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Morito K, Ali H, Kishino S, Tanaka T. Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes and Related Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811487 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One of the functions of peroxisomes is the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs). The importance of this function in our lives is evidenced by the presence of peroxisomal disorders caused by the genetic deletion of proteins involved in these processes. Unlike mitochondrial oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation is not directly linked to ATP production. What is the role of FA oxidation in peroxisomes? Recent studies have revealed that peroxisomes supply the building blocks for lipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitate intracellular carbon recycling for membrane quality control. Accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are peroxisomal substrates, is a diagnostic marker in many types of peroxisomal disorders. However, the relationship between VLCFA accumulation and various symptoms of these disorders remains unclear. Recently, we developed a method for solubilizing VLCFAs in aqueous media and found that VLCFA toxicity could be mitigated by oleic acid replenishment. In this chapter, we present the physiological role of peroxisomal FA oxidation and the knowledge obtained from VLCFA-accumulating peroxisome-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Granadeiro L, Zarralanga VE, Rosa R, Franquinho F, Lamas S, Brites P. Ataxia with giant axonopathy in Acbd5-deficient mice halted by adeno-associated virus gene therapy. Brain 2024; 147:1457-1473. [PMID: 38066620 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 5 (ACBD5) is a critical player in handling very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) en route for peroxisomal β-oxidation. Mutations in ACBD5 lead to the accumulation of VLCFA and patients present retinal dystrophy, ataxia, psychomotor delay and a severe leukodystrophy. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated and characterized an Acbd5 Gly357* mutant allele. Gly357* mutant mice recapitulated key features of the human disorder, including reduced survival, impaired locomotion and reflexes, loss of photoreceptors, and demyelination. The ataxic presentation of Gly357* mice involved the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a giant axonopathy throughout the CNS. Lipidomic studies provided evidence for the extensive lipid dysregulation caused by VLCFA accumulation. Following a proteomic survey, functional studies in neurons treated with VLCFA unravelled a deregulated cytoskeleton with reduced actin dynamics and increased neuronal filopodia. We also show that an adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery ameliorated the gait phenotypes and the giant axonopathy, also improving myelination and astrocyte reactivity. Collectively, we established a mouse model with significance for VLCFA-related disorders. The development of relevant neuropathological outcomes enabled the understanding of mechanisms modulated by VLCFA and the evaluation of the efficacy of preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Granadeiro
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Violeta Enríquez Zarralanga
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Rosa
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Franquinho
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Lamas
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Kashyap I, Deb R, Battineni A, Nagotu S. Acyl CoA oxidase: from its expression, structure, folding, and import to its role in human health and disease. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1247-1260. [PMID: 37555868 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
β-oxidation of fatty acids is an important metabolic pathway and is a shared function between mitochondria and peroxisomes in mammalian cells. On the other hand, peroxisomes are the sole site for the degradation of fatty acids in yeast. The first reaction of this pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl CoA oxidase housed in the matrix of peroxisomes. Studies in various model organisms have reported the conserved function of the protein in fatty acid oxidation. The importance of this enzyme is highlighted by the lethal conditions caused in humans due to its altered function. In this review, we discuss various aspects ranging from gene expression, structure, folding, and import of the protein in both yeast and human cells. Further, we highlight recent findings on the role of the protein in human health and aging, and discuss the identified mutations in the protein associated with debilitating conditions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Kashyap
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Abhigna Battineni
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Morita A, Enokizono T, Ohto T, Tanaka M, Watanabe S, Takada Y, Iwama K, Mizuguchi T, Matsumoto N, Morita M, Takashima S, Shimozawa N, Takada H. Novel ACOX1 mutations in two siblings with peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency. Brain Dev 2021; 43:475-481. [PMID: 33234382 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive single enzyme deficiency characterized by hypotonia, seizures, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and neurological regression starting from approximately 3 years of age. Here, we report two siblings with ACOX1 deficiency born to non-consanguineous Japanese parents. They showed mild global developmental delay from infancy and began to regress at 5 years 10 months and 5 years 6 months of age respectively. They gradually manifested with cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, pyramidal signs, and dysphasia. Brain MRI revealed T2 high-intensity areas in the cerebellar white matter, bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle, and transverse tracts of the pons, followed by progressive atrophy of these areas. Intriguingly, the ratios of C24:0, C25:0, and C26:0 to C22:0 in plasma, which usually increase in ACOX1 deficiency were within normal ranges in both patients. On the other hand, whole exome sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous variants in ACOX1: a frameshift variant (c.160delC:p.Leu54Serfs*18) and a missense variant (c.1259 T > C:p.Phe420Ser). The plasma concentration of individual very long chain fatty acids (C24:0, C25:0, and C26:0) was elevated, and we found that peroxisomes in fibroblasts of the patients were larger in size and fewer in number as previously reported in patients with ACOX1 deficiency. Furthermore, the C24:0 β-oxidation activity was dramatically reduced. Our findings suggest that the elevation of individual plasma very long chain fatty acids concentration, genetic analysis including whole exome analysis, and biochemical studies on the patient's fibroblasts should be considered for the correct diagnosis of ACOX1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morita
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan; Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mai Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan
| | - Shiena Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan
| | - Yui Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Ibaraki Western Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwama
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Masashi Morita
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan; Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Wu XF, Liu Y, Gao CF, Chen XZ, Zhang XP, Li WY. Novel alternative splicing variants of <i>ACOX1</i> and their differential expression patterns in goats. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-59-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. As the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal β-oxidation
pathway, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), which is regulated by peroxisome
proliferator-activated alfa (PPARα), is vital for fatty acid
oxidation and deposition, especially in the lipid metabolism of very
long-chain fatty acids. Alternative splicing events of ACOX1 have been
detected in rodents, Nile tilapia, zebra fish and humans but not in goats.
Herein, we identified a novel splice variant of the ACOX1 gene,
which was designated as ACOX1-SV1, in addition to the complete transcript,
ACOX1, in goats. The length of the ACOX1-SV1 coding sequence was 1983 bp,
which presented a novel exon 2 variation owing to alternative 5′-splice
site selection in exon 2 and partial intron 1, compared to that in ACOX1. The
protein sequence analysis indicated that ACOX1-SV1 was conserved across
different species. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase
chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that these two isoforms were
expressed spatially and differently in different tissue types. ACOX1 and
ACOX1-SV1 were expressed at high levels in liver, spleen, brain and adipose
tissue in kid goats, and they were abundantly expressed in the fat, liver and
spleen of adults. Interestingly, whether in kids or in adults, in fat, the
mRNA level of ACOX1 was considerably higher than that of ACOX1-SV1. In
contrast, in the liver, the expression of ACOX1-SV1 was considerably higher
than that of ACOX1. This differential expression patterns showed the
existence of a tissue-dependent splice regulation. These novel findings for
ACOX1 should provide new insights for further studies on the function of
ACOX1 and its variants that should aid in the breeding of goats with improved
meat quality.
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