1
|
Catlin EJ, Fandiño OE, Lopez-Vidal L, Sangalli M, Donnelly RF, Palma SD, Paredes AJ. A novel temperature-controlled media milling device to produce drug nanocrystals at the laboratory scale. Int J Pharm 2024; 666:124780. [PMID: 39349227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility of preexisting and emerging drug molecules is a common issue faced in the field of pharmaceutics. To address this, particle size reduction techniques, including drug micro- and nanonisation have been widely employed. Nanocrystals (NCs), drug particles with particle sizes below 1 µm, offer high drug content, improved dissolution, and long-acting capabilities. Media milling is the most used method to prepare NCs using of-the-shelf machinery, both at the laboratory and industrial scales. However, early NCs development, especially when limited amounts of the active are available, require the use of milligram-scale media milling. This study introduces a novel mini-scale milling device (Mini-mill) that incorporates temperature control through a water-cooled jacket. The device was used to produce NCs of three model hydrophobic drugs, itraconazole, ivermectin and curcumin, with lowest particle sizes of 162.5 ± 0.4 nm, 178 ± 2 nm, and 116.7 ± 0.7 nm, respectively. Precise control of milling temperature was achieved at 15, 45, and 75°C, with drug dependent particle size reduction trends, with no adverse effects on the milling materials or polymorphic changes in the NCs, as confirmed by calorimetric analysis. Finally, a scale-up feasibility study was carried out in a lab-scale NanoDisp®, confirming that the novel Mini-mills are a material-efficient tool for early formulation development, with potential for scale-up to commercial mills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Catlin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Octavio E Fandiño
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lucía Lopez-Vidal
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba (FCQ-UNC), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martina Sangalli
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Santiago D Palma
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba (FCQ-UNC), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Paredes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El-Eskandarany MS, Al-Hazza A, Al-Hajji LA, Ali N, Al-Duweesh AA, Banyan M, Al-Ajmi F. Mechanical Milling: A Superior Nanotechnological Tool for Fabrication of Nanocrystalline and Nanocomposite Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2484. [PMID: 34684925 PMCID: PMC8539264 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Throughout human history, any society's capacity to fabricate and refine new materials to satisfy its demands has resulted in advances to its performance and worldwide standing. Life in the twenty-first century cannot be predicated on tiny groupings of materials; rather, it must be predicated on huge families of novel elements dubbed "advanced materials". While there are several approaches and strategies for fabricating advanced materials, mechanical milling (MM) and mechanochemistry have garnered much interest and consideration as novel ways for synthesizing a diverse range of new materials that cannot be synthesized by conventional means. Equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and nanocomposite materials can be easily obtained by MM. This review article has been addressed in part to present a brief history of ball milling's application in the manufacture of a diverse variety of complex and innovative materials during the last 50 years. Furthermore, the mechanism of the MM process will be discussed, as well as the factors affecting the milling process. Typical examples of some systems developed at the Nanotechnology and Applications Program of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research during the last five years will be presented in this articles. Nanodiamonds, nanocrystalline hard materials (e.g., WC), metal-matrix and ceramic matrix nanocomposites, and nanocrystalline titanium nitride will be presented and discussed. The authors hope that the article will benefit readers and act as a primer for engineers and researchers beginning on material production projects using mechanical milling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sherif El-Eskandarany
- Nanotechnology and Applications Program, Energy and Building Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (A.A.-H.); (L.A.A.-H.); (N.A.); (A.A.A.-D.); (M.B.); (F.A.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsuboi D, Kondo K, Niwa T. Preparation of Fine-Drugs Layered Spherical Particles with Good Micromeritic and Dissolution Properties through Ultra Cryo-Milling and Mechanical Powder Processing. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:747-759. [PMID: 34334518 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The particles of phenytoin (Phe), a poorly water-soluble model drug, were bead-milled alone or co-milled with a hydrophilic waxy additive using an ultra cryo-milling technique in liquid nitrogen (LN2) to improve its dissolution properties. However, the micronized drug particles adhered and aggregated, resulting in poor handling in manufacturing processes such as blending or tableting. To improve the dissolution profile and powder properties of the drug simultaneously, the milled products were secondarily processed together with larger spherical particles by mechanical powder processing. These secondary products were composite particles with a core-shell structure, with fine drug particles adhered and deposited on the core, based on order mixing theory. As a core, three types/sizes of spherical pharmaceutical excipient particles were applied. The resultant composite particles produced much faster release profiles than just milled or co-milled mixtures. In addition, the composite particles showed good micromeritic properties depending on the size of the core particles. These results indicate that the ultra cryo-milling and subsequent dry composite mixing is a potential approach for developing drug particles with improved dissolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tsuboi
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Keita Kondo
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ibraheem B, Wagner KG. Influence of high pressure compaction on solubility and intrinsic dissolution of ibuprofen binary mixtures employing standard excipients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2021; 3:100075. [PMID: 33851132 PMCID: PMC8022821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Enabling formulations often depend on functional excipients. However, the question remains whether excipients regarded as standard establish similar interactions and subsequently improvement of solubility when employed at unusual manufacturing process conditions. In this study, compaction of API under high pressure in the presence of hydrophilic excipients is proposed as a technique to improve the solubility and/or dissolution rate with an acceptable preservation of the supersaturation state. Binary mixtures of ibuprofen (IBU) with hydroxypropyl cellulose, isomalt, mannitol and sorbitol were compacted applying high pressure (500 MPa) with and without a previous co-milling step. Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was selected to characterize and evaluate dissolution performance. The IDR of neat IBU increased from 5 to 88 fold and the aqueous solubility in the range of 3 to 54%. Regarding the polyols isomalt showed the highest impact on solubility and dissolution, without changing the crystallinity of IBU independent of a co-milling step. Even higher impact was achieved in combination with HPC. However, only without a previous co-milling step, ibuprofen remained crystalline, while co-milling induced an amorphous IBU-content of 38%. Based on XRPD and DSC findings, higher IDR and solubility values correlated with crystal modifications as well as IBU/excipient interactions.
Collapse
Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ASD, amorphous solid dispersion
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- COM, co-milled
- Crystal modification
- Cs, aqueous solubility
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- Drug/excipient interactions
- Gr, granules
- HCL, hydrochloric acid
- HPC, hydroxypropylcellulose
- HPC-SSL, super special-low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose
- High-pressure compaction
- Hydrophilic excipients
- IBU, ibuprofen
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- ISO, isomalt
- Intrinsic dissolution
- MANN, mannitol
- MIX, mixtures
- MUPS, multiple unit pellet system
- PM, physical mixtures
- SFE, surface free energy
- SORB, sorbitol
- ST, standard
- Solubility enhancement
- Tab, tablets
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- Tm, melting point
- XRPD, X-ray powder diffraction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Ibraheem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Improved antibacterial efficiency of inhaled thiamphenicol dry powders: Mathematical modelling of in vitro dissolution kinetic and in vitro antibacterial efficacy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105435. [PMID: 32590123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiamphenicol (TAP) is reported to be effective against many respiratory pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, its poor solubility in water remains as one of the obstacles hindering the preparation of inhalable TAP formulations. The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of TAP by micronization, and investigate whether variations in the dissolution rates of TAP would affect its in vitro antibacterial activity. Inhalable dry powders composed of TAP microcrystals (MDP) or nanocrystals (NDP) were prepared by using a wet ball milling method followed by spray drying. The morphology, solid state and in vitro dissolution of these dry powders were characterized. In vitro antibacterial activities of the inhalable TAP dry powders against a MRSA strain were evaluated. A dissolution-efficacy model relating antibacterial activity with time and dissolution rate was established via modified time-kill assays. Upon being spray dried, the volumetric mean diameters of MDP and NDP were found to be around 5 µm. Solid state analyses showed that MDP and NDP possess the same crystalline form as the raw materials. NDP exhibited faster in vitro dissolution rate as compared to MDP. The in vitro antibacterial efficiency of NDP and MDP were superior to raw TAP when the test was performed at a TAP concentration of 32 mg/L. Simulated colony forming units predictions were consistent with the result measured in the time-kill experiments with Raw TAP, MDP and NDP. This study characterized the effect of the dissolution rate of TAP dry powders on in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA, and an enhanced antibacterial activity of TAP was observed with an increase in the dissolution rate of TAP from the dry powders at certain concentration ranges.
Collapse
|
6
|
Censi R, Gigliobianco MR, Casadidio C, Di Martino P. Changes in the Solid State of Nicergoline, a Poorly Soluble Drug, Under Different Grinding and Environmental Conditions: Effect on Polymorphism and Dissolution. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:929-948. [PMID: 30300621 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicergoline native crystals (Form I) were subjected to different grinding methods for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min: Method A, grinding at 20°C under air atmosphere; Method B, grinding in presence of liquid nitrogen under air atmosphere; Method C, grinding at 20°C under nitrogen atmosphere; and Method D, grinding in presence of liquid nitrogen under nitrogen atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry, thermogravimetry, and infrared spectroscopy were used to follow changes in the particle size and in crystalline structures. Batches from Methods A and C underwent partial amorphization immediately after grinding; Form II was obtained by heating these partially amorphous forms or after spontaneous crystallization after 1 and 5 months storage. Method B promoted the hydration of nicergoline to a monohydrate form. Batch D was stable under grinding and neither amorphization nor hydration were observed. The best intrinsic dissolution rate was that of metastable Form II, followed by Form I, while the worst was that of the Method B monohydrate form. The slowest particle dissolution was observed for hydrated particles, because of the lowest IDR, while the most rapid was exhibited by batch D, because of the very small particle size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Censi
- University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Via S. Agostino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Casadidio
- University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Via S. Agostino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Piera Di Martino
- University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Via S. Agostino, Camerino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nanocrystals of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Drug Bioavailability and Physicochemical Stability. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030134. [PMID: 30134537 PMCID: PMC6161002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been developed over time to overcome the bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble drugs. With the advances in nanotechnology in recent decades, science and industry have been approaching this issue through the formulation of drugs as nanocrystals, which consist of “pure drugs and a minimum of surface active agents required for stabilization”. They are defined as “carrier-free submicron colloidal drug delivery systems with a mean particle size in the nanometer range, typically between 10–800 nm”. The primary importance of these nanoparticles was the reduction of particle size to nanoscale dimensions, with an increase in the particle surface area in contact with the dissolution medium, and thus in bioavailability. This approach has been proven successful, as demonstrated by the number of such drug products on the market. Nonetheless, despite the definition that indicates nanocrystals as a “carrier-free” system, surface active agents are necessary to prevent colloidal particles aggregation and thus improve stability. In addition, in more recent years, nanocrystal properties and technologies have attracted the interest of researchers as a means to obtain colloidal particles with modified biological properties, and thus their interest is now also addressed to modify the drug delivery and targeting. The present work provides an overview of the achievements in improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs according to their administration route, describes the methods developed to overcome physicochemical and stability-related problems, and in particular reviews different stabilizers and surface agents that are able to modify the drug delivery and targeting.
Collapse
|
8
|
Uemoto Y, Toda S, Adachi A, Kondo K, Niwa T. Ultra Cryo-Milling with Liquid Nitrogen and Dry Ice Beads: Characterization of Dry Ice as Milling Beads for Application to Various Drug Compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:794-804. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Uemoto
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Shogo Toda
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Ayumi Adachi
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Keita Kondo
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of Grinding on the Solid-State Stability and Particle Dissolution of Acyclovir Polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3084-3094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Tanaka R, Takahashi N, Nakamura Y, Hattori Y, Ashizawa K, Otsuka M. Verification of the mixing processes of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipient and lubricant in a pharmaceutical formulation using a resonant acoustic mixing technology. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixing processes are important for making high-quality pharmaceutical formulations and are related to dissolution and chemical stability in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Tanaka
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Musashino University
- Nishi-Tokyo
- Japan
| | | | | | - Yusuke Hattori
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Musashino University
- Nishi-Tokyo
- Japan
| | | | - Makoto Otsuka
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Musashino University
- Nishi-Tokyo
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Effect of milling temperatures on surface area, surface energy and cohesion of pharmaceutical powders. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:234-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Loh ZH, Samanta AK, Sia Heng PW. Overview of milling techniques for improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
14
|
Liu T, Müller RH, Möschwitzer JP. Effect of drug physico-chemical properties on the efficiency of top-down process and characterization of nanosuspension. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1741-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1057566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Censi R, Rascioni R, Di Martino P. Changes in the solid state of anhydrous and hydrated forms of sodium naproxen under different grinding and environmental conditions: Evidence of the formation of new hydrated forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:192-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
16
|
Vadakkan MV, Kumar GSV. Cryo-crystallization under a partial anti-solvent environment as a facile technology for dry powder inhalation development. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06544e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, Isoniazid (INH) (an anti-TB drug) was converted to inhalable particles using cryo-crystallization under a partial anti-solvent environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Varghese Vadakkan
- Chemical Biology–Nano Drug Delivery Systems
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvanathapuram-695014
- India
| | - G. S. Vinod Kumar
- Chemical Biology–Nano Drug Delivery Systems
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvanathapuram-695014
- India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garala KC, Patel JM, Dhingani AP, Dharamsi AT. Quality by design (QbD) approach for developing agglomerates containing racecadotril and loperamide hydrochloride by crystallo-co-agglomeration. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Petzoldt C, Bley O, Byard SJ, Andert D, Baumgartner B, Nagel N, Tappertzhofen C, Feth MP. An example of how to handle amorphous fractions in API during early pharmaceutical development: SAR114137--a successful approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:337-50. [PMID: 24075979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The so-called pharmaceutical solid chain, which encompasses drug substance micronisation to the final tablet production, at pilot plant scale is presented as a case study for a novel, highly potent, pharmaceutical compound: SAR114137. Various solid-state analytical methods, such as solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Water Vapour Sorption Gravimetry (DWVSG), hot-stage Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) were applied and evaluated to characterise and quantify amorphous content during the course of the physical treatment of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). DSC was successfully used to monitor the changes in amorphous content during micronisation of the API, as well as during stability studies. (19)F solid-state NMR was found to be the method of choice for the detection and quantification of low levels of amorphous API, even in the final drug product (DP), since compaction during tablet manufacture was identified as a further source for the formation of amorphous API. The application of different jet milling techniques was a critical factor with respect to amorphous content formation. In the present case, the change from spiral jet milling to loop jet milling led to a decrease in amorphous API content from 20-30 w/w% to nearly 0 w/w% respectively. The use of loop jet milling also improved the processability of the API. Stability investigations on both the milled API and the DP showed a marked tendency for recrystallisation of the amorphous API content on exposure to elevated levels of relative humidity. No significant impact of amorphous API on either the chemical stability or the dissolution rate of the API in drug formulation was observed. Therefore, the presence of amorphous content in the oral formulation was of no consequence for the clinical trial phases I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Petzoldt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Oliver Bley
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Pharmaceutical Operations, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen J Byard
- Covance Laboratories, Alnwick, Northumberland, United Kingdom.
| | - Doris Andert
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bruno Baumgartner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Norbert Nagel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Tappertzhofen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Philipp Feth
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leleux J, Williams RO. Recent advancements in mechanical reduction methods: particulate systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:289-300. [PMID: 23988193 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.828217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The screening of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has become more streamlined and as a result the number of new drugs in the pipeline is steadily increasing. However, a major limiting factor of new API approval and market introduction is the low solubility associated with a large percentage of these new drugs. While many modification strategies have been studied to improve solubility such as salt formation and addition of cosolvents, most provide only marginal success and have severe disadvantages. One of the most successful methods to date is the mechanical reduction of drug particle size, inherently increasing the surface area of the particles and, as described by the Noyes-Whitney equation, the dissolution rate. Drug micronization has been the gold standard to achieve these improvements; however, the extremely low solubility of some new chemical entities is not significantly affected by size reduction in this range. A reduction in size to the nanometric scale is necessary. Bottom-up and top-down techniques are utilized to produce drug crystals in this size range; however, as discussed in this review, top-down approaches have provided greater enhancements in drug usability on the industrial scale. The six FDA approved products that all exploit top-down approaches confirm this. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches will be discussed in addition to specific top-down techniques and the improvements they contribute to the pharmaceutical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , TX , USA and
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Preparation and evaluation of agglomerated crystals by crystallo-co-agglomeration: an integrated approach of principal component analysis and Box-Behnken experimental design. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:135-56. [PMID: 23684660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor mechanical properties of crystalline drug particles require wet granulation technique for tablet production which is uneconomical, laborious, and tedious. The present investigation was aimed to improve flow and mechanical properties of racecadotril (RCD), a poorly water soluble antidiarrheal agent, by a crystallo-co-agglomeration (CCA) technique. The influence of various excipients and processing conditions on formation of directly compressible agglomerates of RCD was evaluated. Principal component analysis and Box-Behnken experimental design was implemented to optimize the agglomerates with good micromeritics and mechanical properties. The overall yield of the process was 88-98% with size of agglomerates between 351 and 1214 μm. Further, higher rotational speed reduced the size of agglomerates and disturbed sphericity. The optimized batch of agglomerates exhibited excellent flowability and crushing strength. The optimized batch of RCD agglomerates was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry and gas chromatography which illustrated absence of drug-excipient interaction with minimal entrapment of residual solvent. Hence, it may be concluded that both excipients and processing conditions played a vital role to prepare spherical crystal agglomerates of RCD by CCA and it can be adopted as an excellent alternative to wet granulation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin PC, Su CS, Tang M, Chen YP. Micronization of ethosuximide using the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Sugimoto S, Niwa T, Nakanishi Y, Danjo K. Novel ultra-cryo milling and co-grinding technique in liquid nitrogen to produce dissolution-enhanced nanoparticles for poorly water-soluble drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:325-33. [PMID: 22382412 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel ultra-cryo milling micronization technique for pharmaceutical powders using liquid nitrogen (LN2 milling) was used to grind phenytoin, a poorly water-soluble drug, to improve its dissolution rate. LN2 milling produced particles that were much finer and more uniform in size and shape than particles produced by jet milling. However, the dissolution rate of LN2-milled phenytoin was the same as that of unground phenytoin due to agglomeration of the submicron particles. To overcome this, phenytoin was co-ground with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The dissolution rate of co-ground phenytoin was much higher than that of original phenytoin, single-ground phenytoin, a physical mixture of phenytoin and PVP, or jet-milled phenytoin. X-Ray diffraction showed that the crystalline state of mixtures co-ground by LN2 milling remained unchanged. The equivalent improvement in dissolution, whether phenytoin was co-ground or separately ground and then mixed with PVP, suggested that even when co-ground, the grinding of PVP and phenytoin occurs essentially independently. Mixing original PVP with ground phenytoin provided a slight improvement in dissolution, indicating that the particle size of PVP is important for improving dissolution. When mixed with ground phenytoin, PVP ground by LN2 milling aided the wettability and dispersion of phenytoin, enhancing utilization of the large surface area of ground phenytoin. Co-grinding phenytoin with other excipients such as Eudragit L100, hypromellose, hypromellose acetate-succinate, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose also improved the dissolution profile, indicating an ultra-cryo milling and co-grinding technique in liquid nitrogen has a broad applicability of the dissolution enhancement of phenytoin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sugimoto
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Single processing step toward injectable sustained-release formulations of Triptorelin based on a novel degradable semi-solid polymer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:591-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
24
|
Cryogenic grinding of electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone mesh submerged in liquid media. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 32:1366-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Development of a novel ultra cryo-milling technique for a poorly water-soluble drug using dry ice beads and liquid nitrogen. Int J Pharm 2012; 426:162-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Branham ML, Moyo T, Govender T. Preparation and solid-state characterization of ball milled saquinavir mesylate for solubility enhancement. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:194-202. [PMID: 21906676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Saquinavir is an anti-retroviral drug with very low oral bioavailability (e.g. 0.7-4.0%) due to its affinity toward efflux transporters (P-gp) and metabolic enzymes (CYP3A4). The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of high-energy ball milling on saquinavir solid-state characteristics and aqueous solubility for the design of effective buccal drug delivery systems. The solubility of saquinavir mesylate was evaluated in simulated saliva before and after milling for 1, 3, 15, 30, 50, and 60 h. To elucidate changes in crystallinity and long-range structure in the drug, analyses of the milled powders were performed using XRD, ATR-IR, DSC/TGA, BET surface area, EDX and SEM. In addition, the effects of milling time on saquinavir solubility were statistically correlated using repeated measures ANOVA. Results of this study indicate that the milling of saquinavir mesylate produces nanoporous particles with unique surface structures, thermal properties, and increased aqueous solubility. Optimal milling time occurred at 3h and corresponded to a 9-fold solubility enhancement in simulated saliva. Thermal analysis revealed only a slight decrease in melting point (T(m)) from 242 °C to 236 °C after 60 h milling. XRD diffractograms indicate a gradual crystalline-to-amorphous transition with some residual crystallinity remaining after 60 h milling time. Unstable polymorphic structures appeared between 15 and 30 h which were converted to more stable isomorphs at 60 h. Aggregate formation also seems to occur after 15 h but no metal contamination of the drug was observed during the milling process as determined by EDX analysis. In conclusion, high-energy ball milling may be a method of choice for improving the solubility of saquinavir and facilitating novel drug formulations design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lee Branham
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Simultaneous micronization and surface modification for improvement of flow and dissolution of drug particles. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Ali HSM, York P, Ali AMA, Blagden N. Hydrocortisone nanosuspensions for ophthalmic delivery: A comparative study between microfluidic nanoprecipitation and wet milling. J Control Release 2010; 149:175-81. [PMID: 20946923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, drug nanosuspensions have shown a potential for ophthalmic delivery. In this study, a hydrocortisone (HC) nanosuspension (NS) was developed using microfluidic nanoprecipitation as a recent, simple and cost-effective bottom-up technique of drug nanonization. For comparison, a second HC NS was prepared by top-down wet milling procedures. The produced nanosuspensions were characterized for particle size, shape and zeta potential. HC nanosuspensions of approximately 300nm particle size were produced by adjusting experimental conditions of the two processing techniques. Results of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that HC maintained the crystalline structure upon milling, while predominant amorphous particles were generated after precipitation. Ocular bioavailability of HC nanosuspensions was assessed in albino rabbits using HC solution as a control. A sustained drug action was maintained up to 9h for the nanosuspensions compared to 5h for the drug solution. The precipitated and milled NS achieved comparable AUC(0-9h) values of 28.06±4.08 and 30.95±2.2, respectively, that were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of HC solution (15.86±2.7). After 2 months storage at room temperature, the milled HC NS showed good stability with no discernable changes in particle size, whereas the particle size of the precipitated HC NS increased to 440nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany S M Ali
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|