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Cysewski P, Jeliński T, Przybyłek M. Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Intermolecular Interactions in Saturated Systems of Dapsone in Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2024; 29:1743. [PMID: 38675562 PMCID: PMC11051893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Solubility is not only a crucial physicochemical property for laboratory practice but also provides valuable insight into the mechanism of saturated system organization, as a measure of the interplay between various intermolecular interactions. The importance of these data cannot be overstated, particularly when dealing with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as dapsone. It is a commonly used anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. However, its low solubility hampers its efficient applications. In this project, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as solubilizing agents for dapsone as an alternative to traditional solvents. DESs were composed of choline chloride and one of six polyols. Additionally, water-DES mixtures were studied as a type of ternary solvents. The solubility of dapsone in these systems was determined spectrophotometrically. This study also analyzed the intermolecular interactions, not only in the studied eutectic systems, but also in a wide range of systems found in the literature, determined using the COSMO-RS framework. The intermolecular interactions were quantified as affinity values, which correspond to the Gibbs free energy of pair formation of dapsone molecules with constituents of regular solvents and choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. The patterns of solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent interactions that affect solubility were recognized using Orange data mining software (version 3.36.2). Finally, the computed affinity values were used to provide useful descriptors for machine learning purposes. The impact of intermolecular interactions on dapsone solubility in neat solvents, binary organic solvent mixtures, and deep eutectic solvents was analyzed and highlighted, underscoring the crucial role of dapsone self-association and providing valuable insights into complex solubility phenomena. Also the importance of solvent-solvent diversity was highlighted as a factor determining dapsone solubility. The Non-Linear Support Vector Regression (NuSVR) model, in conjunction with unique molecular descriptors, revealed exceptional predictive accuracy. Overall, this study underscores the potency of computed molecular characteristics and machine learning models in unraveling complex molecular interactions, thereby advancing our understanding of solubility phenomena within the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cysewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.P.)
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2
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Simitopoulos A, Tsekouras A, Macheras P. Coupling Drug Dissolution with BCS. Pharm Res 2024; 41:481-491. [PMID: 38291164 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to develop a Temporal Biopharmaceutic Classification System (T-BCS), linking Finite Dissolution Time (F.D.T.) and Mean Dissolution Time (M.D.T.) for Class I/III drugs and Mean Dissolution Time for saturation (M.D.T.s.) for Class II/IV drugs. METHODS These parameters are estimated graphically or by fitting dissolution models to experimental data and coupled with the dose-to-solubility ratio (q) for each drug normalized in terms of the actual volume of dissolution medium (900 mL). RESULTS Class I/III drugs consistently exhibited q values less than 1, aligning with expectations based on their solubility, while some Class II/IV drugs presented a deviation from anticipated q values, with observations of q < 1. This irregularity was rendered to the dissolution volume of 250 mL used for biopharmaceutical classification purposes instead of 900 mL applied as well as the dual classification of some sparingly soluble drugs. Biowaivers were also analyzed in terms of M.D.T., F.D.T. estimates and the regulatory dissolution time limits for rapidly and very-rapidly dissolved drugs. CONCLUSIONS The T-BCS is useful for establishing correlations and assessing the magnitude of M.D.T., F.D.T., or M.D.T.s. for inter- and intra-class comparisons of different drugs and provide relationships between these parameters across all the models that were utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Simitopoulos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsekouras
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- PharmaInformatics Unit, ATHENA Research Center, Athens, Greece.
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3
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Zupančič O, Kushwah V, Paudel A. Pancreatic lipase digestion: The forgotten barrier in oral administration of lipid-based delivery systems? J Control Release 2023; 362:381-395. [PMID: 37579977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of controlling the digestion process of orally administered lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) and their performance. Oral LBDS are prone to digestion via pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Rapid or uncontrolled digestion may cause the loss of delivery system integrity, its structural changes, reduced solubilization capacity and physical stability issues. All these events can lead to uncontrolled drug release from the digested LBDS into the gastrointestinal environment, exposing the incorporated drug to precipitation or degradation by luminal proteases. To prevent this, the digestion rate of orally administered LBDS can be estimated by appropriate choice of the formulation type, excipient combinations and their ratios. In addition, in vitro digestion models like pH-stat are useful tools to evaluate the formulation digestion rate. Controlling digestion can be achieved by conventional lipase inhibitors like orlistat, sterically hindering of lipase adsorption on the delivery system surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, lipase desorption or saturation of the interface with surfactants as well as formulating LBDS with ester-free excipients. Recent in vivo studies demonstrated that digestion inhibition lead to altered pharmacokinetic profiles, where Cmax and Tmax were reduced in spite of same AUC compared to control or even improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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4
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Habiballah S, Reisfeld B. Adapting physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for machine learning applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14934. [PMID: 37696914 PMCID: PMC10495394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Both machine learning and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models are becoming essential components of the drug development process. Integrating the predictive capabilities of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models within machine learning (ML) pipelines could offer significant benefits in improving the accuracy and scope of drug screening and evaluation procedures. Here, we describe the development and testing of a self-contained machine learning module capable of faithfully recapitulating summary pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters produced by a full PBPK model, given a set of input drug-specific and regimen-specific information. Because of its widespread use in characterizing the disposition of orally administered drugs, the PBPK model chosen to demonstrate the methodology was an open-source implementation of a state-of-the-art compartmental and transit model called OpenCAT. The model was tested for drug formulations spanning a large range of solubility and absorption characteristics, and was evaluated for concordance against predictions of OpenCAT and relevant experimental data. In general, the values predicted by the ML models were within 20% of those of the PBPK model across the range of drug and formulation properties. However, summary PK parameter predictions from both the ML model and full PBPK model were occasionally poor with respect to those derived from experiments, suggesting deficiencies in the underlying PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Habiballah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1301, USA
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1301, USA.
- School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1612, USA.
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5
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Salim M, Ramirez G, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. Implications of the Digestion of Milk-Based Formulations for the Solubilization of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in a Combination Therapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2256-2265. [PMID: 36919249 PMCID: PMC10074382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of formulation approaches to coadminister lopinavir and ritonavir antiretroviral drugs to children is necessary to ensure optimal treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It was previously shown that milk-based lipid formulations show promise as vehicles to deliver antimalarial drugs by enhancing their solubilization during the digestion of the milk lipids under intestinal conditions. In this study, we investigate the role of digestion of milk and infant formula on the solubilization behavior of lopinavir and ritonavir to understand the fate of drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after oral administration. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to probe the presence of crystalline drugs in suspension during digestion. In particular, the impact of one drug on the solubilization of the other was elucidated to reveal potential drug-drug interactions in a drug combination therapy. Our results showed that lopinavir and ritonavir affected the solubilization of each other during digestion in lipid-based formulations. While addition of ritonavir to lopinavir improved the overall solubilization of lopinavir, the impact of lopinavir was to reduce ritonavir solubilization as digestion progressed. These findings highlight the importance of assessing the solubilization of individual drugs in a combined matrix in order to dictate the state of drugs available for subsequent absorption and metabolism. Enhancement in the solubilization of lopinavir and ritonavir in a drug combination setting in vitro also supported the potential for food effects on drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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6
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Moroni AB, Calvo NL, Kaufman TS. Selected Aspects of the Analytical and Pharmaceutical Profiles of Nifurtimox. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1523-1538. [PMID: 36822273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nifurtimox is a nitroheterocyclic drug employed for treatment of trypanosomiases (Chagas disease and West African sleeping sickness); its use for certain cancers has also been assessed. Despite having been in the market for over 50 years, knowledge of nifurtimox is still fragmentary and incomplete. Relevant aspects of the chemistry and biology of nifurtimox are reviewed to summarize the current knowledge of this drug. These comprise its chemical synthesis and the preparation of some analogues, as well as its chemical degradation. Selected physical data and physicochemical properties are also listed, along with different approaches toward the analytical characterization of the drug, including electrochemical (polarography, cyclic voltammetry), spectroscopic (ultraviolet-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance), and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. The array of polarographic, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods available for the analytical determination of nifurtimox (in bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological samples), are also presented and discussed, along with chiral chromatographic and electrophoretic alternatives for the separation of the enantiomers of the drug. Aspects of the drug likeliness of nifurtimox, its classification in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, and available pharmaceutical formulations are detailed, whereas pharmacological, chemical, and biological aspects of its metabolism and disposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana B Moroni
- Área de Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario e Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Área de Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario e Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Área de Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario e Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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7
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de Campos DP, Silva-Barcellos NM, Caldeira TG, Mussel WDN, Silveira V, de Souza J. Donepezil Hydrochloride BCS Class Ambiguity: Relevant Aspects to be Considered in Drug Classification. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3064-3074. [PMID: 35787368 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil hydrochloride (DH) is the most used anti-Alzheimer's disease drug, however, its classification according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is not clear in the literature. BCS is one of the accepted criteria used to grant biowaiver (waiver of in vivo bioequivalence studies) of new drug products. So, the purpose of this work was to elucidate the BCS classification of DH and to raise the discussion about the possibility of biowaiver for new medicines containing it. The polymorphic form was previously identified as form III of DH. The drug showed high solubility in the entire pH range evaluated (1.2 to 6.8, at 37 °C) with a pH-dependent solubility profile. The effective permeability (Peff) values obtained with different DH concentrations, using in situ closed-loop perfusion model were statistically similar (p > 0.05), even when compared to high permeability control used (ketoprofen), demonstrating that DH has high permeability which, associated with its high solubility, allows to classify DH as BCS class 1. Relevant data to evaluate for granting a biowaiver for new medicines were also reviewed from the literature. Based on information reunited new immediate-release drug products containing DH should be eligible for BCS-based biowaiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Priscila de Campos
- Quality Control Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| | - Neila Márcia Silva-Barcellos
- Quality Control Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamires Guedes Caldeira
- Quality Control Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Wagner da Nova Mussel
- Department of Chemistry. Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Silveira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Souza
- Quality Control Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy. School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Al Hujran TA, Magharbeh MK, Habashneh AY, Al-Dmour RS, Aboelela A, Tawfeek HM. Insight into the Inclusion Complexation of Fluconazole with Sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene in Aqueous Solution, Solid-State, and Its Antimycotic Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144425. [PMID: 35889298 PMCID: PMC9317573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to assess the interaction between fluconazole and sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene towards enhancing its dissolution performance and antimycotic activity. A solubility study was carried out at different pH conditions, and the results revealed the formation of a 1:1 molar ratio fluconazole-sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene inclusion complex with an AL type phase solubility diagrams. The solid powder systems of fluconazole-sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene were prepared using kneaded and co-evaporation techniques and physical mixtures. DCS, PXRD, TGA-DTG, FT-IR, and in vitro dissolution performance characterize the prepared systems. According to physicochemical characterization, the co-evaporation approach produces an amorphous inclusion complex of the drug inside the cavity of sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene. The co-evaporate product significantly increased the drug dissolution rate up to 93 ± 1.77% within 10 min, unlike other prepared solid powders. The antimycotic activity showed an increase substantially (p ≤ 0.05, t-test) antimycotic activity of fluconazole co-evaporate mixture with sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene compared with fluconazole alone against clinical strains of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. In conclusion, sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene could be considered an efficient complexing agent for fluconazole to enhance its aqueous solubility, dissolution performance, and antimycotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayel A Al Hujran
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mousa K Magharbeh
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Almeqdad Y Habashneh
- The Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Rasha S Al-Dmour
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Hesham M Tawfeek
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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9
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Guimarães M, Maharaj A, Edginton A, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Understanding the Impact of Age-Related Changes in Pediatric GI Solubility by Multivariate Data Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020356. [PMID: 35214088 PMCID: PMC8880315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand drug solubilization as a function of age and identify drugs at risk of altered drug solubility in newborns and young infants in comparison to adults. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to understand drug solubilization as a function of drug’s physicochemical properties and the composition of gastrointestinal fluids. The solubility of seven poorly soluble compounds was assessed in adult and age-specific fasted and fed state biorelevant media. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was used to assess the influence of (i) drug physicochemical properties and (ii) age-related changes in simulated GI fluids, as well as (iii) their interactions, on the pediatrics-to-adult solubility ratio (Sp/Sa (%)). For five out of seven of the compounds investigated, Sp/Sa (%) values fell outside of the 80–125% limits in at least one of the pediatric media. Lipophilicity was responsible for driving drug solubility differences between adults and children in all the biorelevant media investigated, while drug ionization was most relevant in the fed gastric media, and the fasted/fed intestinal media. The concentration of bile salts and lecithin in the fasted and fed intestinal media was critical in influencing drug solubility, while food composition (i.e., cow’s milk formula vs. soy formula) was a critical parameter in the fed gastric state. Changes in GI fluid composition between younger pediatric patients and adults can significantly alter drug luminal solubility. The use of pediatric biorelevant media can be helpful to identify the risk of altered drug solubilization in younger patients during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Anil Maharaj
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1225-386728; Fax: +44-1225-386114
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Lazo REL, Teleginski LK, Maciel AB, Silva MAS, Mendes C, Bernardi LS, Murakami FS, Sonvico F, Oliveira PR. Comparator product issues for biowaiver implementation: the case of Fluconazole. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Jouyban A, Rahimpour E, Karimzadeh Z, Zhao H. Simulation of dapsone solubility data in mono- and mixed-solvents at various temperatures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Guimarães M, Kuentz M, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Evaluating pediatric and adult simulated fluids solubility: Abraham solvation parameters and multivariate analysis. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1889-1896. [PMID: 34697725 PMCID: PMC8688383 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand drug solubilization as a function of age and identify drugs at risk of altered drug solubility in pediatric patients. To assess the discrimination ability of the Abraham solvation parameters and age-related changes in simulated media composition to predict in vitro drug solubility differences between pediatric and adult gastrointestinal conditions by multivariate data analysis. METHODS Differences between drug solubility in pediatric and adult biorelevant media were expressed as a % pediatric-to-adult ratio [Sp/Sa (%)]. Solubility ratios of fourteen poorly water-soluble drugs (2 amphoteric; 4 weak acids; 4 weak bases; 4 neutral compounds) were used in the analysis. Partial Least Squares Regression was based on Abraham solvation parameters and age-related changes in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, as well as their interactions, to predict the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratio. RESULTS The use of Abraham solvation parameters was useful as a theory-informed set of molecular predictors of drug solubility changes between pediatric and adult simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Our findings suggest that the molecular solvation environment in the fasted gastric state was similar in the pediatric age-groups studied, which led to fewer differences in the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratio. In the intestinal fasted and fed state, there was a high relative contribution of the physiologically relevant surfactants to the alteration of drug solubility in the pediatric simulated conditions compared to the adult ones, which confirms the importance of an age-appropriate composition in biorelevant media. CONCLUSION Statistical models based on Abraham solvation parameters were applied mostly to better understand drug solubility differences in adult and pediatric biorelevant media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Combination of a biopharmaceutic classification system and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to predict absorption properties of baicalein in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Ye WL, Zhang BL, Mei QB, Zhou SY. Biopharmaceutics classification evaluation for paris saponin VII. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:714-720. [PMID: 32928515 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the biopharmaceutics characteristics of paris saponin VII (PSVII). The solubility of PSVII was evaluated by measurement of the equilibrium solubility in different solvents and media. The permeability of PSVII was evaluated by measuring the oil/water partition coefficient (lgPapp) and determining the apparent permeability coefficient (PCapp) on a mono-layer Caco-2 cell model. The effects of p-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance related protein 2 on PSVII transport in mono-layer Caco-2 cell model were further investigated. Finally, the small intestinal absorption of PSVII was investigated in rat. In solvents of different pH, the equilibrium solubility of PSVII was quite low, and the dose number of PSVII was larger than 1. The lgPapp of PSVII was less than 0. The apparent permeability coefficient [PCapp(AP-BL)] of PSVII in mono-layer Caco-2 cell model was less than 14.96 × 10-6 cm·s-1, and the efflux ratio of PSVII in mono-layer Caco-2 cell model was less than 1. The transport rate of PSVII in mono-layer Caco-2 cell model was not affected by the inhibitors of p-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance related protein 2. After oral administration, PSVII could be detected in rat intestinal contents, but could not be detected in the small intestinal mucosa. PSVII showed low solubility and permeability, which would result in low oral bioavailability in clinic. PSVII belonged to Class IV compound in biopharmaceutics classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei-Liang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Mundaca‐Uribe R, Karshalev E, Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila B, Wei X, Nguyen B, Litvan I, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A Microstirring Pill Enhances Bioavailability of Orally Administered Drugs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100389. [PMID: 34194949 PMCID: PMC8224427 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Majority of drugs are administered orally, yet their efficient absorption is often difficult to achieve, with a low dose fraction reaching the blood compartment. Here, a microstirring pill technology is reported with built-in mixing capability for oral drug delivery that greatly enhances bioavailability of its therapeutic payload. Embedding microscopic stirrers into a pill matrix enables faster disintegration and dissolution, leading to improved release profiles of three widely used model drugs, aspirin, levodopa, and acetaminophen, without compromising their loading. Unlike recently developed drug-carrying nanomotors, drug molecules are not associated with the microstirrers, and hence there is no limitation on the loading capacity. These embedded microstirrers are fabricated through the asymmetric coating of titanium dioxide thin film onto magnesium microparticles. In vitro tests illustrate that the embedded microstirrers lead to substantial enhancement of local fluid transport. In vivo studies using murine and porcine models demonstrate that the localized stirring capability of microstirrers leads to enhanced bioavailability of drug payloads. Such improvements are of considerable importance in clinical scenarios where fast absorption and high bioavailability of therapeutics are critical. The encouraging results obtained in porcine model suggest that the microstirring pill technology has translational potential and can be developed toward practical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Mundaca‐Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | | | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
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16
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Šagud I, Zanolla D, Zingone G, Perissutti B, Škorić I. Impact of mesoporous silica on the chemical degradation of Praziquantel upon grinding. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Kronseder C, Saal C, Griffin BT. Rational Selection of Bio-Enabling Oral Drug Formulations - A PEARRL Commentary. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1921-1930. [PMID: 33609523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New drug candidates often require bio-enabling formation technologies such as lipid-based formulations, solid dispersions, or nanosized drug formulations. Development of such more sophisticated delivery systems generally requires higher resource investment compared to a conventional oral dosage form, which might slow down clinical development. To achieve the biopharmaceutical objectives while enabling rapid cost effective development, it is imperative to identify a suitable formulation technique for a given drug candidate as early as possible. Hence many companies have developed internal decision trees based mostly on prior organizational experience, though they also contain some arbitrary elements. As part of the EU funded PEARRL project, a number of new decision trees are here proposed that reflect both the current scientific state of the art and a consensus among the industrial project partners. This commentary presents and discusses these, while also going beyond this classical expert approach with a pilot study using emerging machine learning, where the computer suggests formulation strategy based on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of a molecule. Current limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for likely future developments in this emerging field of pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Kronseder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
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18
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An investigation of drug compact topography as relates to intrinsic dissolution rates determined by dissolution imaging. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Cristofoletti R, Fotaki N, Turner DB, Dressman J. Establishing virtual bioequivalence and clinically relevant specifications using in vitro biorelevant dissolution testing and physiologically-based population pharmacokinetic modeling. case example: Naproxen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Mokhtari P, Ghaedi M. Water compatible molecularly imprinted polymer for controlled release of riboflavin as drug delivery system. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Mavroudis PD, Kosmidis K, Macheras P. On the unphysical hypotheses in pharmacokinetics and oral drug absorption: Time to utilize instantaneous rate coefficients instead of rate constants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:137-146. [PMID: 30690188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to explore the unphysical assumptions associated with i) the homogeneity of the well mixed compartments of pharmacokinetics and ii) the diffusion limited model of drug dissolution. To this end, we i) tested the homogeneity hypothesis using Monte Carlo simulations for a reaction and a diffusional process that take place in Euclidean and fractal media, ii) re-considered the flip-flop kinetics assuming that the absorption rate for a one-compartment model is governed by an instantaneous rate coefficient instead of a rate constant, and, iii) re-considered the extent of drug absorption as a function of dose using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution with integer and non-integer stoichiometry values. We found that drug diffusional processes and reactions are slowed down in heterogeneous media and the environmental heterogeneity leads to increased fluctuations of the measurable quantities. Highly variable experimental literature data with measurements in intrathecal space and gastrointestinal fluids were explained accordingly. Next, by applying power law and Weibull input functions to a one-compartment model of disposition we show that the shape of concentration-time curves is highly dependent on the time exponent of the input functions. Realistic examples based on PK data of three compounds known to exhibit flip-flop kinetics are analyzed. The need to use time dependent coefficients instead of rate constants in PBPK modeling and virtual bioequivalence is underlined. Finally, the shape of the fraction absorbed as a function of dose plots, using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution were found to be dependent on the stoichiometry value and the solubility of drug. Ascending and descending limbs were observed for the higher stoichiometries (2.0 and 1.5) with the low solubility drug. In contrast, for the more soluble drug, a continuous increase of fraction absorbed as a function of dose is observed when the higher stoichiometries are used (2.0 and 1.5). For both drugs, the fraction absorbed for the lower values of stoichiometry (0.7 and 1.0) exhibit a non-dependency on dose profile. Our results give an insight into the complex picture of in vivo drug dissolution since diffusion-limited and reaction-limited processes seem to operate under in vivo conditions concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon D Mavroudis
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmidis
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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22
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Biorelevant intrinsic dissolution profiling in early drug development: Fundamental, methodological, and industrial aspects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:101-114. [PMID: 30862481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) is the surface specific dissolution rate of a drug. In early drug development, this property (among other parameters) is measured in order to compare different polymorphs and salt forms, guide formulation decisions, and to provide a quality marker of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) during production. In this review, an update on different methods and small-scale techniques that have recently evolved for determination of IDR is provided. The importance of biorelevant media and the hydrodynamic conditions of dissolution are also discussed. Different preparation techniques for samples are presented with a focus on disc, particle- and crystal-based methods. A number of small-scale techniques are then described in detail, and their applicability domains are identified. Finally, an updated industrial perspective is provided about IDR's place in the early drug development process.
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23
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de Campos DP, Silva-Barcellos NM, Lima RR, Savedra RML, Siqueira MF, Yoshida MI, da Nova Mussel W, de Souza J. Polymorphic and Quantum Chemistry Characterization of Candesartan Cilexetil: Importance for the Correct Drug Classification According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3019-3028. [PMID: 30062540 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recommended method for the biopharmaceutical evaluation of drug solubility is the shake flask; however, there are discrepancies reported about the solubility of certain compounds measured with this method, one of them is candesartan cilexetil. The present work aimed to elucidate the solubility of candesartan cilexetil by associating others assays such as stability determination, polymorphic characterization and in silico calculations of intrinsic solubility, ionized species, and electronic structures using quantum chemistry descriptors (frontier molecular orbitals and Fukui functions). For the complete biopharmaceutical classification, we also reviewed the permeability data available. The polymorphic form used was previously identified as the form I of candesartan cilexetil. The solubility was evaluated in biorelevant media in the pH range of 1.2-6.8 at 37.0°C according to the stability previously assessed. The solubility of candesartan cilexetil is pH dependent and the dose/solubility ratios obtained demonstrated the low solubility of the prodrug. The in silico calculations supported the found results and evidenced the main groups involved in the solvation, benzimidazole, and tetrazol-biphenyl. The human absolute bioavailability reported demonstrates that candesartan cilexetil has low permeability and when associated with the low solubility allows to classify it as class 4 of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System.
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24
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van de Steeg E, Schuren FHJ, Obach RS, van Woudenbergh C, Walker GS, Heerikhuisen M, Nooijen IHG, Vaes WHJ. An Ex Vivo Fermentation Screening Platform to Study Drug Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1596-1607. [PMID: 30158249 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon microbiota-based drug metabolism has received little attention thus far in the process of drug development, whereas the role of gut microbiota in clinical safety and efficacy of drugs has become more clear. Many of these studies have been performed using animal studies, but the translational value of these data with respect to drug pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety is largely unknown. To investigate human colon microbiota-mediated drug metabolism, we applied a recently developed ex vivo fermentation screening platform, in which human colonic microbiota conditions are simulated. A set of 12 drugs (omeprazole, simvastatin, metronidazole, risperidone, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, levodopa, dapsone, nizatidine, sulfasalazine, zonisamide, and acetaminophen) was incubated with human colon microbiota under strictly anaerobic conditions, and samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatograph-UV-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The human microbiota in the fermentation assay consisted of bacterial genera regularly encountered in human colon and fecal samples and could be reproducibly cultured in independent experiments over time. In addition, fully anaerobic culture conditions could be maintained for 24 hours of incubation. Five out of the 12 included drugs (sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, nizatidine, and risperidone) showed microbiota-based biotransformation after 24 hours of incubation in the ex vivo fermentation assay. We demonstrated that drug metabolites formed by microbial metabolism can be detected in a qualitative manner and that the data are in accordance with those reported earlier for in vivo metabolism. In conclusion, we present a research tool to investigate human colon microbiota-based drug metabolism that may be applied to enable translatability of microbiota-based drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - F H J Schuren
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - C van Woudenbergh
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - M Heerikhuisen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - I H G Nooijen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
| | - W H J Vaes
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands (E.v.d.S., F.H.J.S., C.v.W., M.H., I.H.G.N., W.H.J.V.) and Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., G.S.W.)
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25
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Mora MJ, Onnainty R, Granero GE. Comparative Oral Drug Classification Systems: Acetazolamide, Azithromycin, Clopidogrel, and Efavirenz Case Studies. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3187-3196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Mora
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000-HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Renée Onnainty
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000-HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gladys Ester Granero
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000-HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Emami S, Siahi-Shadbad M, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K. Characterizing eutectic mixtures of gliclazide with succinic acid prepared by electrospray deposition and liquid assisted grinding methods. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Emami S, Siahi-Shadbad M, Adibkia K, Barzegar-Jalali M. Recent advances in improving oral drug bioavailability by cocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:305-320. [PMID: 30397585 PMCID: PMC6209825 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Oral drug delivery is the most favored route of drug administration. However, poor oral bioavailability is one of the leading reasons for insufficient clinical efficacy. Improving oral absorption of drugs with low water solubility and/or low intestinal membrane permeability is an active field of research. Cocrystallization of drugs with appropriate coformers is a promising approach for enhancing oral bioavailability.
Methods: In the present review, we have focused on recent advances that have been made in improving oral absorption through cocrystallization. The covered areas include supersaturation and its importance on oral absorption of cocrystals, permeability of cocrystals through membranes, drug-coformer pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions, conducting in vivo-in vitro correlations for cocrystals. Additionally, a discussion has been made on the integration of nanocrystal technology with supramolecular design. Marketed cocrystal products and PK studies in human subjects are also reported.
Results: Considering supersaturation and consequent precipitation properties is necessary when evaluating dissolution and bioavailability of cocrystals. Appropriate excipients should be included to control precipitation kinetics and to capture solubility advantage of cocrystals. Beside to solubility, cocrystals may modify membrane permeability of drugs. Therefore, cocrystals can find applications in improving oral bioavailability of poorly permeable drugs. It has been shown that cocrystals may interrupt cellular integrity of cellular monolayers which can raise toxicity concerns. Some of coformers may interact with intestinal absorption of drugs through changing intestinal blood flow, metabolism and inhibiting efflux pumps. Therefore, caution should be taken into account when conducting bioavailability studies. Nanosized cocrystals have shown a high potential towards improving absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
Conclusions: Cocrystals have found their way from the proof-of-principle stage to the clinic. Up to now, at least two cocrystal products have gained approval from regulatory bodies. However, there are remaining challenges on safety, predicting in vivo behavior and revealing real potential of cocrystals in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Emami
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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28
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Souza JBD, Souza JD, Castro LMLD, Siqueira MF, Savedra RML, Silva-Barcellos NM. Evaluation of the losartan solubility in the biowaiver context by shake-flask method and intrinsic dissolution. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 24:283-292. [PMID: 29723078 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1472610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the shake-flask use as a universal method to evaluate drug solubility in a biowaiver context as proposed by FDA, EMA and ANVISA. The solubility of losartan was determined in three buffers using the shake-flask method, intrinsic dissolution (ID) and Quantum Chemistry. Moreover, the evaluation of a losartan dissolution profile from coated tablets was conducted. The losartan low solubility in pH 1.2 and high solubility in pH 6.8 were observed using the shake-flask method. However, the solubility results using ID demonstrated its high solubility in pH 1.2 and 6.8. It was not possible to find conclusive results regarding the solubility of the drug in pH 4.5. The studies conducted by Quantum Chemistry provide molecular and electronic data that helped understand the losartan solvation in different pH values. Our experimental results defined that losartan can be classified as a low-solubility drug. In addition, this work shows that shake-flask cannot be a universal method of solubility studies in biowaiver context. Individual analysis will be necessary. The intrinsic dissolution should be considered as a complementary method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Braga de Souza
- a Escola de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - CiPharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Souza
- a Escola de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - CiPharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Lara Maria Lopes de Castro
- a Escola de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - CiPharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Melissa Fabíola Siqueira
- b Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Ranylson Marcello Leal Savedra
- b Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Neila Márcia Silva-Barcellos
- a Escola de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - CiPharma, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
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29
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Macheras P, Iliadis A, Melagraki G. A reaction limited in vivo dissolution model for the study of drug absorption: Towards a new paradigm for the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:98-106. [PMID: 29425862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption model based on a reaction limited model of dissolution and consider its impact on the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs. Estimates for the fraction of dose absorbed as a function of dose, solubility, reaction/dissolution rate constant and the stoichiometry of drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution were derived by numerical solution of the model equations. The undissolved drug dose and the reaction/dissolution rate constant drive the dissolution rate and determine the extent of absorption when high-constant drug permeability throughout the gastrointestinal tract is assumed. Dose is an important element of drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution while solubility exclusively acts as an upper limit for drug concentrations in the lumen. The 3D plots of fraction of dose absorbed as a function of dose and reaction/dissolution rate constant for highly soluble and low soluble drugs for different "stoichiometries" (0.7, 1.0, 2.0) of the drug-reaction/dissolution with the GI fluids revealed that high extent of absorption was found assuming high drug- reaction/dissolution rate constant and high drug solubility. The model equations were used to simulate in vivo supersaturation and precipitation phenomena. The model developed provides the theoretical basis for the interpretation of the extent of drug's absorption on the basis of the parameters associated with the drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution. A new paradigm emerges for the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs, namely, a model independent biopharmaceutic classification scheme of four drug categories based on either the fulfillment or not of the current dissolution criteria and the high or low % drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pharmainformatics Unit "Athena" Research and Innovation Center, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Georgia Melagraki
- Department of Military Sciences, Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Greece
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30
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Andersson SBE, Alvebratt C, Bergström CAS. Controlled Suspensions Enable Rapid Determinations of Intrinsic Dissolution Rate and Apparent Solubility of Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds. Pharm Res 2017. [PMID: 28620887 PMCID: PMC5533823 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a small-scale set-up to rapidly and accurately determine the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and apparent solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds. Methods The IDR and apparent solubility (Sapp) were measured in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) for six model compounds using wet-milled controlled suspensions (1.0% (w/w) PVP and 0.2% (w/w) SDS) and the μDISS Profiler. Particle size distribution was measured using a Zetasizer and the total surface area was calculated making use of the density of the compound. Powder and disc dissolution were performed and compared to the IDR of the controlled suspensions. Results The IDR values obtained from the controlled suspensions were in excellent agreement with IDR from disc measurements. The method used low amount of compound (μg-scale) and the experiments were completed within a few minutes. The IDR values ranged from 0.2–70.6 μg/min/cm2 and the IDR/Sapp ratio ranged from 0.015 to 0.23. This ratio was used to indicate particle size sensitivity on intestinal concentrations reached for poorly water-soluble compounds. Conclusions The established method is a new, desirable tool that provides the means for rapid and highly accurate measurements of the IDR and apparent solubility in biorelevant dissolution media. The IDR/Sapp is proposed as a measure of particle size sensitivity when significant solubilization may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B E Andersson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Alvebratt
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chow ECY, Talattof A, Tsakalozou E, Fan J, Zhao L, Zhang X. Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Evaluate the Impact of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Oral Drug Absorption: Sensitivity Analyses. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1500-1511. [PMID: 27520379 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug solubility, effective permeability, and intestinal metabolism and transport are parameters that govern intestinal bioavailability and oral absorption. However, excipients may affect the systemic bioavailability of a drug by altering these parameters. Thus, parameter sensitivity analyses using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were performed to examine the potential impact of excipients on oral drug absorption of different Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class drugs. The simulation results showed that changes in solubility had minimal impact on Cmax and AUC0-t of investigated BCS class 1 and 3 drugs. Changes in passive permeability altered Cmax more than AUC0-t for BCS class 1 drugs but were variable and drug-specific across different BCS class 2 and 3 drugs. Depending on the drug compounds for BCS class 1 and 2 drugs, changes in intestinal metabolic activity altered Cmax and AUC0-t. Reducing or increasing influx and efflux transporter activity might likely affect Cmax and AUC0-t of BCS class 2 and 3 drugs, but the magnitude may be drug dependent. Changes in passive permeability and/or transporter activity for BCS class 2 and 3 drugs might also have a significant impact on fraction absorbed and systemic bioavailability while changes in intestinal metabolic activity may have an impact on gut and systemic bioavailability. Overall, we demonstrate that PBPK modeling can be used routinely to examine sensitivity of bioavailability based on physiochemical and physiological factors and subsequently assess whether biowaiver requirements need consideration of excipient effects for immediate release oral solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chiu Yuen Chow
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. .,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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Daousani C, Macheras P. Biopharmaceutic classification of drugs revisited. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:82-87. [PMID: 27496048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) was based on the tube model of the intestinal lumen. This model considers constant drug permeability along the intestines, a plug flow fluid with the suspended drug particles moving with the fluid, and dissolution in the small particle limit. Since then the research work focusing on drug gastrointestinal (GI) absorption phenomena and processes rely on the classical laws of transport, diffusion and kinetics; however, the homogeneous assumptions associated with the well-stirred Euclidean media, where the classical laws of diffusion and kinetics apply, have been questioned in the past. In this work we explore the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs using a heterogeneous pseudo steady-state model of oral drug absorption. The fraction of dose absorbed (Fabs) was expressed as a function of two time-dependent processes where time dependent coefficients govern drug absorption and non-absorption processes. Fundamental drug properties like the absorption potential are correlated with Fabs and allow the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs taking into account the heterogeneous aspects of oral drug absorption. This analysis reveals that for Class I drugs no time dependency is expected for both absorption and non absorption processes since the gastric emptying is controlling the absorption of Class I drugs while the completion of absorption (Fabs>90%) is terminated along the first part of the jejunum. Due to the biopharmaceutical properties of Class II, III and IV drugs, these drugs travel throughout the GI tract and therefore both absorption and non absorption processes will exhibit time dependency. Thus, the calculation of Fabs (<90%) for Class II, III and IV is dependent on the estimates of the time exponents of time dependent coefficients controlling drug absorption e.g. dissolution, uptake or non absorption e.g. precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Daousani
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Joubert R, Steyn JD, Heystek HJ, Steenekamp JH, Du Preez JL, Hamman JH. In vitro oral drug permeation models: the importance of taking physiological and physico-chemical factors into consideration. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:179-187. [PMID: 27397695 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1211639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The assessment of intestinal membrane permeability properties of new chemical entities is a crucial step in the drug discovery and development process and a variety of in vitro models, methods and techniques are available to estimate the extent of oral drug absorption in humans. However, variations in certain physiological and physico-chemical factors are often not reflected in the results and the complex dynamic interplay between these factors is sometimes oversimplified with in vitro models. Areas covered: In vitro models to evaluate drug pharmacokinetics are briefly outlined, while both physiological and physico-chemical factors that may have an influence on these techniques are critically reviewed. The shortcomings identified for some of the in vitro techniques are discussed in conjunction with novel ways to improve and thereby overcome some challenges. Expert opinion: Although conventional in vitro methods and theories are used as basic guidelines to predict drug absorption, critical evaluations have identified some shortcomings. Advancements in technology have made it possible to investigate and understand the role of physiological and physico-chemical factors in drug delivery more clearly, which can be used to improve and refine the techniques to more closely mimic the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Joubert
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Johan Dewald Steyn
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Hendrik Jacobus Heystek
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Jan Harm Steenekamp
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Jan Lourens Du Preez
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Josias Hendrik Hamman
- a Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Fridgeirsdottir GA, Harris R, Fischer PM, Roberts CJ. Support Tools in Formulation Development for Poorly Soluble Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2260-9. [PMID: 27368122 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The need for solubility enhancement through formulation is a well-known but still problematic issue because of the numbers of poorly water-soluble drugs in development. There are several possible routes that can be taken to increase the bioavailability of drugs intended for immediate-release oral formulation. The best formulation strategy for any given drug will depend on numerous factors, including required dose, shelf life, manufacturability, and the properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Choosing an optimal formulation and manufacturing route for a new API is therefore not a straightforward process. Currently, there are several approaches that are used in the pharmaceutical industry to select the best formulation strategy. These differ in complexity and efficiency, but most try to predict which route will best suit the API based on selected molecular parameters such as molecular weight, lipophilicity (logP), and solubility. These methods range from using no tools, trial and error methods through a variety of complex tools from small in vitro or in vivo experiments or high throughput screening, guidance maps, and decision trees to the most complex methods based on computational modelling tools. This review aims to list available support tools and explain how they are used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter M Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Clive J Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Koziolek M, Grimm M, Schneider F, Jedamzik P, Sager M, Kühn JP, Siegmund W, Weitschies W. Navigating the human gastrointestinal tract for oral drug delivery: Uncharted waters and new frontiers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:75-88. [PMID: 27037063 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many concepts of oral drug delivery are based on our comprehension of human gastrointestinal physiology. Unfortunately, we tend to oversimplify the complex interplay between the various physiological factors in the human gut and, in particular, the dynamics of these transit conditions to which oral dosage forms are exposed. Recent advances in spatial and temporal resolution of medical instrumentation as well as improved access to these technologies have facilitated clinical trials to characterize the dynamic processes within the human gastrointestinal tract. These studies have shown that highly relevant parameters such as fluid volumes, dosage form movement, and pH values in the lumen of the upper GI tract are very dynamic. As a result of these new insights into the human gastrointestinal environment, some common concepts and ideas of oral drug delivery are no longer valid and have to be reviewed in order to ensure efficacy and safety of oral drug therapy.
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Abstract
![]()
Identification
of the usefulness of lipid-based formulations (LBFs)
for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs is at date mainly experimentally
based. In this work we used a diverse drug data set, and more than
2,000 solubility measurements to develop experimental and computational
tools to predict the loading capacity of LBFs. Computational models
were developed to enable in silico prediction of
solubility, and hence drug loading capacity, in the LBFs. Drug solubility
in mixed mono-, di-, triglycerides (Maisine 35-1 and Capmul MCM EP)
correlated (R2 0.89) as well as the drug
solubility in Carbitol and other ethoxylated excipients (PEG400, R2 0.85; Polysorbate 80, R2 0.90; Cremophor EL, R2 0.93).
A melting point below 150 °C was observed to result in a reasonable
solubility in the glycerides. The loading capacity in LBFs was accurately
calculated from solubility data in single excipients (R2 0.91). In silico models, without the
demand of experimentally determined solubility, also gave good predictions
of the loading capacity in these complex formulations (R2 0.79). The framework established here gives a better
understanding of drug solubility in single excipients and of LBF loading
capacity. The large data set studied revealed that experimental screening
efforts can be rationalized by solubility measurements in key excipients
or from solid state information. For the first time it was shown that
loading capacity in complex formulations can be accurately predicted
using molecular information extracted from calculated descriptors
and thermal properties of the crystalline drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Alskär
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Chaves LL, Vieira AC, Ferreira D, Sarmento B, Reis S. Rational and precise development of amorphous polymeric systems with dapsone by response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:662-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Intestinal solubility and absorption of poorly water soluble compounds: predictions, challenges and solutions. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:935-59. [PMID: 26316058 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored for which type of compounds biorelevant dissolution profiling in simulated intestinal fluids would accurately predict solubility in human intestinal fluid. In total, 474 solubility values in simulated and aspirated human intestinal fluid for 78 drugs were compiled and analyzed. Significant solubilization in the colloidal structures was obtained in fasted and fed state fluids for drug compounds with a logD(oct)>3. Highly lipophilic compounds with high melting points (Tm > 200 °C) could also be significantly solubilized, but typically such compounds had solubility values in the lower µg/ml range also in the presence of the colloidal structures. On the basis of our analysis, compounds with a logD(oct)>3 should be explored in biorelevant dissolution media to better predict in vivo performance after oral dosing.
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Naderkhani E, Vasskog T, Flaten GE. Biomimetic PVPA in vitro model for estimation of the intestinal drug permeability using fasted and fed state simulated intestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 73:64-71. [PMID: 25840125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite for successful oral drug therapy is the drug's ability to cross the gastrointestinal barrier. Considering the increasing number of new chemical entities in modern drug discovery, reliable and fast in vitro models are required for early and efficient prediction of intestinal permeability. To mimic the intestinal environment, use of biorelevant media may provide valuable information on in vivo drug permeation. The present study aims at improving the novel biomimetic phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay's (PVPAbiomimetic) biorelevance by investigating the applicability of the biorelevant media; fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF). The FaSSIF and FeSSIF's influence on the permeability of the model drugs acyclovir, indomethacin, griseofulvin and nadolol was then assessed. The barriers' robustness in terms of storage stability was also evaluated. The barriers were found to maintain their integrity in presence of FaSSIF and FeSSIF. The model drugs showed changes in permeability in presence of the different simulated intestinal fluids that were in agreement with previous reports. Moreover, the barrier showed improved storage stability by maintaining its integrity for 6months. Altogether, this study moves the PVPAbiomimetic an important step towards a better in vitro permeability model for use in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenaz Naderkhani
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Vasskog
- Norut (Northern Research Institute), Sykehusveien 23, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Herbrink M, Nuijen B, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Variability in bioavailability of small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:412-22. [PMID: 25818541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (smTKIs) are in the centre of the very quickly expanding area of personalized chemotherapy and oral applicability thereof. The number of drugs in this class is rapidly growing, with twenty current approvals by both the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The drugs are, however, generally characterized by a poor oral, and thus variable, bioavailability. This results in significant variation in plasma levels and exposure. The cause is a complex interplay of factors, including poor aqueous solubility, issued permeability, membrane transport and enzymatic metabolism. Additionally, food and drug-drug interactions can play a significant role. The issues related with an impaired bioavailability generally receive little attention. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to provide an overview of the factors that determine the bioavailability of the smTKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Herbrink
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louwesweg 6, 1006 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Codina AV, García A, Leonardi D, Vasconi MD, Di Masso RJ, Lamas MC, Hinrichsen LI. Efficacy of albendazole:β-cyclodextrin citrate in the parenteral stage of Trichinella spiralis infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:203-6. [PMID: 25790725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Albendazole-β-cyclodextrin citrate (ABZ:C-β-CD) inclusion complex in vivo antiparasitic activity was evaluated in the parenteral phase of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. An equimolar complex of ABZ:C-β-CD was prepared by spray-drying and tested in CBi-IGE male mice orally infected with L1 infective larvae. Infected animals were treated with 50 or 30mg/kg albendazole, (ABZ) equivalent amounts of the ABZ:C-β-CD complex and non treated (controls). Mice received a daily dose on days 28, 29 and 30 post-infection. A week later, larval burden and percentage of encysted dead larvae were assessed in the host by counting viable and non-viable larvae in the tongue. Complexation of ABZ with C-β-CD increased the drug dissolution efficiency nearly eightfold. At 37 days p-i, the reduction percentage in muscle larval load was 35% in mice treated with 50mg/kg/day ABZ and 68% in those given the complex. Treatment with the lower dose showed a similar decrease in parasite burden. Treated animals showed a high percentage of nonviable larvae, the proportion being significantly higher in mice receiving the complex than in control animals (72-88% vs. 11%, P=0.0032). These data indicate that ABZ:C-β-CD increases bioavailability and effectiveness of ABZ against encapsulated Trichinella larvae, thus allowing the use of small doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Codina
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, S2000KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agustina García
- IQUIR-CONICET, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Darío Leonardi
- IQUIR-CONICET, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María D Vasconi
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, S2000KTR Rosario, Argentina; Área Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J Di Masso
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, S2000KTR Rosario, Argentina; CIC-UNR, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Maipú 1065, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María C Lamas
- IQUIR-CONICET, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucila I Hinrichsen
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, S2000KTR Rosario, Argentina; CIC-UNR, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Maipú 1065, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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42
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Newby D, Freitas AA, Ghafourian T. Comparing multilabel classification methods for provisional biopharmaceutics class prediction. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:87-102. [PMID: 25397721 DOI: 10.1021/mp500457t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is now well established and utilized for the development and biowaivers of immediate oral dosage forms. The prediction of BCS class can be carried out using multilabel classification. Unlike single label classification, multilabel classification methods predict more than one class label at the same time. This paper compares two multilabel methods, binary relevance and classifier chain, for provisional BCS class prediction. Large data sets of permeability and solubility of drug and drug-like compounds were obtained from the literature and were used to build models using decision trees. The separate permeability and solubility models were validated, and a BCS validation set of 127 compounds where both permeability and solubility were known was used to compare the two aforementioned multilabel classification methods for provisional BCS class prediction. Overall, the results indicate that the classifier chain method, which takes into account label interactions, performed better compared to the binary relevance method. This work offers a comparison of multilabel methods and shows the potential of the classifier chain multilabel method for improved biological property predictions for use in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Newby
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, U.K
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