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Wang X, Mohammad IS, Fan L, Zhao Z, Nurunnabi M, Sallam MA, Wu J, Chen Z, Yin L, He W. Delivery strategies of amphotericin B for invasive fungal infections. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2585-2604. [PMID: 34522599 PMCID: PMC8424280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) represent a growing public concern for clinicians to manage in many medical settings, with substantial associated morbidities and mortalities. Among many current therapeutic options for the treatment of IFIs, amphotericin B (AmB) is the most frequently used drug. AmB is considered as a first-line drug in the clinic that has strong antifungal activity and less resistance. In this review, we summarized the most promising research efforts on nanocarriers for AmB delivery and highlighted their efficacy and safety for treating IFIs. We have also discussed the mechanism of actions of AmB, rationale for treating IFIs, and recent advances in formulating AmB for clinical use. Finally, this review discusses some practical considerations and provides recommendations for future studies in applying AmB for combating IFIs.
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Key Words
- ABCD, AmB colloidal dispersion
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- AP, antisolvent precipitation
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AmB, amphotericin B
- AmB-GCPQ, AmB-encapsulated N-palmitoyl-N-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycol-chitosan nanoparticles
- AmB-IONP, AmB-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles
- AmB-PM, AmB-polymeric micelles
- AmB-SD, AmB sodium deoxycholate
- AmBd, AmB deoxycholate
- Amphotericin B
- Aspergillus fumigatus, A. fumigatus
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- BDDE, butanediol diglycidyl ether
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- C. Albicans, Candida Albicans
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- CMC, carboxymethylated l-carrageenan
- CP, chitosan-polyethylenimine
- CS, chitosan
- Conjugates
- DDS, drug delivery systems
- DMPC, dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline
- DMPG, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerole
- DMSA, dimercaptosuccinic acid
- Drug delivery
- GNPs, gelatin nanoparticles
- HPH, high-pressure homogenization
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- ICV, intensive care unit
- IFIs, invasive fungal infections
- Invasive fungal infections
- L-AmB, liposomal AmB
- LNA, linolenic acid
- MAA, methacrylic acid
- MFC, minimum fungicidal concentrations
- MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MN, microneedles
- MOP, microneedle ocular patch
- MPEG-PCL, monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
- NEs, nanoemulsions
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carriers
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- P-407, poloxamer-407
- PAM, polyacrylamide
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PDA, poly(glycolic acid)
- PDLLA, poly(d,l-lactic acid)
- PDLLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PEG, poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEG-DSPE, PEG-lipid poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- PEG-PBC, phenylboronic acid-functionalized polycarbonate/PEG
- PEG-PUC, urea-functionalized polycarbonate/PEG
- PGA-PPA, poly(l-lysine-b-l-phenylalanine) and poly(l-glutamic acid-b-l-phenylalanine)
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, polyvinyl alcohol poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA-PLH-PEG, PLGA-b-poly(l-histidine)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)
- PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)
- POR, porphyran
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- Poor water-solubility
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SL-AmB, sophorolipid-AmB
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- Topical administration
- Toxicity
- γ-CD, γ-cyclodextrin
- γ-PGA, γ-poly(gamma-glutamic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Imran Shair Mohammad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lifang Fan
- Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Marwa A. Sallam
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Prospect of Human Clinical Translation. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8837654. [PMID: 33953753 PMCID: PMC8063852 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8837654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are key players in regenerative medicine, relying principally on their differentiation/regeneration potential, immunomodulatory properties, paracrine effects, and potent homing ability with minimal if any ethical concerns. Even though multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated remarkable properties for MSCs, the clinical applicability of MSC-based therapies is still questionable. Several challenges exist that critically hinder a successful clinical translation of MSC-based therapies, including but not limited to heterogeneity of their populations, variability in their quality and quantity, donor-related factors, discrepancies in protocols for isolation, in vitro expansion and premodification, and variability in methods of cell delivery, dosing, and cell homing. Alterations of MSC viability, proliferation, properties, and/or function are also affected by various drugs and chemicals. Moreover, significant safety concerns exist due to possible teratogenic/neoplastic potential and transmission of infectious diseases. Through the current review, we aim to highlight the major challenges facing MSCs' human clinical translation and shed light on the undergoing strategies to overcome them.
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Cushnie TPT, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JLA, Law S, Clow SM. Bioprospecting for Antibacterial Drugs: a Multidisciplinary Perspective on Natural Product Source Material, Bioassay Selection and Avoidable Pitfalls. Pharm Res 2020; 37:125. [PMID: 32529587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioprospecting is the exploration, extraction and screening of biological material and sometimes indigenous knowledge to discover and develop new drugs and other products. Most antibiotics in current clinical use (eg. β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides) were discovered using this approach, and there are strong arguments to reprioritize bioprospecting over other strategies in the search for new antibacterial drugs. Academic institutions should be well positioned to lead the early stages of these efforts given their many thousands of locations globally and because they are not constrained by the same commercial considerations as industry. University groups can lack the full complement of knowledge and skills needed though (eg. how to tailor screening strategy to biological source material). In this article, we review three key aspects of the bioprospecting literature (source material and in vitro antibacterial and toxicity testing) and present an integrated multidisciplinary perspective on (a) source material selection, (b) legal, taxonomic and other issues related to source material, (c) cultivation methods, (d) bioassay selection, (e) technical standards available, (f) extract/compound dissolution, (g) use of minimum inhibitory concentration and selectivity index values to identify progressible extracts and compounds, and (h) avoidable pitfalls. The review closes with recommendations for future study design and information on subsequent steps in the bioprospecting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Tim Cushnie
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamart Cushnie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Winita Fowsantear
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Sutthiwan Thammawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | | | - Samantha Law
- National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Simon M Clow
- PMI BioPharma Solutions LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Linolenic acid-modified MPEG-PEI micelles for encapsulation of amphotericin B. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2647-2662. [PMID: 31621420 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To encapsulate amphotericin B (AmB) with reduced toxicity and comparable activity. Results & methodology: The α-linolenic acid (ALA)-modified monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-g-PEI-g-ALA conjugate was employed to prepare AmB-loaded micelles (AmB-M). In vitro activity and release behavior of AmB-M were investigated. AmB-M enhanced AmB's water-solubility to 1.2 mg/ml, showing good storage stability. AmB-M could achieve a sustained and slow release of AmB, low hemolysis activity and negligible kidney toxicity when compared with commercial AmB injection. Antifungal activity and biofilm inhibition experiments confirmed that the antifungal activity of AmB-M against Candida albicans was similar to that of AmB injection. Conclusion: Monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-g-PEI-g-ALA micelles could be a preferable choice to treat systemic fungal infections as an efficient drug delivery system.
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Chudzik B, Bonio K, Dabrowski W, Pietrzak D, Niewiadomy A, Olender A, Malodobry K, Gagoś M. Synergistic antifungal interactions of amphotericin B with 4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12945. [PMID: 31506532 PMCID: PMC6737028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very potent antifungal drug with very rare resistance among clinical isolates. Treatment with the AmB formulations available currently is associated with severe side effects. A promising strategy to minimize the toxicity of AmB is reducing its dose by combination therapy with other antifungals, showing synergistic interactions. Therefore, substances that display synergistic interactions with AmB are still being searched for. Screening tests carried out on several dozen of synthetic 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives allowed selection of a compound called 4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol (abbreviated as C1), which shows strong synergistic interaction with AmB and low toxicity towards human cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the type of in vitro antifungal interactions of the C1 compound with AmB against fungal clinical isolates differing in susceptibility. The results presented in the present paper indicate that the C1 derivative shows strong synergistic interaction with AmB, which allows the use of a dozen to several dozen times lower AmB concentration necessary for 100% inhibition of the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. Synergistic interactions were noted for all tested strains, including strains with reduced sensitivity to AmB and azole-resistant isolates. These observations give hope for the possibility of application of the AmB - C1 combinatory therapy in the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chudzik
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bonio
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Daniel Pietrzak
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Niewiadomy
- Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Annopol 6, 03-236, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malodobry
- Department of Nurse and Health Science, Medical Division in University of Rzeszów, Al. Rejtana 16A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Douglas LM, Konopka JB. Plasma membrane architecture protects Candida albicans from killing by copper. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007911. [PMID: 30633741 PMCID: PMC6345494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to resist copper toxicity is important for microbial pathogens to survive attack by innate immune cells. A sur7Δ mutant of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans exhibits decreased virulence that correlates with increased sensitivity to copper, as well as defects in other stress responses and morphogenesis. Previous studies indicated that copper kills sur7Δ cells by a mechanism distinct from the known resistance pathways involving the Crp1 copper exporter or the Cup1 metallothionein. Since Sur7 resides in punctate plasma membrane domains known as MCC/eisosomes, we examined overexpression of SUR7 and found that it rescued the copper sensitivity of a mutant that fails to form MCC/eisosomes (pil1Δ lsp1Δ), indicating that these domains act to facilitate Sur7 function. Genetic screening identified new copper-sensitive mutants, the strongest of which were similar to sur7Δ in having altered plasma membranes due to defects in membrane trafficking, cortical actin, and morphogenesis (rvs161Δ, rvs167Δ, and arp2Δ arp3Δ). Consistent with the mutants having altered plasma membrane organization, they were all more readily permeabilized by copper, which is known to bind phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and cause membrane damage. Although these phospholipids are normally localized to the intracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane, their exposure on the surface of the copper-sensitive mutants was indicated by increased susceptibility to membrane damaging agents that bind to these phospholipids. Increased copper sensitivity was also detected for a drs2Δ mutant, which lacks a phospholipid flippase that is involved in maintaining phospholipid asymmetry. Copper binds phosphatidylserine with very high affinity, and deleting CHO1 to prevent phosphatidylserine synthesis rescued the copper sensitivity of sur7Δ cells, confirming a major role for phosphatidylserine in copper sensitivity. These results highlight how proper plasma membrane architecture protects fungal pathogens from copper and attack by the immune system, thereby opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention. The transition metal copper is used by the innate immune system to attack microbial pathogens. To better understand how the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans resists this type of stress, we screened for mutants that were more susceptible to killing by copper. Interestingly, we identified a new class of copper-sensitive mutants whose plasma membranes are more readily permeabilized by copper. The common characteristic of these new copper-sensitive mutants is that they have an altered cell surface, which weakened their resistance to copper. These results help to explain the toxic effects of copper and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M. Douglas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK. Potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in medicine and biology: an update. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1185-1204. [PMID: 30097748 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology advancements have led to the development of its allied fields, such as nanoparticle synthesis and their applications in the field of biomedicine. Nanotechnology driven innovations have given a hope to the patients as well as physicians in solving the complex medical problems. Nanoparticles with a size ranging from 0.2 to 100 nm are associated with an increased surface to volume ratio. Moreover, the physico-chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles can be modified depending on the applications. Different nanoparticles have been documented with a wide range of applications in various fields of medicine and biology including cancer therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biomolecules detection, and also as antimicrobial agents. However, the development of stable and effective nanoparticles requires a profound knowledge on both physico-chemical features of nanomaterials and their intended applications. Further, the health risks associated with the use of engineered nanoparticles needs a serious attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallappa Kumara Swamy
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Savić ND, Vojnovic S, Glišić BĐ, Crochet A, Pavic A, Janjić GV, Pekmezović M, Opsenica IM, Fromm KM, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Djuran MI. Mononuclear silver(I) complexes with 1,7-phenanthroline as potent inhibitors of Candida growth. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:760-773. [PMID: 30053719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear silver(I) complexes with 1,7-phenanthroline (1,7-phen), [Ag(NO3-O,O') (1,7-phen-N7)2] (1) and [Ag(1,7-phen-N7)2]X, X = ClO4- (2), CF3SO3- (3), BF4- (4) and SbF6- (5) were synthesized and structurally characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of 1, 3 and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In all these complexes, 1,7-phen coordinates to the Ag(I) ion in a monodentate fashion via the less sterically hindered N7 nitrogen atom. The investigation of the solution stability of 1-5 in DMSO revealed that they are sufficiently stable in this solvent at room temperature. Complexes 1-5 showed selectivity towards Candida spp. in comparison to bacteria, effectively inhibiting the growth of four different Candida species with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 1.2 and 11.3 μM. Based on the lowest MIC values and the lowest cytotoxicity against healthy human fibroblasts with selectivity index of more than 30, the antifungal potential was examined in detail for the complex 1. It had the ability to attenuate C. albicans virulence and to reduce epithelial cell damage in the cell infection model. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) response has been detected in C. albicans, with fungal DNA being one of the possible target biomolecules. The toxicity profile of 1 in the zebrafish model (Danio rerio) revealed improved safety and activity in comparison to that of clinically utilized silver(I) sulfadiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada D Savić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Đ Glišić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Pavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran V Janjić
- Institute of Chemistry, Metallurgy and Technology, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Pekmezović
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Igor M Opsenica
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katharina M Fromm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Miloš I Djuran
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Thanki K, Prajapati R, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Impact of Antibiotics on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122522. [PMID: 29186789 PMCID: PMC5751125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells. Their potential to differentiate and regenerate other types of tissues may be affected by several factors. This may be due to in vitro cell-culture conditions, especially the supplementation with antibiotics. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of a penicillin-streptomycin mixture (PS), amphotericin B (AmB), a complex of AmB with copper (II) ions (AmB-Cu2+) and various combinations of these antibiotics on the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Normal human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC, Lonza) were routinely maintained in a Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) that was either supplemented with selected antibiotics or without antibiotics. The ADSC that were used for the experiment were at the second passage. The effect of antibiotics on proliferation was analyzed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulforhodamine-B (SRB) tests. Differentiation was evaluated based on Alizarin Red staining, Oil Red O staining and determination of the expression of ADSC, osteoblast and adipocyte markers by real-time RT-qPCR. The obtained results indicate that the influence of antibiotics on adipose-derived stem cells depends on the duration of exposure and on the combination of applied compounds. We show that antibiotics alter the proliferation of cells and also promote natural osteogenesis, and adipogenesis, and that this effect is also noticeable in stimulated osteogenesis.
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