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Hens B, Sarcevica I, Tomaszewska I, McAllister M. Digitalizing the TIM-1 Model Using Computational Approaches─Part Two: Digital TIM-1 Model in GastroPlus. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5429-5439. [PMID: 37878668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A TIM-1 model is an in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) simulator considering crucial physiological parameters that will affect the in vivo drug release process. The outcome of these experiments can indicate the critical bioavailability attributes (CBAs) that will impact the fraction absorbed in vivo. The model is widely used in the nonclinical stage of drug product development to assess the bioaccessible fraction of drugs for numerous candidate formulations. In this work, we developed a digital TIM-1 model in the GastroPlus platform. In a first step, we performed validation experiments to assess the luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions for two marker compounds. The digital TIM-1 was able to adequately reflect the luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions of these markers under different prandial conditions, confirming the appropriate integration of mass transfer in the TIM-1 model. In a second set of experiments, a case example with PF-07059013 was performed, where luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions were predicted for 200 and 1000 mg doses under fasted and achlorhydric conditions. Experimental and simulated data pointed out that the achlorhydric effect was more pronounced at the 1000 mg dose, showing a solubility-limited dissolution and, consequently, decreased bioaccessible fraction. Toward future applications, the digital TIM-1 model will be thoroughly applied to explore a link between in vitro and in vivo outcomes based on more case examples with model compounds with the access of TIM-1 and plasma data. Ideally, this digital TIM-1 can be directly used in GastroPlus to explore an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) between the fraction dissolved (digital TIM-1 settings) and the fraction absorbed (human PBPK settings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Inese Sarcevica
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Irena Tomaszewska
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
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2
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Kostantini C, Spilioti E, Bevernage J, Ceulemans J, Hansmann S, Hellemans K, Jede C, Kourentas A, Reggane M, Shah L, Wagner C, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Screening for Differences in Early Exposure in the Fasted State with in Vitro Methodologies can be Challenging: Experience with the BioGIT System. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2240-2248. [PMID: 36918113 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The Biorelevant Gastrointestinal Transfer (BioGIT) system is a useful screening tool for assessing the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure after administration of immediate release or enabling drug products with a glass of water in the fasted state. The objective of this study was to investigate potential limitations. BioGIT experiments were performed with five low solubility active pharmaceutical ingredients with weakly alkaline characteristics: mebendazole (tablet and chewable tablet), Compound E (aqueous solutions, three doses), pazopanib-HCl (Votrient™ tablet, crushed Votrient™ tablet and aqueous suspension), Compound B-diHCl (hard gelatin capsule, three doses) and Compound C (hard gelatin capsule containing nanosized drug and hard gelatin capsule containing micronized drug). For all formulation or dose comparisons the ratio of mean BioGIT AUC0-50 min values was not predictive of the ratio of mean plasma AUC0-60 min values which became available after completion of BioGIT experiments. BioGIT experimental conditions have not been designed to simulate the gastrointestinal drug transfer process after administration of chewable tablets or aqueous solutions, therefore, BioGIT may not be useful for the assessment of intraluminal performance early after administration of such drug products. Also, based on this study, BioGIT may not be useful in investigating the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure when the dose is not administered with a glass of water to fasted healthy individuals or when BioGIT data are highly variable. Finally, the rapid dissolution of nanocrystals after administration of low solubility weak bases may require adjustment of the pH in the gastric compartment of BioGIT to slightly higher pH values. Limitations identified in this study for the BioGIT system may be also relevant to other in vitro systems proposed for similar evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kostantini
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Evanthia Spilioti
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | | | | | - Simone Hansmann
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jede
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kourentas
- Dissolution & Biopharmaceutics, Analytical Research and Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Reggane
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lipa Shah
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Fort Worth TX 76134, United States of America
| | - Christian Wagner
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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Tsume Y, Ashworth L, Bermejo M, Cheng J, Cicale V, Dressman J, Fushimi M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Guo Y, Jankovsky C, Lu X, Matsui K, Patel S, Sanderson N, Sun CC, Thakral NK, Yamane M, Zöller L. Harmonizing Biopredictive Methodologies Through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI) Part I: Biopredictive Dissolution of Ibuprofen and Dipyridamole Tablets. AAPS J 2023; 25:45. [PMID: 37085637 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing in vivo performance to inform formulation selection and development decisions is an important aspect of drug development. Biopredictive dissolution methodologies for oral dosage forms have been developed to understand in vivo performance, assist in formulation development/optimization, and forecast the outcome of bioequivalence studies by combining them with simulation tools to predict plasma profiles in humans. However, unlike compendial dissolution methodologies, the various biopredictive methodologies have not yet been harmonized or standardized. This manuscript presents the initial phases of an effort to develop best practices and move toward standardization of the biopredictive methodologies through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI, https://pqri.org ) entitled "The standardization of in vitro predictive dissolution methodologies and in silico bioequivalence study Working Group." This Working Group (WG) is comprised of participants from 10 pharmaceutical companies and academic institutes. The project will be accomplished in a total of five phases including assessing the performance of dissolution protocols designed by the individual WG members, and then building "best practice" protocols based on the initial dissolution profiles. After refining the "best practice" protocols to produce equivalent dissolution profiles, those will be combined with physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM) to predict plasma profiles. In this manuscript, the first two of the five phases are reported, namely generating biopredictive dissolution profiles for ibuprofen and dipyridamole and using those dissolution profiles with PBBM to match the clinical plasma profiles. Key experimental parameters are identified, and this knowledge will be applied to build the "best practice" protocol in the next phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey, USA.
| | | | | | - Joan Cheng
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Vincent Cicale
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
- Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Yiwang Guo
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Corinne Jankovsky
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xujin Lu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Moens F, Vandevijver G, De Blaiser A, Larsson A, Spreafico F, Augustijns P, Marzorati M. The Dynamic Intestinal Absorption Model (Diamod®), an in vitro tool to study the interconnected kinetics of gastrointestinal solubility, supersaturation, precipitation, and intestinal permeation processes of oral drugs. Int J Pharm X 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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5
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Exploring a Bioequivalence Failure for Silodosin Products Due to Disintegrant Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122565. [PMID: 36559059 PMCID: PMC9783061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some years ago, excipients were considered inert substances irrelevant in the absorption process. However, years of study have demonstrated that this belief is not always true. In this study, the reasons for a bioequivalence failure between two formulations of silodosin are investigated. Silodosin is a class III drug according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, which has been experimentally proven by means of solubility and permeability experiments. Dissolution tests have been performed to identify conditions concordant with the non-bioequivalent result obtained from the human bioequivalence study and it has been observed that paddles at 50 rpm are able to detect inconsistent differences between formulations at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 (which baskets at 100 rpm are not able to do), whereas the GIS detects differences at the acidic pH of the stomach. It has also been observed that the differences in excipients between products did not affect the disintegration process, but disintegrants did alter the permeability of silodosin through the gastrointestinal barrier. Crospovidone and povidone, both derivatives of PVP, are used as disintegrants in the test product, instead of the pregelatinized corn starch used in the reference product. Permeability experiments show that PVP increases the absorption of silodosin-an increase that would explain the greater Cmax observed for the test product in the bioequivalence study.
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6
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Zhang X, Ye X, Hu K, Li W, Li W, Xiao Q, Chen L, Yang J. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Studying the Biowaiver Risk of Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class I Drugs With Rapid Elimination: Dexketoprofen Trometamol Case Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808456. [PMID: 35273497 PMCID: PMC8904038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biowaiver based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) has been widely used in the global market for the approval of new generic drug products to avoid unnecessary in vivo bioequivalence (BE) studies. However, it is reported that three out of four formulations of dexketoprofen trometamol (DEX) tablets (BCS class I drug) failed the first BE study. The aim of this study was to determine whether the current biowaiver standard is reasonable for DEX. Thus, we successfully established a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for DEX and examined the effects of dissolution, permeability, and gastric emptying time on DEX absorption under BCS-based biowaiver conditions using sensitivity analyses. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that the dissolution rate in pH 1.2 media, permeability, and liquid gastric emptying time were sensitive parameters of Cmax. Therefore, gastric emptying variation was introduced into the PBPK model, and virtual BE studys were conducted on original research formulation and the formulation of the boundary dissolution rate (f2 = 50) prescribed by the biowaiver guideline. The virtual BE results showed dissolution rate changes within the biowaiver range will not cause high non-BE ratio, indicate waive of DEX generic drugs would not lead the risk of Cmax when generic products satisfy the requirements of biowaiver guideline. However, the effect of excipients on gastric emptying as a sensitive factor needs to be further studied when the rapid elimination of BCS class I drug is biowaived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuxiao Ye
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuan Hu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Xiao
- Mosim Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Yang,
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7
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Wilson CG, Aarons L, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Darwich AS, De Waal T, Garbacz G, Hansmann S, Hoc D, Ivanova A, Koziolek M, Reppas C, Schick P, Vertzoni M, García-Horsman JA. Integration of advanced methods and models to study drug absorption and related processes: An UNGAP perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 172:106100. [PMID: 34936937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This collection of contributions from the European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) community assembly aims to provide information on some of the current and newer methods employed to study the behaviour of medicines. It is the product of interactions in the immediate pre-Covid period when UNGAP members were able to meet and set up workshops and to discuss progress across the disciplines. UNGAP activities are divided into work packages that cover special treatment populations, absorption processes in different regions of the gut, the development of advanced formulations and the integration of food and pharmaceutical scientists in the food-drug interface. This involves both new and established technical approaches in which we have attempted to define best practice and highlight areas where further research is needed. Over the last months we have been able to reflect on some of the key innovative approaches which we were tasked with mapping, including theoretical, in silico, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, preclinical and clinical approaches. This is the product of some of us in a snapshot of where UNGAP has travelled and what aspects of innovative technologies are important. It is not a comprehensive review of all methods used in research to study drug dissolution and absorption, but provides an ample panorama of current and advanced methods generally and potentially useful in this area. This collection starts from a consideration of advances in a priori approaches: an understanding of the molecular properties of the compound to predict biological characteristics relevant to absorption. The next four sections discuss a major activity in the UNGAP initiative, the pursuit of more representative conditions to study lumenal dissolution of drug formulations developed independently by academic teams. They are important because they illustrate examples of in vitro simulation systems that have begun to provide a useful understanding of formulation behaviour in the upper GI tract for industry. The Leuven team highlights the importance of the physiology of the digestive tract, as they describe the relevance of gastric and intestinal fluids on the behaviour of drugs along the tract. This provides the introduction to microdosing as an early tool to study drug disposition. Microdosing in oncology is starting to use gamma-emitting tracers, which provides a link through SPECT to the next section on nuclear medicine. The last two papers link the modelling approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry, in silico to Pop-PK linking to Darwich and Aarons, who provide discussion on pharmacometric modelling, completing the loop of molecule to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany
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8
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In Vitro Simulation of the Environment in the Upper Gastrointestinal Lumen After Drug Administration in the Fed State Using the TIM-1 System and Comparison With Luminal Data in Adults. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:197-205. [PMID: 34673096 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the environment in TIM-1 luminal compartments using paracetamol and danazol solutions and suspensions and the fed state configuration. Data were compared with recently published data in healthy adults. TIM-1 experiments were performed with a 3-fold downscale. Volumes of secretions in gastric and duodenal compartments adequately reflected the luminal data in adults up to 3 h post drug dosing. pH values in duodenal and jejunal compartments adequately reflected average pH values in adults. In gastric compartment pH values where initially higher than average values in adults and reached baseline levels earlier than in adults. The environment in the TIM-1 gastric compartment and jejunal compartment adequately reflected the average total paracetamol and danazol amounts per volume of contents in the adult stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. Total bile acids concentrations in the micellar phase of contents in duodenal and jejunal compartments overestimated micellar concentrations in the upper small intestine of adults. Adjustments in gastric emptying/acid secretion rates and bile acids identities in the duodenal and jejunal compartments, and application of dynamic bile acids secretion rates are expected to further improve the relevance of luminal conditions in TIM-1 compartments with those in adults.
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9
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An Assessment of Occasional Bio-Inequivalence for BCS1 and BCS3 Drugs: What are the Underlying Reasons? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:124-134. [PMID: 34363838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite having adequate solubility properties, bioequivalence (BE) studies performed on immediate release formulations containing BCS1/3 drugs occasionally fail. By systematically evaluating a set of 17 soluble drugs where unexpected BE failures have been reported and comparing to a set of 29 drugs where no such reports have been documented, a broad assessment of the risk factors leading to BE failure was performed. BE failures for BCS1/3 drugs were predominantly related to changes in Cmax rather than AUC. Cmax changes were typically modest, with minimal clinical significance for most drugs. Overall, drugs with a sharp plasma peak were identified as a key factor in BE failure risk. A new pharmacokinetic term (t½Cmax) is proposed to identify drugs at higher risk due to their peak plasma profile shape. In addition, the analysis revealed that weak acids, and drugs with particularly high gastric solubility are potentially more vulnerable to BE failure, particularly when these features are combined with a sharp Cmax peak. BCS3 drugs, which are often characterised as being more vulnerable to BE failure due to their potential for permeation and transit to be altered, particularly by excipient change, were not in general at greater risk of BE failures. These findings will help to inform how biowaivers may be optimally applied in the future.
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Jereb R, Opara J, Bajc A, Petek B. Evaluating the Impact of Physiological Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract On Drug In Vivo Performance Using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Virtual Clinical Trials. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3069-3081. [PMID: 33878322 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological properties of the gastrointestinal tract, such as pH, fluid volume, bile salt concentration, and gastrointestinal transit time, are highly variable in vivo. These properties can affect the dissolution and absorption of a drug, depending on its properties and formulation. The effect of gastrointestinal physiology on the bioperformance of a drug was studied in silico for a delayed-release pantoprazole tablet and an immediate-release dolutegravir tablet. Physiologically based absorption models were developed and virtual clinical trials were performed. Reasons for the variability in drug bioperformance between subjects were investigated, taking into account differences in gastrointestinal tract characteristics, pharmacokinetic parameters, and additional parameters (e.g., permeability). Default software parameters describing gastrointestinal physiology in the fasted and fed states, and variation in these parameters, were altered to match variability in these parameters reported in vivo. The altered model physiologies better described the variability of gastrointestinal conditions, and therefore the results of virtual trials using these physiologies are likely to be more relevant in vivo. With such altered gastrointestinal physiologies used to develop models, it is possible to obtain additional knowledge and improve the understanding of subject-formulation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jereb
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerneja Opara
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksander Bajc
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Petek
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Ruiz-Picazo A, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Hens B, Garcia-Arieta A, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. An In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Methodology (iPD Methodology) with a BCS Class IIb Drug Can Predict the In Vivo Bioequivalence Results: Etoricoxib Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040507. [PMID: 33917118 PMCID: PMC8067797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to predict in vivo performance of three oral products of Etoricoxib (Arcoxia® as reference and two generic formulations in development) by conducting in vivo predictive dissolution with GIS (Gastro Intestinal Simulator) and computational analysis. Those predictions were compared with the results from previous bioequivalence (BE) human studies. Product dissolution studies were performed using a computer-controlled multicompartmental dissolution device (GIS) equipped with three dissolution chambers, representing stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, with integrated transit times and secretion rates. The measured dissolved amounts were modelled in each compartment with a set of differential equations representing transit, dissolution, and precipitation processes. The observed drug concentration by in vitro dissolution studies were directly convoluted with permeability and disposition parameters from literature to generate the predicted plasma concentrations. The GIS was able to detect the dissolution differences among reference and generic formulations in the gastric chamber where the drug solubility is high (pH 2) while the USP 2 standard dissolution test at pH 2 did not show any difference. Therefore, the current study confirms the importance of multicompartmental dissolution testing for weak bases as observed for other case examples but also the impact of excipients on duodenal and jejunal in vivo behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (M.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-919217
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Arieta
- División de Farmacología y Evaluación Clínica, Departamento de Medicamentos de Uso Humano, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Greg E. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (I.G.-A.); (Y.T.); (B.H.); (G.E.A.); (G.L.A.)
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12
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Augustijns P, Vertzoni M, Reppas C, Langguth P, Lennernäs H, Abrahamsson B, Hasler WL, Baker JR, Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Corsetti M, Bermejo M, Paixão P, Amidon GL, Hens B. Unraveling the behavior of oral drug products inside the human gastrointestinal tract using the aspiration technique: History, methodology and applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Predict the Impact of CYP2C9 Genetic Polymorphisms, Co-Medication and Formulation on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Flurbiprofen. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111049. [PMID: 33147873 PMCID: PMC7693160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models can serve as a powerful framework for predicting the influence as well as the interaction of formulation, genetic polymorphism and co-medication on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug substances. In this study, flurbiprofen, a potent non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, was chosen as a model drug. Flurbiprofen has absolute bioavailability of ~95% and linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 50–300 mg. Its absorption is considered variable and complex, often associated with double peak phenomena, and its pharmacokinetics are characterized by high inter-subject variability, mainly due to its metabolism by the polymorphic CYP2C9 (fmCYP2C9 ≥ 0.71). In this study, by leveraging in vitro, in silico and in vivo data, an integrated PBPK/PD model with mechanistic absorption was developed and evaluated against clinical data from PK, PD, drug-drug and gene-drug interaction studies. The PBPK model successfully predicted (within 2-fold) 36 out of 38 observed concentration-time profiles of flurbiprofen as well as the CYP2C9 genetic effects after administration of different intravenous and oral dosage forms over a dose range of 40–300 mg in both Caucasian and Chinese healthy volunteers. All model predictions for Cmax, AUCinf and CL/F were within two-fold of their respective mean or geometric mean values, while 90% of the predictions of Cmax, 81% of the predictions of AUCinf and 74% of the predictions of Cl/F were within 1.25 fold. In addition, the drug-drug and drug-gene interactions were predicted within 1.5-fold of the observed interaction ratios (AUC, Cmax ratios). The validated PBPK model was further expanded by linking it to an inhibitory Emax model describing the analgesic efficacy of flurbiprofen and applying it to explore the effect of formulation and genetic polymorphisms on the onset and duration of pain relief. This comprehensive PBPK/PD analysis, along with a detailed translational biopharmaceutic framework including appropriately designed biorelevant in vitro experiments and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, provided mechanistic insight on the impact of formulation and genetic variations, two major determinants of the population variability, on the PK/PD of flurbiprofen. Clinically relevant specifications and potential dose adjustments were also proposed. Overall, the present work highlights the value of a translational PBPK/PD approach, tailored to target populations and genotypes, as an approach towards achieving personalized medicine.
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The effect of reduced gastric acid secretion on the gastrointestinal disposition of a ritonavir amorphous solid dispersion in fasted healthy volunteers: an in vivo - in vitro investigation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Aungst BJ. The Effects of Dose Volume and Excipient Dose on Luminal Concentration and Oral Drug Absorption. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:99. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Tsume Y, Igawa N, Drelich AJ, Ruan H, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. The in vivo predictive dissolution for immediate release dosage of donepezil and danazol, BCS class IIc drugs, with the GIS and the USP II with biphasic dissolution apparatus. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Hens B, Masuy I, Deloose E, Mols R, Tack J, Augustijns P. Exploring the impact of real-life dosing conditions on intraluminal and systemic concentrations of atazanavir in parallel with gastric motility recording in healthy subjects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:66-76. [PMID: 32113916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work strived to explore gastrointestinal (GI) dissolution, supersaturation and precipitation of the weakly basic drug atazanavir in humans under different 'real-life' intake conditions. The impact of GI pH and motility on these processes was thoroughly explored. In a cross-over study, atazanavir (Reyataz®) was orally administered to 5 healthy subjects with (i) a glass of water, (ii) a glass of Coca-Cola® and (iii) a glass of water under hypochlorhydric conditions (induced by concomitant intake of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI)). After intake, GI fluids were aspirated from the stomach and the duodenum and, subsequently, analyzed for atazanavir. In parallel, blood samples were collected to assess systemic concentrations. In general, the results of this study revealed that the acidic gastric pH in combination with gastric residence time played a crucial role in the dissolution of atazanavir along the GI tract. After intake of atazanavir with a glass of water (i.e., reference condition), complete gastric dissolution was observed. After GI transfer, supersaturation was noticed for a limited amount of time (1.25 h). With respect to the Coca-Cola® condition, complete gastric dissolution was also observed. A delay in gastric emptying, highly likely caused by the caloric content (101 kcal), was responsible for delayed arrival of atazanavir into the upper small intestine, creating a longer time window of supersaturated concentrations in the duodenal segment (3.25 h) compared to the water condition. The longer period of supersaturated concentrations resulted in a slightly higher systemic exposure of atazanavir compared to the condition when atazanavir was taken with a glass of water. A remarkable observation was the creation (when the drug was given in the migrating motor complex (MMC) phase 2) or maintenance (when the drug was given in MMC phase 1) of a quiescent phase for up to 80 min. With respect to the PPI condition, negligible gastric and intestinal concentrations were observed, resulting in minimal systemic exposure for all subjects. It can be concluded that gastric pH and residence time play a pivotal role in the intestinal disposition of atazanavir in order to generate sufficiently high concentrations further down in the intestinal tract for a sufficient period of time, thus creating a beneficial driving force for intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Imke Masuy
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Mols
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Cristofoletti R, Fotaki N, Turner DB, Dressman J. Establishing virtual bioequivalence and clinically relevant specifications using in vitro biorelevant dissolution testing and physiologically-based population pharmacokinetic modeling. case example: Naproxen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Yu A, Koenigsknecht MJ, Hens B, Baker JR, Wen B, Jackson TL, Pai MP, Hasler W, Amidon GL, Sun D. Mechanistic Deconvolution of Oral Absorption Model with Dynamic Gastrointestinal Fluid to Predict Regional Rate and Extent of GI Drug Dissolution. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 22:3. [PMID: 31712917 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple approaches such as mathematical deconvolution and mechanistic oral absorption models have been used to predict in vivo drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, these approaches are often validated by plasma pharmacokinetic profiles, but not by in vivo drug dissolution due to the limited data available regarding the local GI environment. It is also challenging to predict and validate in vivo dissolution in different regions of the GI tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). In this study, the dynamic fluid compartment absorption and transport (DFCAT) model was used to predict the in vivo dissolution profiles of ibuprofen, which was administered as an 800-mg immediate-release tablet to healthy subjects, in different regions of the GI tract. The prediction was validated with concentration time-courses of ibuprofen (BCS class 2a) in different regions of the GI tract that we have obtained over the past few years. The computational model predicted that the dissolution of ibuprofen was minimal in the stomach (2%), slightly more in the duodenum (6.3%), and primarily dissolved in the jejunum (63%) and the ileum (25%). The detailed model prediction of drug dissolution in different regions of GI can provide a quantitative reference of in vivo dissolution that may provide valuable insight in developing in vitro tests for drug product optimization and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark J Koenigsknecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason R Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Trachette L Jackson
- Department of Mathematics, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Manjunath P Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William Hasler
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Room 3353, Building 520,1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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21
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Shrivas M, Khunt D, Shrivas M, Choudhari M, Rathod R, Misra M. Advances in In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Testing of Solid Oral Formulations: How Closer to In Vivo Performance? J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Kip AE, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Dorlo TPC. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Systemically Administered Antileishmanial Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:151-176. [PMID: 28756612 PMCID: PMC5784002 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the pharmacokinetic properties of the systemically administered antileishmanial drugs pentavalent antimony, paromomycin, pentamidine, miltefosine and amphotericin B (AMB), including their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and potential drug–drug interactions. This overview provides an understanding of their clinical pharmacokinetics, which could assist in rationalising and optimising treatment regimens, especially in combining multiple antileishmanial drugs in an attempt to increase efficacy and shorten treatment duration. Pentavalent antimony pharmacokinetics are characterised by rapid renal excretion of unchanged drug and a long terminal half-life, potentially due to intracellular conversion to trivalent antimony. Pentamidine is the only antileishmanial drug metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Paromomycin is excreted by the kidneys unchanged and is eliminated fastest of all antileishmanial drugs. Miltefosine pharmacokinetics are characterized by a long terminal half-life and extensive accumulation during treatment. AMB pharmacokinetics differ per drug formulation, with a fast renal and faecal excretion of AMB deoxylate but a much slower clearance of liposomal AMB resulting in an approximately ten-fold higher exposure. AMB and pentamidine pharmacokinetics have never been evaluated in leishmaniasis patients. Studies linking exposure to effect would be required to define target exposure levels in dose optimisation but have only been performed for miltefosine. Limited research has been conducted on exposure at the drug’s site of action, such as skin exposure in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients after systemic administration. Pharmacokinetic data on special patient populations such as HIV co-infected patients are mostly lacking. More research in these areas will help improve clinical outcomes by informed dosing and combination of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke E Kip
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bermejo M, Kuminek G, Al-Gousous J, Ruiz-Picazo A, Tsume Y, Garcia-Arieta A, González-Alvarez I, Hens B, Amidon GE, Rodriguez-Hornedo N, Amidon GL, Mudie D. Exploring Bioequivalence of Dexketoprofen Trometamol Drug Products with the Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS) and Precipitation Pathways Analyses. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030122. [PMID: 30884755 PMCID: PMC6471271 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to explain the differences in oral performance in fasted humans who were categorized into groups based on the three different drug product formulations of dexketoprofen trometamol (DKT) salt—Using a combination of in vitro techniques and pharmacokinetic analysis. The non-bioequivalence (non-BE) tablet group achieved higher plasma Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) than the reference and BE tablets groups, with only one difference in tablet composition, which was the presence of calcium monohydrogen phosphate, an alkalinizing excipient, in the tablet core of the non-BE formulation. Concentration profiles determined using a gastrointestinal simulator (GIS) apparatus designed with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 34 mM sodium chloride as the gastric medium and fasted state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF-v1) as the intestinal medium showed a faster rate and a higher extent of dissolution of the non-BE product compared to the BE and reference products. These in vitro profiles mirrored the fraction doses absorbed in vivo obtained from deconvoluted plasma concentration–time profiles. However, when sodium chloride was not included in the gastric medium and phosphate buffer without bile salts and phospholipids were used as the intestinal medium, the three products exhibited nearly identical concentration profiles. Microscopic examination of DKT salt dissolution in the gastric medium containing sodium chloride identified that when calcium phosphate was present, the DKT dissolved without conversion to the less soluble free acid, which was consistent with the higher drug exposure of the non-BE formulation. In the absence of calcium phosphate, however, dexketoprofen trometamol salt dissolution began with a nano-phase formation that grew to a liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and formed the less soluble free acid crystals. This phenomenon was dependent on the salt/excipient concentrations and the presence of free acid crystals in the salt phase. This work demonstrated the importance of excipients and purity of salt phase on the evolution and rate of salt disproportionation pathways. Moreover, the presented data clearly showed the usefulness of the GIS apparatus as a discriminating tool that could highlight the differences in formulation behavior when utilizing physiologically-relevant media and experimental conditions in combination with microscopy imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Gislaine Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jozef Al-Gousous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Merck and Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Arieta
- Service on Pharmacokinetics and Generic Medicines, Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Department of Human Use Medicines, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products, 28022 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel González-Alvarez
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Nair Rodriguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Drug Product Development and Innovation, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Bend, OR 97703, USA.
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24
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Butler J, Hens B, Vertzoni M, Brouwers J, Berben P, Dressman J, Andreas CJ, Schaefer KJ, Mann J, McAllister M, Jamei M, Kostewicz E, Kesisoglou F, Langguth P, Minekus M, Müllertz A, Schilderink R, Koziolek M, Jedamzik P, Weitschies W, Reppas C, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms: Recent progress from partnership through the IMI OrBiTo collaboration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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A novel technique for intraduodenal administration of drug suspensions/solutions with concurrent pH monitoring applied to ibuprofen formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:192-202. [PMID: 30659894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of dissolution of solid suspended drug particles in vivo is important for developing biopredictive in vitro tests. Therefore, methods to gain deeper insights into particle dissolution in vivo are needed. The soft Bioperm intubation method, a well established tool for investigation of permeability, absorption, metabolism, and drug interactions at predefined locations in the gastroinstinal tract, was modified. The novel intubation method involved pump-controlled infusion of pharmaceutical suspensions as well as simultaneous pH monitoring. This technique was used in a proof of concept study in healthy humans. Plasma sampling and non-compartmental analysis allowed comparison of three different ibuprofen drug products, a solution and two suspensions with different particle size distribution, as well as two different infusion rates. Both a particle size effect and an effect of altering infusion rates on pharmacokinetic parameters were shown. Moreover, it was possible to monitor intestinal pH changes after intestinal infusion. Infusion of ibuprofen resulted in a pH drop that was quantified by the concept of Area Between Curves (ABC).
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Hens B, Bolger MB. Application of a Dynamic Fluid and pH Model to Simulate Intraluminal and Systemic Concentrations of a Weak Base in GastroPlus™. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:305-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Biopharmaceutic IVIVE-Mechanistic Modeling of Single- and Two-Phase In Vitro Experiments to Obtain Drug-Specific Parameters for Incorporation Into PBPK Models. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1604-1618. [PMID: 30476508 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiological relevance of single-phase (aqueous only) and 2-phase (aqueous and organic phase) in vitro dissolution experiments was compared by mechanistic modeling. For orally dosed dipyridamole, stepwise, sequential estimation/confirmation of biopharmaceutical parameters from in vitro solubility-dissolution data was followed, before applying them within a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The PBPK model predicted clinical dipyridamole luminal and plasma concentration profiles reasonably well for a range of doses only where the precipitation rate constant was derived from the 2-phase experiment. The population model predicted a distribution of maximal precipitated fractions from 0% to 45% of the 90 mg dose (mean 7.6%). Such population information cannot be obtained directly from a few in vitro experiments; however well they may represent an "average" and several extreme subjects (those with low-high luminal fluid volumes, pH, etc.) because there is no indication of outcome likelihood. For this purpose, direct input of in vitro dissolution/precipitation profiles to a PBPK model is insufficient-mechanistic modeling is required. Biopharmaceutical in vitro-in vivo extrapolation tools can also simulate the effect of key experimental parameters (dissolution volumes, pH, paddle speed, etc.) on dissolution/precipitation behavior, thereby helping to identify critical variables, which may impact the number or design of in vitro experiments.
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Paixão P, Bermejo M, Hens B, Tsume Y, Dickens J, Shedden K, Salehi N, Koenigsknecht MJ, Baker JR, Hasler WL, Lionberger R, Fan J, Wysocki J, Wen B, Lee A, Frances A, Amidon GE, Yu A, Benninghoff G, Löbenberg R, Talattof A, Sun D, Amidon GL. Linking the Gastrointestinal Behavior of Ibuprofen with the Systemic Exposure between and within Humans—Part 2: Fed State. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5468-5478. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Paixão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | | | | | - Niloufar Salehi
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Mark J. Koenigsknecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Jason R. Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - William L. Hasler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Lionberger
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wysocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Allen Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ann Frances
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Gregory E. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Alex Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Gail Benninghoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–1065, United States
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29
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Pentafragka C, Symillides M, McAllister M, Dressman J, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. The impact of food intake on the luminal environment and performance of oral drug products with a view to in vitro and in silico simulations: a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:557-580. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Using the type of meal and dosing conditions suggested by regulatory agencies as a basis, this review has two specific objectives: first, to summarize our understanding on the impact of food intake on luminal environment and drug product performance and second, to summarize the usefulness and limitations of available in vitro and in silico methodologies for the evaluation of drug product performance after food intake.
Key findings
Characterization of the luminal environment and studies evaluating product performance in the lumen, under conditions suggested by regulatory agencies for simulating the fed state, are limited. Various in vitro methodologies have been proposed for evaluating drug product performance in the fed state, but systematic validation is lacking. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approaches require the use of in vitro biorelevant data and, to date, have been used primarily for investigating the mechanisms via which an already observed food effect is mediated.
Summary
Better understanding of the impact of changes induced by the meal administration conditions suggested by regulatory agencies on the luminal fate of the drug product is needed. Relevant information will be useful for optimizing the in vitro test methods and increasing the usefulness of PBPK modelling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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30
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Hens B, Sinko PD, Job N, Dean M, Al-Gousous J, Salehi N, Ziff RM, Tsume Y, Bermejo M, Paixão P, Brasseur JG, Yu A, Talattof A, Benninghoff G, Langguth P, Lennernäs H, Hasler WL, Marciani L, Dickens J, Shedden K, Sun D, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. Formulation predictive dissolution (fPD) testing to advance oral drug product development: An introduction to the US FDA funded ‘21st Century BA/BE’ project. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Hens B, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Ruan H, Matsui K, Amidon GE, Cavanagh KL, Kuminek G, Benninghoff G, Fan J, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Amidon GL. Evaluation and optimized selection of supersaturating drug delivery systems of posaconazole (BCS class 2b) in the gastrointestinal simulator (GIS): An in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:258-269. [PMID: 29378253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) have been put forward in the recent decades in order to circumvent the issue of low aqueous solubility. Prior to the start of clinical trials, these enabling formulations should be adequately explored in in vitro/in silico studies in order to understand their in vivo performance and to select the most appropriate and effective formulation in terms of oral bioavailability and therapeutic outcome. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vivo performance of four different oral formulations of posaconazole (categorized as a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class 2b compound) based on the in vitro concentrations in the gastrointestinal simulator (GIS), coupled with an in silico pharmacokinetic model to predict their systemic profiles. Recently published intraluminal and systemic concentrations of posaconazole for these formulations served as a reference to validate the in vitro and in silico results. Additionally, the morphology of the formed precipitate of posaconazole was visualized and characterized by optical microscopy studies and thermal analysis. This multidisciplinary work demonstrates an in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach that provides a scientific basis for screening SDDS by a user-friendly formulation predictive dissolution (fPD) device in order to rank these formulations towards their in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Hao Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kazuki Matsui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Pharmacokinetics Group, Biological Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katie L Cavanagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gislaine Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gail Benninghoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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32
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Paixão P, Bermejo M, Hens B, Tsume Y, Dickens J, Shedden K, Salehi N, Koenigsknecht MJ, Baker JR, Hasler WL, Lionberger R, Fan J, Wysocki J, Wen B, Lee A, Frances A, Amidon GE, Yu A, Benninghoff G, Löbenberg R, Talattof A, Sun D, Amidon GL. Gastric emptying and intestinal appearance of nonabsorbable drugs phenol red and paromomycin in human subjects: A multi-compartment stomach approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:162-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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33
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weitschies W. In-line derivative spectroscopy as a promising application to a small-scale in vitro transfer model in biorelevant supersaturation and precipitation testing. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1315-1323. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Dissolution testing of poorly soluble and precipitating drugs is of great importance for pharmaceutical industry. As offline HPLC analytics is time-consuming and labour-intensive, the development of suitable in-line analytics to measure drug concentration allows better predictions of drug dissolution and precipitation. The purpose of this study was to develop an in-line derivative spectroscopic method which facilitates drug concentration measurements in suspensions without additional sample preparation.
Methods
Solubility, dissolution and precipitation of ketoconazole were analysed using derivative spectroscopy and HPLC.
Key findings
Results of solubility and dissolution experiments were highly comparable. Due to higher sampling frequency and lack of sample preparations, supersaturation in a pH-shift experiment was more accurately captured by UV in-line analytics. The application of a prefiltration step and flow-through cuvettes facilitates implementation of in-line derivative spectroscopy into an in vitro transfer model with changing UV-active media and high supersaturation in highly turbid samples.
Conclusions
Although the application of derivative spectroscopy has been described previously, the approach described herein is novel and well-suited for the application in an automated in vitro transfer model. Moreover, it represents a promising tool for drug substance characterisation, candidate selection and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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O'Dwyer PJ, Litou C, Box KJ, Dressman JB, Kostewicz ES, Kuentz M, Reppas C. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:536-556. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drug precipitation in vivo poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. During the drug development process, the impact of drug supersaturation or precipitation on the in vivo behaviour of drug products is evaluated with in vitro techniques. This review focuses on the small and full scale in vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine.
Key findings
Many methods have been developed in an attempt to evaluate drug precipitation in the fasted state, with varying degrees of complexity and scale. In early stages of drug development, when drug quantities are typically limited, small-scale tests facilitate an early evaluation of the potential precipitation risk in vivo and allow rapid screening of prototype formulations. At later stages of formulation development, full-scale methods are necessary to predict the behaviour of formulations at clinically relevant doses. Multicompartment models allow the evaluation of drug precipitation after transfer from stomach to the upper small intestine. Optimisation of available biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating precipitation in the fasted small intestine is crucial for accelerating the development of novel breakthrough medicines and reducing the development costs.
Summary
Despite the progress from compendial quality control dissolution methods, further work is required to validate the usefulness of proposed setups and to increase their biorelevance, particularly in simulating the absorption of drug along the intestinal lumen. Coupling results from in vitro testing with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling holds significant promise and requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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35
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Hens B, Talattof A, Paixão P, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Löbenberg R, Amidon GL. Measuring the Impact of Gastrointestinal Variables on the Systemic Outcome of Two Suspensions of Posaconazole by a PBPK Model. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:57. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Talattof A, Amidon GL. Pulse Packet Stochastic Model for Gastric Emptying in the Fasted State: A Physiological Approach. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2107-2115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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37
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Berben P, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. The artificial membrane insert system as predictive tool for formulation performance evaluation. Int J Pharm 2018; 537:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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The Combination of GIS and Biphasic to Better Predict In Vivo Dissolution of BCS Class IIb Drugs, Ketoconazole and Raloxifene. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:307-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Grimm M, Scholz E, Koziolek M, Kühn JP, Weitschies W. Gastric Water Emptying under Fed State Clinical Trial Conditions Is as Fast as under Fasted Conditions. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4262-4271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grimm
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Scholz
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Institute
of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department
of Radiology, University Medicine Dresden, D-01304 Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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40
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Guiastrennec B, Sonne DP, Hansen M, Bagger JI, Lund A, Rehfeld JF, Alskär O, Karlsson MO, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK, Bergstrand M. Mechanism-Based Modeling of Gastric Emptying Rate and Gallbladder Emptying in Response to Caloric Intake. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 5:692-700. [PMID: 28028939 PMCID: PMC5192972 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids released postprandially modify the rate and extent of absorption of lipophilic compounds. The present study aimed to predict gastric emptying (GE) rate and gallbladder emptying (GBE) patterns in response to caloric intake. A mechanism‐based model for GE, cholecystokinin plasma concentrations, and GBE was developed on data from 33 patients with type 2 diabetes and 33 matched nondiabetic individuals who were administered various test drinks. A feedback action of the caloric content entering the proximal small intestine was identified for the rate of GE. The cholecystokinin concentrations were not predictive of GBE, and an alternative model linking the nutrients amount in the upper intestine to GBE was preferred. Relative to fats, the potency on GBE was 68% for proteins and 2.3% for carbohydrates. The model predictions were robust across a broad range of nutritional content and may potentially be used to predict postprandial changes in drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guiastrennec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D P Sonne
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - M Hansen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Current workplace: Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - J I Bagger
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - A Lund
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Alskär
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - F K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - M Bergstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Hens B, Pathak SM, Mitra A, Patel N, Liu B, Patel S, Jamei M, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Turner DB. In Silico Modeling Approach for the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Dissolution, Supersaturation, and Precipitation of Posaconazole. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4321-4333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States of America
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Shriram M. Pathak
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield S2 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States of America
- Sandoz, Inc., West Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States of America
| | - Nikunjkumar Patel
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield S2 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Liu
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield S2 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjaykumar Patel
- Analytical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States of America
| | - Masoud Jamei
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield S2 4SU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David B. Turner
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield S2 4SU, United Kingdom
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42
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Hens B, Tsume Y, Bermejo M, Paixao P, Koenigsknecht MJ, Baker JR, Hasler WL, Lionberger R, Fan J, Dickens J, Shedden K, Wen B, Wysocki J, Loebenberg R, Lee A, Frances A, Amidon G, Yu A, Benninghoff G, Salehi N, Talattof A, Sun D, Amidon GL. Low Buffer Capacity and Alternating Motility along the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: Implications for in Vivo Dissolution and Absorption of Ionizable Drugs. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4281-4294. [PMID: 28737409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the pH and buffer capacity of human gastrointestinal (GI) fluids (aspirated from the stomach, duodenum, proximal jejunum, and mid/distal jejunum) as a function of time, from 37 healthy subjects after oral administration of an 800 mg immediate-release tablet of ibuprofen (reference listed drug; RLD) under typical prescribed bioequivalence (BE) study protocol conditions in both fasted and fed states (simulated by ingestion of a liquid meal). Simultaneously, motility was continuously monitored using water-perfused manometry. The time to appearance of phase III contractions (i.e., housekeeper wave) was monitored following administration of the ibuprofen tablet. Our results clearly demonstrated the dynamic change in pH as a function of time and, most significantly, the extremely low buffer capacity along the GI tract. The buffer capacity on average was 2.26 μmol/mL/ΔpH in fasted state (range: 0.26 and 6.32 μmol/mL/ΔpH) and 2.66 μmol/mL/ΔpH in fed state (range: 0.78 and 5.98 μmol/mL/ΔpH) throughout the entire upper GI tract (stomach, duodenum, and proximal and mid/distal jejunum). The implication of this very low buffer capacity of the human GI tract is profound for the oral delivery of both acidic and basic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). An in vivo predictive dissolution method would require not only a bicarbonate buffer but also, more significantly, a low buffer capacity of dissolution media to reflect in vivo dissolution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University , San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Paulo Paixao
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark J Koenigsknecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason R Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - William L Hasler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Lionberger
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Joseph Dickens
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wysocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Allen Lee
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University , San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ann Frances
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Greg Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alex Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gail Benninghoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Niloufar Salehi
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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43
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Van Den Abeele J, Schilderink R, Schneider F, Mols R, Minekus M, Weitschies W, Brouwers J, Tack J, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal and Systemic Disposition of Diclofenac under Fasted and Fed State Conditions Supporting the Evaluation of in Vitro Predictive Tools. Mol Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Van Den Abeele
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald Schilderink
- TNO, P.O. 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Triskelion B.V., P.O. Box 844, 3700
AV Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raf Mols
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mans Minekus
- TNO, P.O. 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Triskelion B.V., P.O. Box 844, 3700
AV Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational
Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gastrointestinal behavior of itraconazole in humans – Part 1: Supersaturation from a solid dispersion and a cyclodextrin-based solution. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:211-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Berben P, Mols R, Brouwers J, Tack J, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal behavior of itraconazole in humans - Part 2: The effect of intraluminal dilution on the performance of a cyclodextrin-based solution. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:235-243. [PMID: 28450167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) is known to enable absorption of the lipophilic drug itraconazole. Since the interaction between HP-β-CD and itraconazole is characterized by a non-lineair, AP-type phase-solubility diagram, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of intraluminal dilution (water intake) on the behavior and performance of an orally administered cyclodextrin-based solution of itraconazole. Subsequently, the in vivo behavior was simulated by combining in vitro dilution with permeation assessment. After the administration of a Sporanox® solution to healthy volunteers with or without a glass of water, gastrointestinal and systemic concentrations of itraconazole were simultaneously monitored. Independently of the intake of water, no gastric precipitation of itraconazole was observed. After transfer to the duodenum, precipitation occurred and was more pronounced in the condition with water, resulting in a 7.6-fold reduction in duodenal AUC0-3h compared to the condition without water. Nevertheless, plasma concentration-time profiles did not demonstrate any significant differences in AUC0-8h, Cmax and tmax. Application of freshly aspirated intestinal fluids on Caco-2 cells clearly confirmed that higher intestinal itraconazole concentrations after intake of Sporanox® without water do not generate a substantially increased itraconazole uptake. A two-stage in vitro dilution test was combined with a permeation compartment to capture this solubility-permeability interplay. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that variations in intraluminal dilution may have a drastic impact on the gastrointestinal behavior of lipophilic drugs in the presence of cyclodextrins. In the case of an AP-type interaction with cyclodextrins, the trade-off between solubility and permeability may be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Mols
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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46
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Hens B, Corsetti M, Spiller R, Marciani L, Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Talattof A, Amidon GL, Koziolek M, Weitschies W, Wilson CG, Bennink RJ, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Exploring gastrointestinal variables affecting drug and formulation behavior: Methodologies, challenges and opportunities. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:79-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Van Den Abeele J, Brouwers J, Tack J, Augustijns P. Exploring the link between gastric motility and intragastric drug distribution in man. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 112:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Van Den Abeele J, Rubbens J, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. The dynamic gastric environment and its impact on drug and formulation behaviour. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:207-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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49
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Kourentas A, Vertzoni M, Symillides M, Hens B, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Reppas C. In vitro evaluation of the impact of gastrointestinal transfer on luminal performance of commercially available products of posaconazole and itraconazole using BioGIT. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:352-358. [PMID: 27732895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant Gastrointestinal Transfer system (BioGIT) has been shown to be useful in reproducing concentrations of drugs in the fasted upper small intestine after their administration in the stomach. In the present investigation, we evaluated the impact of gastrointestinal transfer on luminal performance of commercially available products of two highly lipophilic weak bases, posaconazole (Noxafil® suspension) and itraconazole (Sporanox® hard gelatin capsules and Sporanox® oral solution) by comparing % solid fraction, concentrations and supersaturation in the duodenal compartment of BioGIT with recently reported data in the upper small intestine of healthy adults. BioGIT was useful for estimating the % solid fraction in the upper small intestine, in cases where dissolution during gastric residence was incomplete, i.e. after administration of Noxafil® and Sporanox® capsules, and the precipitated fraction of itraconazole in the upper small intestine after administration of Sporanox® solution; median values in vitro were similar to the luminal values. Based on the values for the area under the concentration vs. time data estimated up to 45min post initiation of the experiment, concentrations in the duodenal compartment of BioGIT were similar to previously measured concentrations in the upper small intestine of healthy adults or they overestimated them by up to 2.5 times. In most cases, supersaturation of contents in the upper small intestine was overestimated, partly due to underestimation of luminal solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kourentas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Bart Hens
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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50
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Ryzhakov A, Do Thi T, Stappaerts J, Bertoletti L, Kimpe K, Sá Couto AR, Saokham P, Van den Mooter G, Augustijns P, Somsen GW, Kurkov S, Inghelbrecht S, Arien A, Jimidar MI, Schrijnemakers K, Loftsson T. Self-Assembly of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2556-2569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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