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Carvalheiro M, Vieira J, Faria-Silva C, Marto J, Simões S. Amphotericin B-loaded deformable lipid vesicles for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:717-728. [PMID: 33534106 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the most common clinical form of human leishmaniasis, is a non-fatal chronic and disabling disease characterized by erythema and nodular or ulcerative skin lesions that may cause permanent scars and disfigurement. Topical drug delivery represents a simple and efficacious approach to treat CL skin lesions. The association of drugs with nanocarrier systems enhances their permeation properties and increases the drug amount available in the dermis. Here, a deformable lipid vesicle (DLV) was optimized for the topical administration of Amphotericin B (AmB), with the aim of studying and understanding the advantages of this type of delivery system in the transport of a drug through the skin layers. AmB-DVL were characterized in terms of incorporation parameters, stability, and elasticity, and evaluated in vitro for their permeation properties, cytotoxicity, and anti-leishmanial activity. The AmB-DVL exhibited a translucent fluid gel-like aspect and a yellow color, a mean size of 132 nm (PdI ≤ 0.1), zeta potential values around zero (mV), and an AmB incorporation efficiency of 95%. Permeation and penetration assays suggest that AmB-DLV are suitable for topical administration since AmB was detected in the epidermal and dermal skin layers. AmB-DVL was able to reduce promastigote viability in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the number of intracellular amastigotes in THP-1 macrophages. Selectivity index (SI) value for AmB-DLV was considerably higher than that observed for free AmB. Results suggest that DLV may represent an attractive vehicle for dermal delivery of AmB and a new low-cost and safe therapeutic option in CL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carvalheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Vieira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
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2
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Lanza JS, Pomel S, Loiseau PM, Frézard F. Recent advances in amphotericin B delivery strategies for the treatment of leishmaniases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1063-1079. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1659243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane S. Lanza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Antiparasite Chemotherapy, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, University Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Antiparasite Chemotherapy, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, University Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Antiparasite Chemotherapy, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, University Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Escobar P, Vera AM, Neira LF, Velásquez AO, Carreño H. Photodynamic therapy using ultradeformable liposomes loaded with chlorine aluminum phthalocyanine against L. (V.) braziliensis experimental models. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Gao S, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Jing X, Meng C. Intercalation of calcein into layered silicate magadiite and their optical properties. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171258. [PMID: 29291111 PMCID: PMC5717686 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcein-Ca (II), Zn (II) and Al (III) complexes were successfully intercalated into interlayer surfaces of layered silicate magadiite and fluorescence properties of organic metal-chelates in the confined spaces were investigated. Structures, compositions and morphologies of the intercalated magadiites were adequately studied by tests, including X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Results confirmed that metal-organic chelate species were immobilized onto the silicate sheets via solid-state interaction. Basal spacings between silicate layers decreased by exchanged metal ions and increased after intercalation of calcein into the interlayer spaces of cation-exchanged magadiites. The encapsulation was obtained by a flexible solid-solid reaction, and the present reaction and products had a potential of application to industrial uses. A speculative mechanism was proposed for reaction by solid-state intercalation. Furthermore, it was found that the complexes in the interlayer space also exhibited special fluorescence properties. The significance of this current work was that it provided a possible route for synthesizing metal-organic complexes that encapsulated in phyllosilicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Jiang Zhu e-mail:
| | - Yifu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yifu Zhang e-mail:
| | - Qiushi Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgong Meng
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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5
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Potential enhancement and targeting strategies of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers in dermal drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:967-985. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers used for alternative drug-delivery strategies have gained interest due to improved penetration and delivery of drugs into specific regions of the skin in recent years. Dermal drug delivery via polymeric-based nanocarriers (polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers) and lipid-based nanocarriers (solid–lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, vesicular nanocarriers including liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes and ethosomes) has been widely investigated. Although penetration of nanocarriers through the intact skin could be restricted, these carriers are particularly considered as feasible for the treatment of dermatological diseases in which the skin barrier is disrupted and also for follicular delivery of drugs for management of skin disorders such as acne. This review mainly highlights the recent approaches on potential penetration enhancement and targeting mechanisms of these nanocarriers.
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Ternullo S, de Weerd L, Holsæter AM, Flaten GE, Škalko-Basnet N. Going skin deep: A direct comparison of penetration potential of lipid-based nanovesicles on the isolated perfused human skin flap model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 121:14-23. [PMID: 28916504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid-based nanocarriers are attractive drug carriers for improved local skin therapy. In the present study, the recently developed isolated perfused human skin flap (IPHSF) model was used to directly compare the skin penetration enhancing potential of the three commonly used nanocarriers, namely conventional liposomes (CLs), deformable liposomes (DLs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Two fluorescent markers, calcein (hydrophilic) or rhodamine (lipophilic), were incorporated individually in the three nanosystems. The nanocarrier size ranged between 200 and 300nm; the surface charge and entrapment efficiency for both markers were dependent on the lipid composition and the employed surfactant. Both carrier-associated markers could not penetrate the full thickness human skin, confirming their suitability for dermal drug delivery. CLs exhibited higher retention of both markers on the skin surface compared to DLs and SLNs, indicating a depo formation. DLs and SLNs enabled the deeper penetration of the two markers into the skin layers. In vitro and ex vivo skin penetration studies performed on the cellophane membrane and full thickness pig/human skin, respectively, confirmed the findings. In conclusion, efficient dermal drug delivery can be achieved by optimization of a lipid nanocarrier on the suitable skin-mimicking model to assure system's accumulation in the targeted skin layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selenia Ternullo
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Louis de Weerd
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen 38, 9019 Tromsø and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ann Mari Holsæter
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Mohsen AM, Asfour MH, Salama AAA. Improved hepatoprotective activity of silymarin via encapsulation in the novel vesicular nanosystem bilosomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:2043-2054. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1361968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Jain S, Patel N, Shah MK, Khatri P, Vora N. Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Vesicles and Particulate Carriers for Topical and Transdermal Application. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:423-445. [PMID: 27865609 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the recent decade, skin delivery (topical and transdermal) has gained an unprecedented popularity, especially due to increased incidences of chronic skin diseases, demand for targeted and patient compliant delivery, and interest in life cycle management strategies among pharmaceutical companies. Literature review of recent publications indicates that among various skin delivery systems, lipid-based delivery systems (vesicular carriers and lipid particulate systems) have been the most successful. Vesicular carriers consist of liposomes, ultradeformable liposomes, and ethosomes, while lipid particulate systems consist of lipospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. These systems can increase the skin drug transport by improving drug solubilization in the formulation, drug partitioning into the skin, and fluidizing skin lipids. Considering that lipid-based delivery systems are regarded as safe and efficient, they are proving to be an attractive delivery strategy for the pharmaceutical as well as cosmeceutical drug substances. However, development of these delivery systems requires comprehensive understanding of physicochemical characteristics of drug and delivery carriers, formulation and process variables, mechanism of skin delivery, recent technological advancements, specific limitations, and regulatory considerations. Therefore, this review article encompasses recent research advances addressing the aforementioned issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Jain
- Department of Product Development, G & W Labs, 101 Coolidge Street, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080.
| | - Niketkumar Patel
- Charles River Laboratories Contract Manufacturing PA, LLC, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061
| | - Mansi K Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Pinak Khatri
- Department of Product Development, G & W PA Laboratories, Sellersville, Pennsylvania 18960
| | - Namrata Vora
- Department of Formulation Development, Capsugel Dosage Form Solutions Division, Xcelience, Tampa, Florida 33634
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10
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The isolated perfused human skin flap model: A missing link in skin penetration studies? Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:334-341. [PMID: 27720898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective (trans)dermal drug delivery systems requires reliable skin models to evaluate skin drug penetration. The isolated perfused human skin flap remains metabolically active tissue for up to 6h during in vitro perfusion. We introduce the isolated perfused human skin flap as a close-to-in vivo skin penetration model. To validate the model's ability to evaluate skin drug penetration the solutions of a hydrophilic (calcein) and a lipophilic (rhodamine) fluorescence marker were applied. The skin flaps were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH7.4). Infrared technology was used to monitor perfusion and to select a well-perfused skin area for administration of the markers. Flap perfusion and physiological parameters were maintained constant during the 6h experiments and the amount of markers in the perfusate was determined. Calcein was detected in the perfusate, whereas rhodamine was not detectable. Confocal images of skin cross-sections shoved that calcein was uniformly distributed through the skin, whereas rhodamine accumulated in the stratum corneum. For comparison, the penetration of both markers was evaluated on ex vivo human skin, pig skin and cellophane membrane. The proposed perfused flap model enabled us to distinguish between the penetrations of the two markers and could be a promising close-to-in vivo tool in skin penetration studies and optimization of formulations destined for skin administration.
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11
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Dreier J, Sørensen JA, Brewer JR. Superresolution and Fluorescence Dynamics Evidence Reveal That Intact Liposomes Do Not Cross the Human Skin Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146514. [PMID: 26751684 PMCID: PMC4709185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we use the combination of super resolution optical microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) to study the mechanism of action of liposomes as transdermal drug delivery systems in human skin. Two different compositions of liposomes were applied to newly excised human skin, a POPC liposome and a more flexible liposome containing the surfactant sodium cholate. Stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) images of intact skin and cryo-sections of skin treated with labeled liposomes were recorded displaying an optical resolution low enough to resolve the 100 nm liposomes in the skin. The images revealed that virtually none of the liposomes remained intact beneath the skin surface. RICS two color cross correlation diffusion measurements of double labeled liposomes confirmed these observations. Our results suggest that the liposomes do not act as carriers that transport their cargo directly through the skin barrier, but mainly burst and fuse with the outer lipid layers of the stratum corneum. It was also found that the flexible liposomes showed a greater delivery of the fluorophore into the stratum corneum, indicating that they functioned as chemical permeability enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Dreier
- Advanced bioimaging group/MEMPHYS Center for membrane biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens A. Sørensen
- Department of reconstructive surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Advanced bioimaging group/MEMPHYS Center for membrane biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Dang B, Liu Y, Feng N. Enhanced oral bioavailability of silymarin using liposomes containing a bile salt: preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6633-44. [PMID: 26543366 PMCID: PMC4622520 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s92665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to develop a procedure to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of silymarin (SM) by using bile salt-containing liposomes that were prepared by supercritical fluid technology (ie, solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids [SEDS]). The process for the preparation of SM-loaded liposomes containing a bile salt (SM-Lip-SEDS) was optimized using a central composite design of response surface methodology with the ratio of SM to phospholipids (w/w), flow rate of solution (mL/min), and pressure (MPa) as independent variables. Particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL) were dependent variables for optimization of the process and formulation variables. The particle size, zeta potential, EE, and DL of the optimized SM-Lip-SEDS were 160.5 nm, −62.3 mV, 91.4%, and 4.73%, respectively. Two other methods to produce SM liposomes were compared to the SEDS method. The liposomes obtained by the SEDS method exhibited the highest EE and DL, smallest particle size, and best stability compared to liposomes produced by the thin-film dispersion and reversed-phase evaporation methods. Compared to the SM powder, SM-Lip-SEDS showed increased in vitro drug release. The in vivo AUC0−t of SM-Lip-SEDS was 4.8-fold higher than that of the SM powder. These results illustrate that liposomes containing a bile salt can be used to enhance the oral bioavailability of SM and that supercritical fluid technology is suitable for the preparation of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Beilei Dang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianping Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Novel Self-assembled, Gel-core Hyaluosomes for Non-invasive Management of Osteoarthritis: In-vitro Optimization, Ex-vivo and In-vivo Permeation. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2901-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Phenol Esterase Activity of Porcine Skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 89:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Mhanna R, Qiu F, Zhang L, Ding Y, Sugihara K, Zenobi-Wong M, Nelson BJ. Artificial bacterial flagella for remote-controlled targeted single-cell drug delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1953-1957. [PMID: 24616145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Mhanna
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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16
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Teo YY, Misran M, Low KH. Effect of PEGylated lipid and Lecinol S-10 on physico-chemical properties and encapsulation efficiency of palmitoleate-palmitoleic acid vesicles. J Liposome Res 2014; 24:241-8. [PMID: 24597523 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.891234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A vesicle is a microscopic particle composed of a lipid bilayer membrane that separates the inner aqueous compartment from the outer aqueous environment. Palmitoleate-palmitoleic acid vesicles were prepared and their physico-chemical properties were investigated. Moreover, mixed vesicles composed of palmitoleic acid and PEGylated lipid and/or a mixture of phospholipids were also prepared. The stabilizing effects of these double-chain lipids on the formation of palmitoleate-palmitoleic acid vesicles were studied. Stability of the vesicle suspension was examined using particle size and zeta potential at 30 °C. The magnitude of the zeta potential was relatively lower in the vesicle suspension with the presence of phospholipid. Although some of the mixed vesicles that were formed were not very stable, they displayed potential for encapsulating the active ingredient calcein and the encapsulation efficiencies of calcein were encouraging. The palmitoleate-palmitoleic acid-DPPE-PEG2000 vesicle showed the most promising stability and encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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17
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Improving ex vivo skin permeation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Enhancing extemporaneous transformation of liposomes into planar lipid bilayers. Int J Pharm 2014; 461:427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Highly deformable and highly fluid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems: theoretical and practical considerations. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3171-86. [PMID: 23986634 PMCID: PMC3754763 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles that are specifically designed to overcome the stratum corneum barrier in intact skin provide an efficient transdermal (systemic or local) drug delivery system. They can be classified into two main groups according to the mechanisms underlying their skin interaction. The first group comprises those possessing highly deformable bilayers, achieved by incorporating edge activators to the bilayers or by mixing with certain hydrophilic solutes. The vesicles of this group act as drug carriers that penetrate across hydrophilic pathways of the intact skin. The second group comprises those possessing highly fluid bilayers, owing to the presence of permeation enhancers. The vesicles of this group can act as carriers of drugs that permeate the skin after the barrier of the stratum corneum is altered because of synergistic action with the permeation enhancers contained in the vesicle structure. We have included a detailed overview of the different mechanisms of skin interaction and discussed the most promising preclinical applications of the last five years of Transfersomes® (IDEA AG, Munich, Germany), ethosomes, and invasomes as carriers of antitumoral and anti-inflammatory drugs applied by the topical route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Lilia Romero
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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de Araújo DR, da Silva DC, Barbosa RM, Franz-Montan M, Cereda CMS, Padula C, Santi P, de Paula E. Strategies for delivering local anesthetics to the skin: focus on liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels and patches. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1551-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.828031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Bloksgaard M, Brewer J, Bagatolli LA. Structural and dynamical aspects of skin studied by multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy-based methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:586-94. [PMID: 23608611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review reports on applications of particular multiphoton excitation microscopy-based methodologies employed in our laboratory to study skin. These approaches allow in-depth optical sectioning of the tissue, providing spatially resolved information on specific fluorescence probes' parameters. Specifically, by applying these methods, spatially resolved maps of water dipolar relaxation (generalized polarization function using the 6-lauroyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthale probe), activity of protons (fluorescence lifetime imaging using a proton sensitive fluorescence probe--2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein) and diffusion coefficients of distinct fluorescence probes (raster imaging correlation spectroscopy) can be obtained from different regions of the tissue. Comparative studies of different tissue strata, but also between equivalent regions of normal and abnormal excised skin, including applications of fluctuation correlation spectroscopy on transdermal penetration of liposomes are presented and discussed. The data from the different studies reported reveal the intrinsic heterogeneity of skin and also prove these strategies to be powerful noninvasive tools to explore structural and dynamical aspects of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bloksgaard
- Membrane Biophysics and Biophotonics group/MEMPHYS, Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Chen J, Lu WL, Gu W, Lu SS, Chen ZP, Cai BC. Skin permeation behavior of elastic liposomes: role of formulation ingredients. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:845-56. [PMID: 23550630 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.779252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the incorporation of edge activators into the lipid bilayer structure, elasticity properties are given to liposomes. Regardless of the debate over the precise permeation mechanism of elastic liposomes, these vesicles have been proven to enhance drug permeation into or through skin in most cases. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the formulation ingredients of elastic liposomes and their relationship with skin permeation behavior. The ingredients are divided into two categories of basic and optional ingredients. The effect of stability on permeation behavior of the vesicles is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION More attention should be paid to the stability of elastic liposomes. The different stability properties of the elastic liposomes following administration can induce different skin permeation behaviors of the vesicles. It is necessary to select the optimum composition of the elastic liposomes in order to control the stability and permeation behavior of the vesicles into or through the skin. Moreover, for the development of elastic liposomes, particular attention should also be paid to the drug leakage from the vesicles during long-term storage. The application of optional ingredients to improve the stability and/or elasticity of the elastic liposomes is becoming a new trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, PR China
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Hu S, Niu M, Hu F, Lu Y, Qi J, Yin Z, Wu W. Integrity and stability of oral liposomes containing bile salts studied in simulated and ex vivo gastrointestinal media. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:693-700. [PMID: 23089580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the integrtity and stability of oral liposomes containing glycocholate (SGC-Lip) in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) media and ex vivo GI media from rats in comparison with conventional liposomes (CH-Lip) composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Membrane integrity of liposomes was evaluated by monitoring calcein release, particle size and distribution in different simulated GI media. The stability of liposomes encapsulating insulin was investigated in simulated GI fluids containing pepsin or pancreatin and ex vivo GI enzyme fluids. Simulated GI media with low pH or physiological bile salts resulted in significant increase in calcein release, but dynamic laser scattering data showed that the size and distribution were generally stable. SGC-Lip retained the major amount of the initially encapsulated insulin as compared with CH-Lip in simulated GI fluids (SGF, FaSSGF, SIF and FeSSIF-V2). SGC-Lip retained respectively 17.1% and 20.5% of the initially encapsulated insulin in ex vivo GI fluid, which were also significantly more than CH-Lip. These results suggested that SGC-Lip could protect insulin from degradation to some degree during their transit through the gastrointestinal tract and contributed to enhanced oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Yang Y, Bugno J, Hong S. Nanoscale polymeric penetration enhancers in topical drug delivery. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spatially resolved two-color diffusion measurements in human skin applied to transdermal liposome penetration. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:1260-8. [PMID: 23223136 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A multiphoton excitation-based fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy method, Raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), was used to measure the local diffusion coefficients of distinct model fluorescent substances in excised human skin. In combination with structural information obtained by multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy imaging, the acquired diffusion information was processed to construct spatially resolved diffusion maps at different depths of the stratum corneum (SC). Experiments using amphiphilic and hydrophilic fluorescently labeled molecules show that their diffusion in SC is very heterogeneous on a microscopic scale. This diffusion-based strategy was further exploited to investigate the integrity of liposomes during transdermal penetration. Specifically, the diffusion of dual-color fluorescently labeled liposomes--containing an amphiphilic fluorophore in the lipid bilayer and a hydrophilic fluorophore encapsulated in the liposome lumen--was measured using cross-correlation RICS. This type of experiment allows discrimination between separate (uncorrelated) and joint (correlated) diffusion of the two different fluorescent probes, giving information about liposome integrity. Independent of the liposome composition (phospholipids or transfersomes), our results show a clear lack of cross-correlation below the skin surface, indicating that the penetration of intact liposomes is highly compromised by the skin barrier.
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Shipton EA. Advances in delivery systems and routes for local anaesthetics. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar V, Banga AK. Modulated iontophoretic delivery of small and large molecules through microchannels. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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An update on the application of physical technologies to enhance intradermal and transdermal drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:339-55. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of biopharmaceuticals and other macromolecules are being developed for therapeutic applications. Conventional oral delivery is not always possible due to first-pass metabolism and degradation in the GI tract. Parenteral delivery is invasive and has poor patient compliance. Transdermal delivery provides one attractive route of administration. Transdermal administration can achieve the continuous and non-invasive delivery of drugs. However, passive transdermal delivery is restricted to small lipophilic molecules. Active physical-enhancement technologies are being investigated to increase the scope of transdermal delivery to hydrophilic molecules and macromolecules. Recent developments in transdermal technologies, such as microporation, iontophoresis and sonophoresis can enable therapeutic delivery of many drug molecules, biopharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals and vaccines. This review provides an update of recent developments in transdermal delivery focusing on physical-enhancement technologies.
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Formulation and in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo Evaluation of Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:954-70. [PMID: 24309316 PMCID: PMC3857066 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to formulate ketorolac tromethamine-loaded elastic liposomes and evaluate their in vitro drug release and their ex vivo and in vivo transdermal delivery. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), which is a potent analgesic, was formulated in elastic liposomes using Tween 80 as an edge activator. The elastic vesicles were prepared by film hydration after optimizing the sonication time and number of extrusions. The vesicles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 73 ± 11%, vesicle size of 127.8 ± 3.4 nm and a zeta potential of −12 mV. In vitro drug release was analyzed from liposomes and an aqueous solution, using Franz diffusion cells and a cellophane dialysis membrane with molecular weight cut-off of 8000 Da. Ex vivo permeation of KT across pig ear skin was studied using a Franz diffusion cell, with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 32 °C as receptor solution. An in vivo drug permeation study was conducted on healthy human volunteers using a tape-stripping technique. The in vitro results showed (i) a delayed release when KT was included in elastic liposomes, compared to an aqueous solution of the drug; (ii) a flux of 0.278 μg/cm2h and a lag time of about 10 h for ex vivo permeation studies, which may indicate that KT remains in the skin (with the possibility of exerting a local effect) before reaching the receptor medium; (iii) a good correlation between the total amount permeated, the penetration distance (both determined by tape stripping) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured during the in vivo permeation studies. Elastic liposomes have the potential to transport the drug through the skin, keep their size and drug charge, and release the drug into deep skin layers. Therefore, elastic liposomes hold promise for the effective topical delivery of KT.
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Skin penetration behaviour of liposomes as a function of their composition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:607-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lesoin L, Crampon C, Boutin O, Badens E. Preparation of liposomes using the supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process and comparison with a conventional method. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Teo YY, Misran M, Low KH, Zain SM. Effect of Unsaturation on the Stability of C18Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Vesicles Suspension in Aqueous Solution. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gillet A, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposomes and parameters affecting their skin penetration behaviour. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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El Zaafarany GM, Awad GAS, Holayel SM, Mortada ND. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:164-72. [PMID: 20599487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transfersomes are highly efficient edge activator (EA)-based ultraflexible vesicles capable of, non-invasively, trespassing skin by virtue of their high, self-optimizing deformability. This investigation presents different approaches for the optimization of Transfersomes for enhanced transepidermal delivery of Diclofenac sodium (DS). Different methods of preparation, drug and lipid concentrations and vesicle compositions were employed, resulting in ultraflexible vesicles with diverse membrane characteristics. Evaluation of Transfersomes was implemented in terms of their shapes, sizes, entrapment efficiencies (EE%), relative deformabilities and in vitro skin permeation. Transfersomes prepared with 95:5% (w/w) (PC:EA) ratio showed highest EE% (Span 85>Span 80>Na cholate>Na deoxycholate>Tween 80). Whereas, those prepared using 85:15% (w/w) ratio showed highest deformability (Tween 80 was superior to bile salts and spans). Transfersomes were proved significantly superior in terms of, the amount of drug deposited in the skin and the amount permeated, with an enhancement ratio of 2.45, when compared to a marketed product. The study proved that the type and concentration of EA, as well as, the method of preparation had great influences on the properties of Transfersomes. Hence, optimized Transfersomes can significantly increase transepidermal flux and prolong the release of DS, when applied non-occlusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M El Zaafarany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazzamet El-wehda Elafrikeya Street, Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
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