levels of threonine (3.99-21.66 g kg-1 diet) for 8 weeks, and then challenged with Flavobacterium columnare. Results showed that threonine deficiency (3.99 g kg-1 diet): (1) increased the gill rot morbidity after exposure to F. columnare; (2) attenuated the gill immune barrier function by decreasing antimicrobial substances production, up-regulating the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (except IL-12p40), and down-regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines partly due to the modulation of NF-κB and TOR signaling. (3) disrupt the gill tight junction complexes by down-regulating TJs (claudin-3, -b, -c, 12, occludin, ZO-1 and ZO-2) and up-regulating TJs (claudin-7a, -7b) as well as related signaling molecule myosin light chain kinase mRNA levels (P < 0.05). (4) exacerbated the gill apoptosis by up-regulating cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease-3, 8, 9, c-Jun N-terminal kinases and mediating apoptosis related factors mRNA levels (P < 0.05); (5) exacerbated oxidative injury with increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents (P < 0.05), decreased the antioxidant related enzymes activities and corresponding mRNA levels (except glutathione peroxidase-1b and glutathione-S-transferase-omega 2) as well as glutathione contents (P < 0.05) partly ascribe to the abridgement of NF-E2-related factor 2 signaling [Nrf2/Keap1a (not Keap1b)] in fish gill. Overall, threonine deficiency depressed the disease resistance, and impaired immune and physical barriers in fish gill. Finally, based on the gill rot morbidity and biochemical indices (immune indices LA activity and antioxidant indices MDA content), threonine requirements for juvenile grass carp (9.53-53.43 g) were estimated to be 15.32 g kg-1 diet (4.73 g 100 g-1 protein), 15.52 g kg-1 diet (4.79 g 100 g-1 protein), 15.46 g kg-1 diet (4.77 g 100 g-1 protein), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Dong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Bou Khalil R, Smayra V, Saliba Y, Hajal J, Bakhos JJ, Souaiby L, Richa S, Tamraz J, Farès N. Mifepristone reduces hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and restores weight loss in rats subjected to dietary restriction and methylphenidate administration. Neurosci Res 2017; 135:46-53. [PMID: 29288690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficacy of mifepristone on weight restoration in rats subjected to dietary restriction and methylphenidate administration. 25 female rats aged between 9 and 12 months were divided into 2 groups: 5 controls (exposed only to dietary restriction) and 20 rats that were administered 5 mg/kg/d of methylphenidate before meal exposure, for 36 days. Among rats who responded to methylphenidate (weight loss of 15-25%) weeks after its administration, a group of 6 rats continued to receive only methylphenidate ("Met" group), and another group received 10 mg/kg/d of mifepristone in addition to methylphenidate for 18 days ("Met+Mif" group; n = 6). The mean weight of the "Met+Mif" group remained significantly lower when compared to the control group (87.63 ± 2.83% vs 96.29 ± 3.26%; p < 0.001 respectively) but was significantly higher than that of the "Met" group (87.63 ± 2.83% vs. 80.61 ± 3.52%; p < 0.001 respectively). Plasma concentrations of adiponectin and gene expression of its receptors in rats brain were significantly higher in the "Met" group as compared to the "Met+Mif" and control groups (p < 0.01). Accordingly, mifepristone reduces HPA axis activation and restores weight through adipose tissue recovering. It might be considered a promising treatment for anorexia nervosa patients in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bou Khalil
- Saint Joseph University, Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Research Laboratory in Physiology and Physiopathology, LRPP, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Viviane Smayra
- Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youakim Saliba
- Saint Joseph University, Research Laboratory in Physiology and Physiopathology, LRPP, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Hajal
- Saint Joseph University, Research Laboratory in Physiology and Physiopathology, LRPP, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jules-Joël Bakhos
- Saint Joseph University, Research Laboratory in Physiology and Physiopathology, LRPP, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama Souaiby
- National mental health program, Ministry of public health, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sami Richa
- Saint Joseph University, Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Head of department of Psychiatry, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Tamraz
- Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Department of Neuroimaging, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Farès
- Saint Joseph University, Research Laboratory in Physiology and Physiopathology, LRPP, Beirut, Lebanon; Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Topiramate via NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha2 receptors and by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway exerts neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1369-1387. [PMID: 28795276 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abuse of methylphenidate (MPH) often causes neuronal cell death. Topiramate (TPM) carries neuroprotective effects, but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, the role of various doses of TPM and its possible mechanisms, receptors and signaling pathways involved against MPH-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration were evaluated in vivo. Thus, domoic acid (DOM) was used as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, ketamine (KET) as NMDA receptor antagonist, yohimbine (YOH) as α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist and haloperidol (HAL) was used as dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Open field test (OFT) was used to investigate the disturbances in motor activity. Hippocampal neurodegenerative parameters were evaluated. Protein expressions of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathways were also evaluated. Cresyl violet staining was performed to show and confirm the changes in the shape of the cells. TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) reduced MPH-induced rise in lipid peroxidation, oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), IL-1β and TNF-α levels, Bax expression and motor activity disturbances. In addition, TPM treatment increased Bcl-2 expression, the level of reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the levels and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. TPM also inhibited MPH-induced hippocampal degeneration. Pretreatment of animals with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced neuroprotection and increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuroapoptosis and neurodegeneration while reducing CREB, BDNF and Akt protein expressions. Also pretreatment with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced decreases in GSK3. It can be concluded that the mentioned receptors by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 pathways, are involved in neuroprotection of TPM against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Fatima S, Faraji F, Mozaffari S. The Neuroprotective Effect of Curcumin Against Nicotine-Induced Neurotoxicity is Mediated by CREB–BDNF Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2921-2932. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Babalouei F, Abdollahi M, Heidari M, Madjd Z. Possible involvement of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in neuroprotective effects of topiramate against methylphenidate induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated hippocampus of rats: Molecular, biochemical and histological evidences. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:82-98. [PMID: 28552672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abuse of methylphenidate (MPH) can cause serious neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) were approved, but its putative mechanism remains unclear. In current study the role of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in TPM protection against methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus was evaluated. 60 adult male rats were divided randomly into six groups. Groups received MPH (10mg/kg) only and concurrently with TPM (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) and TPM (50 and 100mg/kg) only for 14 days. Open field test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity. Some biomarkers of apoptotic, anti-apoptotic, oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were also measured in hippocampus. Expression of total (inactive) and phosphorylated (active) CREB and BDNF were also measured in gene and protein levels in dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 areas of hippocampus. MPH caused significant decreases in motor activity in OFT while TPM (50 and 100mg/kg) inhibited MPH-induced decreases in motor activity. On the other hand, MPH caused remarkable increases in Bax protein level, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in hippocampal tissue. MPH also caused significant decreases of superoxide dismutase, activity and also decreased CREB, in both forms, BDNF and Bcl-2 protein levels. TPM, by the mentioned doses, attenuated these effects and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and also increased CREB, in both forms, BDNF and Bcl-2 protein levels and inhibited MPH induced increase in Bax protein level, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, IL-1β and TNF-α levels. TPM also inhibited MPH induced decreases in cell number and changes in cell shapes in DG and CA1 areas. TPM can probably act as a neuroprotective agent against MPH induced neurotoxicity and this might have been mediated by CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Babalouei
- Deparemten of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Share-Qods Brach, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Fatima S. Mediatory role of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha 2 receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate induced neurotoxicity in rat. Life Sci 2017; 179:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Abdollahi M, Heidari M, Madjd Z. Topiramate Confers Neuroprotection Against Methylphenidate-Induced Neurodegeneration in Dentate Gyrus and CA1 Regions of Hippocampus via CREB/BDNF Pathway in Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:373-399. [PMID: 28078543 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse can cause serious neurological damages. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported already, but its mechanism of action still remains unclear. The current study evaluates in vivo role of CREB/BDNF in TPM protection of the rat hippocampal cells from methylphenidate-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. A total of 60 adult male rats were divided into six groups. Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline (0.7 ml/rat) and MPH (10 mg/kg) respectively for 14 days. Groups 3 and 4 were concurrently treated with MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively for 14 days. Groups 5 and 6 were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg TPM only respectively. After drug administration, open field test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity. The hippocampus was then isolated and the apoptotic, antiapoptotic, oxidative, antioxidant, and inflammatory factors were measured. Expression of the total and phosphorylated CREB and BDNF in gene and protein levels, and gene expression of Ak1, CaMK4, MAPK3, PKA, and c-Fos levels were also measured. MPH significantly decreased motor activity in OFT. TPM (50 and 100 mg/kg) decreased MPH-induced motor activity disturbance. Additionally, MPH significantly increased Bax protein level, CaMK4 gene expression, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, mitochondrial GSH, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in isolated hippocampal cells. Also CREB, in total and phosphorylated forms, BDNF and Bcl-2 protein levels, Ak1, MAPK3, PKA and c-Fos gene expression, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities decreased significantly by MPH. TPM (50 and 100 mg/kg), both in the presence and absence of MPH, attenuated the effects of MPH. Immunohistochemistry data showed that TPM increased localization of the total and phosphorylated forms of CREB in dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 areas of the hippocampus. It seems that TPM can be used as a neuroprotective agent against apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation induced by frequent use of MPH. This might be probably mediated by the CREB/BDNF and their upstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat high way, Beside Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14525, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat high way, Beside Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14525, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center and Department of pathology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Curcumin confers neuroprotection against alcohol-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration via CREB-BDNF pathway in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:721-740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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25
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Motaghinejad M, Fatima S, Banifazl S, Bangash MY, Karimian M. Study of the effects of controlled morphine administration for treatment of anxiety, depression and cognition impairment in morphine-addicted rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:178. [PMID: 28028518 PMCID: PMC5156972 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.188491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Morphine dependency usually results in undesired outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive alterations. In this study, morphine was used to manage morphine dependence-induced anxiety, depression, and learning and memory disturbances. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 received saline for 21 days. Groups 2–5 were dependent by increasing administration of morphine (15–45 mg/kg) for 7 days. For the next 14 days, morphine was administered as the following regimen: Group 2: once daily; 45 mg/kg (positive controls), Group 3: the same dose with an increasing interval (6 h longer than the previous intervals each time), Group 4: the same dose with an irregular intervals (12, 24, 36 h intervals interchangeably), and Group 5: decreasing doses once daily (every time 2.5 mg/kg less than the former dosage). On days 22–26, elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) were performed to investigate anxiety level and depression in animals. Between 17th and 21st days, Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory. Results: Chronic morphine administration caused depression and anxiety as observed by FST, EPM, and TST and decreased motor activity in OFT and caused impairment in learning and memory performance in MWM. Treatment with our protocol as increasing interval, irregular interval, and decreasing dosage of morphine caused marked reduction in depression, anxiety, and improved cognition performance compared with positive control group; and attenuated motor deficits in morphine-dependent rats, remarkably. Conclusions: Change in dosage regimens of morphine can reduce morphine-induced anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Banifazl
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yasan Bangash
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Shabab B. Possible involvements of glutamate and adrenergic receptors on acute toxicity of methylphenidate in isolated hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:208-225. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Pharmacology Department; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Hemmat Highway, Beside Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525 Tehran Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Pharmacology Department; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Hemmat Highway, Beside Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525 Tehran Iran
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department; Iran Hormone Pharmaceutical Company; 13185-1767 Tehran Iran
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Topiramate Improves Neuroblast Differentiation of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in the D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice via Its Antioxidant Effects. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:869-877. [PMID: 27734244 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some anticonvulsant drugs are associated with cognitive ability in patients; Topiramate (TPM) is well known as an effective anticonvulsant agent applied in clinical settings. However, the effect of TPM on the cognitive function is rarely studied. In this study, we aimed to observe the effects of TPM on cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the D-galactose-induced aging mice by Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry. The study is divided into four groups including control, D-galactose-treated group, 25 and 50 mg/kg TPM-treated plus D-galactose-treated groups. We found, 50 mg/kg (not 25 mg/kg) TPM treatment significantly increased the numbers of Ki-67+ cells and DCX immunoreactivity, and improved neuroblast injury induced by D-galactose treatment. In addition, we also found that decreased immunoreactivities and protein levels of antioxidants including superoxide dismutase and catalase induced by D-galactose treatment were significantly recovered by 50 mg/kg TPM treatment in the mice hippocampal DG (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our present results indicate that TPM can ameliorate neuroblast damage and promote cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal DG via increasing SODs and catalase levels in the D-galactose mice.
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Shabab B, Fatima S. Effects of acute doses of methylphenidate on inflammation and oxidative stress in isolated hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:121-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Neuroprotective effects of various doses of topiramate against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated rat amygdala: the possible role of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1463-1477. [PMID: 27665547 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse damages brain cells. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported previously, but its exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. This study investigated the in vivo role of various doses of TPM in the protection of rat amygdala cells against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Seventy adult male rats were divided into seven groups. Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline (0.7 ml/rat) and MPH (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were concurrently treated with MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to assess motor activity disturbances. In addition, oxidative, antioxidantand inflammatory factors and CREB, Ak1, CAMK4, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS gene levels were measured by RT-PCR, and also, CREB and BDNF protein levels were measured by WB in isolated amygdalae. MPH significantly disturbed motor activity and TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) neutralized its effects. MPH significantly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial GSSG levels and IL-1β and TNF-α level and CAMK4 gene expression in isolated amygdala cells. In contrast, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and CREB, BDNF Ak1, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS expression significantly decreased. The various doses of TPM attenuated these effects of MPH. It seems that TPM can be used as a neuroprotective agent and is a good candidate against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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Motaghinejad M, Seyedjavadein Z, Motevalian M, Asadi M. The neuroprotective effect of lithium against high dose methylphenidate: Possible role of BDNF. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:40-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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