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Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Organic Cation Transporter 1 an Intestinal Uptake Transporter: Fact or Fiction? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648388. [PMID: 33935750 PMCID: PMC8080103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Shirasaka Y. [Quantitative Analysis of Gastrointestinal Physiology for Better Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption and Interaction]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:599-608. [PMID: 32378658 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although oral drugs account for 80% of the world drug market, many difficulties arise in their development. The drug absorption profile after oral administration may be influenced by multiple factors, including dosing conditions and physiological state of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Variability in GI fluid volume may influence the absorption characteristics. Indeed, the contributions of passive diffusion, transporters, and metabolic enzymes depend on GI drug concentration, which is influenced by changes in GI fluid volume. However, this important variable has been neglected in many prediction methods for oral drug absorption and drug interactions, and for convenience it is often assumed that the GI water volume is fixed at a constant value. Major global regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) recommend using a constant fluid volume of 250 mL (the fluid volume of a glass of water) to estimate the theoretical GI concentration of drugs after oral administration. However, the actual volume of water in the GI tract is both time- and site-dependent as a result of water intake, absorption, secretion, and GI transit. This review article summarizes our data showing that luminal water volume is influenced by the osmolality of the applied solution, and illustrates how this effect may contribute to changes in GI drug concentration, resulting in altered drug absorption.
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Quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled-release formulation on nonlinear gastrointestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol using physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Modulation of expression/function of intestinal P-glycoprotein under disease states. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 16:59-78. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1701653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Müller J, Keiser M, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Expression, regulation and function of intestinal drug transporters: an update. Biol Chem 2017; 398:175-192. [PMID: 27611766 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug administration is currently the favorable route of administration, intestinal drug absorption is challenged by several highly variable and poorly predictable processes such as gastrointestinal motility, intestinal drug solubility and intestinal metabolism. One further determinant identified and characterized during the last two decades is the intestinal drug transport that is mediated by several transmembrane proteins such as P-gp, BCRP, PEPT1 and OATP2B1. It is well-established that intestinal transporters can affect oral absorption of many drugs in a significant manner either by facilitating their cellular uptake or by pumping them back to gut lumen, which limits their oral bioavailability. Their functional relevance becomes even more apparent in cases of unwanted drug-drug interactions when concomitantly given drugs that cause transporter induction or inhibition, which in turn leads to increased or decreased drug exposure. The longitudinal expression of several intestinal transporters is not homogeneous along the human intestine, which may have functional implications on the preferable site of intestinal drug absorption. Besides the knowledge about the expression of pharmacologically relevant transporters in human intestinal tissue, their exact localization on the apical or basolateral membrane of enterocytes is also of interest but in several cases debatable. Finally, there is obviously a coordinative interplay of intestinal transporters (apical-basolateral), intestinal enzymes and transporters as well as intestinal and hepatic transporters. This review aims to give an updated overview about the expression, localization, regulation and function of clinically relevant transporter proteins in the human intestine.
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Malik MY, Jaiswal S, Sharma A, Shukla M, Lal J. Role of enterohepatic recirculation in drug disposition: cooperation and complications. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:281-327. [PMID: 26987379 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1157600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) concerns many physiological processes and notably affects pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life and AUC as well as estimates of bioavailability of drugs. Also, EHC plays a detrimental role as the compounds/drugs are allowed to recycle. An in-depth comprehension of this phenomenon and its consequences on the pharmacological effects of affected drugs is important and decisive in the design and development of new candidate drugs. EHC of a compound/drug occurs by biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption, sometimes with hepatic conjugation and intestinal deconjugation. EHC leads to prolonged elimination half-life of the drugs, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Study of the EHC of any drug is complicated due to unavailability of the apposite model, sophisticated procedures and ethical concerns. Different in vitro and in vivo methods for studies in experimental animals and humans have been devised, each having its own merits and demerits. Involvement of the different transporters in biliary excretion, intra- and inter-species, pathological and biochemical variabilities obscure the study of the phenomenon. Modeling of drugs undergoing EHC has always been intricate and exigent models have been exploited to interpret the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs witnessing multiple peaks due to EHC. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms of bile formation, factors affecting biliary drug elimination, methods to estimate biliary excretion of drugs, EHC, multiple peak phenomenon and its modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yaseen Malik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Raebareli , India ;,b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India ;,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , USA
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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Serra CHDR, Chang KH, Dezani TM, Porta V, Storpirtis S. Dissolution efficiency and bioequivalence study using urine data from healthy volunteers: a comparison between two tablet formulations of cephalexin. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>The aim of the present study was to assess the bioequivalence of two cephalexin tablet formulations available in the Brazilian market (product A as reference formulation and product B as test formulation). Dissolution efficiency (DE%) was calculated for both formulations to evaluate their <italic>in vitro</italic>biopharmaceutical features. The oral bioequivalence study was performed in twenty-four healthy volunteers in a crossover design. Single oral dose (tablet containing 500 mg of cephalexin) of each product was administered with two weeks of washout period. Urinary concentrations of cephalexin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and pharmacokinetics parameters were estimated by urinary excretion data. The bioequivalence was determined by the following parameters: the cumulative amount of cephalexin excreted in the urine, the total amount of cephalexin excreted in the urine and the maximum urinary excretion rate of cephalexin. DE values of immediate-release cephalexin tablets (500 mg) were 68.69±4.18% for product A and 71.03±6.63% for product B. Regarding the dissolution test of the two brands (A and B) analysed, both were in compliance with the official pharmacopeial specifications, since the dissolution of both formulations was superior to 80% of the amount declared in the label after 45 minutes of test (A=92.09%±1.84; B=92.84%±1.08). The results obtained indicated that the products A and B are pharmaceutical equivalents. Confidence intervals for the pharmacokinetic parameters were in compliance with the international standards, indicating that products A and B can be considered bioequivalents and, therefore, interchangeable.</p>
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Drozdzik M, Gröer C, Penski J, Lapczuk J, Ostrowski M, Lai Y, Prasad B, Unadkat JD, Siegmund W, Oswald S. Protein Abundance of Clinically Relevant Multidrug Transporters along the Entire Length of the Human Intestine. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3547-55. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500330y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Drozdzik
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Christian Gröer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jette Penski
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joanna Lapczuk
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Ostrowski
- Department
of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department
of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Nguyen M, Staubach P, Wolffram S, Langguth P. Effect of single-dose and short-term administration of quercetin on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in humans – Implications for the evaluation of transporter-mediated flavonoid–drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 61:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Grabowski T, Jaroszewski JJ, Piotrowski W, Sasinowska-Motyl M. Method of variability optimization in pharmacokinetic data analysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 39:111-9. [PMID: 23780910 PMCID: PMC4048666 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For many drugs administered per os, high variability in the concentration–time (C–T) values from first sampling to the phase of distribution may cause difficulty in pharmacokinetic analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a method of transformation of C–T data, which would allow significantly reducing the standard deviation (SD) value of observed concentrations, without a statistically significant influence on the value of the mean for each sampling point in group. In the presented study, the lowest value of relative standard deviation of concentrations observed in the elimination phase and the value of precision of the used analytical method, were used to optimize the arithmetic, geometric means, median, and the value of SD obtained after single oral administration of itraconazole in human subjects. Non-compartmental modeling was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. The analysis of SD pharmacokinetic parameters after C–T value optimization indicated more than twice the lower value of SD. After transforming the itraconazole data, lower variability of concentration data gives more selective pharmacokinetics profile in absorption and early distribution phase.
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Ghai D, Sinha VR. Nanoemulsions as self-emulsified drug delivery carriers for enhanced permeability of the poorly water-soluble selective β1-adrenoreceptor blocker Talinolol. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:618-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Wen NR. Double or multiple/secondary peaks in pharmacokinetics: considerations and challenges from a bio-analytical perspective. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:407-8. [PMID: 22213389 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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The relevance of assessment of intestinal P-gp inhibition using digoxin as an in vivo probe substrate. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:75; author reply 75. [PMID: 21193869 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3028-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kagan L, Dreifinger T, Mager DE, Hoffman A. Role of P-Glycoprotein in Region-Specific Gastrointestinal Absorption of Talinolol in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1560-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Davies NM, Takemoto JK, Brocks DR, Yáñez JA. Multiple Peaking Phenomena in Pharmacokinetic Disposition. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49:351-77. [DOI: 10.2165/11319320-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Tajiri S, Kanamaru T, Yoshida K, Hosoi Y, Konno T, Yada S, Nakagami H. The Relationship between the Drug Concentration Profiles in Plasma and the Drug Doses in the Colon. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1295-300. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Tajiri
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Taro Kanamaru
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yasue Hosoi
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Shuichi Yada
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroaki Nakagami
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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Dahan A, Sabit H, Amidon GL. The H2 receptor antagonist nizatidine is a P-glycoprotein substrate: characterization of its intestinal epithelial cell efflux transport. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:205-13. [PMID: 19319690 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the intestinal epithelial cell efflux transport processes that are involved in the intestinal transport of the H(2) receptor antagonist nizatidine. The intestinal epithelial efflux transport mechanisms of nizatidine were investigated and characterized across Caco-2 cell monolayers, in the concentration range 0.05-10 mM in both apical-basolateral (AP-BL) and BL-AP directions, and the transport constants of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux activity were calculated. The concentration-dependent effects of various P-gp (verapamil, quinidine, erythromycin, ketoconazole, and cyclosporine A), multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 (MRP2; MK-571, probenecid, indomethacin, and p-aminohipuric acid), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; Fumitremorgin C) inhibitors on nizatidine bidirectional transport were examined. Nizatidine exhibited 7.7-fold higher BL-AP than AP-BL Caco-2 permeability, indicative of net mucosal secretion. All P-gp inhibitors investigated displayed concentration-dependent inhibition on nizatidine secretion in both directions. The IC(50) of verapamil on nizatidine P-gp secretion was 1.2 x 10(-2) mM. In the absence of inhibitors, nizatidine displayed concentration-dependent secretion, with one saturable (J(max) = 5.7 x 10(-3) nmol cm(-2) s(-1) and K(m) = 2.2 mM) and one nonsaturable component (K(d) = 7 x 10(-4) microL cm(-2) s(-1)). Under complete P-gp inhibition, nizatidine exhibited linear secretory flux, with a slope similar to the nonsaturable component. V(max) and K(m) estimated for nizatidine P-gp-mediated secretion were 4 x 10(-3) nmol cm(-2) s(-1) and 1.2 mM, respectively. No effect was obtained with the MRP2 or the BCRP inhibitors. Being a drug commonly used in pediatrics, adults, and elderly, nizatidine susceptibility to efflux transport by P-gp revealed in this paper may be of significance in its absorption, distribution, and clearance, as well as possible drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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Murakami T, Takano M. Intestinal efflux transporters and drug absorption. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:923-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Collett A, Stephens RH, Harwood MD, Humphrey M, Dallman L, Bennett J, Davis J, Carlson GL, Warhurst G. Investigation of Regional Mechanisms Responsible for Poor Oral Absorption in Humans of a Modified Release Preparation of the α-Adrenoreceptor Antagonist, 4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(5-methanesulfonamido-1,2,3,4 tetrahydroisoquinol-2-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)quinazoline (UK-338,003): The Rational Use of ex Vivo Intestine to Predict in Vivo Absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:87-94. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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