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Thakral S, Sonje J, Munjal B, Bhatnagar B, Suryanarayanan R. Mannitol as an Excipient for Lyophilized Injectable Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:19-35. [PMID: 36030846 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the current state of knowledge of mannitol as an excipient in lyophilized injectable small and large molecule formulations. When compared with glycine, the physicochemical properties of mannitol make it a desirable and preferred bulking agent. Though mannitol is a popular bulking agent in freeze-dried formulations, its use may pose certain challenges such as vial breakage or its existence as a metastable crystalline hemihydrate in the final cake, necessitating appropriate mitigation strategies. The understanding of the phase behavior of mannitol in aqueous systems, during the various stages of freeze-drying, can be critical for the optimization of freeze-drying cycle parameters in multi-component formulations. Finally, using a decision tree as a guiding tool, we demonstrate the use of orthogonal techniques for attaining a stable and cost-effective lyophilized drug product containing mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
| | - Jayesh Sonje
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Bhushan Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Bakul Bhatnagar
- Pfizer Inc., BioTherapeutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, United States of America
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
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Macedo LDO, Morales IA, Barbosa EJ, Stephano MA, de Araujo GL, Bou-Chacra NA. Thermal study, process optimization, and water solubility improvement of a freeze-dried artemether nanosuspension for malaria treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chi C, Zhang C, Liu Y, Nie H, Zhou J, Ding Y. Phytosome-nanosuspensions for silybin-phospholipid complex with increased bioavailability and hepatoprotection efficacy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 144:105212. [PMID: 31923602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Silybin, a natural compound for treating liver disease, has been shown to provide diverse biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant and hepatoprotective. However, it is still challenging to develop silybin product due to its poor aqueous solubility and limited gastrointestinal absorption. In order to improve the low bioavailability of silybin, a novel formulation of phytosome-nanosuspensions for silybin shielding termed as SPCs-NPs, has been developed herein for hepatoprotection efficacy. We found that SPCs-NPs formulation not only possessed an increased in vitro dissolution rate but also improved plasma concentration in the in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Moreover, SPCs-NPs was provided with more potent hepatoprotective effects in pharmacodynamic assessments. Moreover, physicochemical features including interactions between silybin and phospholipid, and crystalline variation of the optimized SPCs-NPs formulation were confirmed by using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (PXRD) respectively. Overall, the interesting finding of this study suggested that SPCs-NPs could be applied as a promising formulation for a higher drug bioavailability and better hepatoprotection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chenshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haichen Nie
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Station Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Munjal B, Zode SS, Bansal AK. Crystallization of Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate During Lyophilization. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1195-1202. [PMID: 30352215 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the phase behavior of cyclophosphamide (CPA) during various stages of lyophilization, with special emphasis on obtaining crystalline CPA monohydrate (CPA-MH) in the lyophilized product. Subambient differential scanning calorimetry and low-temperature X-ray diffractometry (LTXRD) were used to study the phase behavior of CPA solution (3.7% w/v). In situ lyophilization in LTXRD chamber was used to monitor the phase transitions occurring during the drying stages. Finally, the implications of these findings were confirmed by freeze-drying the aqueous solution in a laboratory-scale freeze-dryer. The results suggested that CPA remains amorphous during freeze concentration, with a Tg' of -50°C. However, its crystallization as CPA-MH can be induced by annealing the frozen solution between -5°C and -10°C. In situ lyophilization in LTXRD showed that the CPA-MH crystallized during annealing, rapidly dehydrated during primary drying, thereby causing structural collapse. The dehydration of CPA-MH can be prevented by lowering the escaping tendency of water molecules from the crystal lattice of CPA-MH by maintaining the chamber pressure to 300, 400, or 500 mTorr. This study highlights the relationship of process parameters used during lyophilization with the solid form of lyophilized CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER SAS Nagar, sector-67, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep S Zode
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER SAS Nagar, sector-67, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER SAS Nagar, sector-67, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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Kumar P, Singh SK, Handa V, Kathuria H. Oleic Acid Nanovesicles of Minoxidil for Enhanced Follicular Delivery. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030103. [PMID: 30223446 PMCID: PMC6165169 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current topical minoxidil (MXD) formulations involve an unpleasant organic solvent which causes patient incompliance in addition to side effects in some cases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop an MXD formulation providing enhanced follicular delivery and reduced side effects. Oleic acid, being a safer material, was utilized to prepare the nanovesicles, which were characterized for size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphology. The nanovesicles were incorporated into the emugel Sepineo® P 600 (2% w/v) to provide better longer contact time with the scalp and improve physical stability. The formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, and drug deposition studies. Follicular deposition of the vesicles was also evaluated using a differential tape stripping technique and elucidated using confocal microscopy. The optimum oleic acid vesicles measured particle size was 317 ± 4 nm, with high entrapment efficiency (69.08 ± 3.07%), narrow PDI (0.203 ± 0.01), and a negative zeta potential of −13.97 ± 0.451. The in vitro drug release showed the sustained release of MXD from vesicular gel. The skin permeation and deposition studies revealed superiority of the prepared MXD vesicular gel (0.2%) in terms of MXD deposition in the stratum corneum (SC) and remaining skin over MXD lotion (2%), with enhancement ratios of 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. The follicular deposition of MXD was 10-fold higher for vesicular gel than the control. Confocal microscopy also confirmed the higher absorption of rhodamine via vesicular gel into hair follicles as compared to the control. Overall, the current findings demonstrate the potential of oleic acid vesicles for effective targeted skin and follicular delivery of MXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Shailendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Vandana Handa
- School of Pharmacy, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad 201206, India.
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Horn J, Friess W. Detection of Collapse and Crystallization of Saccharide, Protein, and Mannitol Formulations by Optical Fibers in Lyophilization. Front Chem 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29435445 PMCID: PMC5790775 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The collapse temperature (Tc) and the glass transition temperature of freeze-concentrated solutions (Tg') as well as the crystallization behavior of excipients are important physicochemical characteristics which guide the cycle development in freeze-drying. The most frequently used methods to determine these values are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and freeze-drying microscopy (FDM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the optical fiber system (OFS) unit as alternative tool for the analysis of Tc, Tg' and crystallization events. The OFS unit was also tested as a potential online monitoring tool during freeze-drying. Freeze/thawing and freeze-drying experiments of sucrose, trehalose, stachyose, mannitol, and highly concentrated IgG1 and lysozyme solutions were carried out and monitored by the OFS. Comparative analyses were performed by DSC and FDM. OFS and FDM results correlated well. The crystallization behavior of mannitol could be monitored by the OFS during freeze/thawing as it can be done by DSC. Online monitoring of freeze-drying runs detected collapse of amorphous saccharide matrices. The OFS unit enabled the analysis of both Tc and crystallization processes, which is usually carried out by FDM and DSC. The OFS can hence be used as novel measuring device. Additionally, detection of these events during lyophilization facilitates online-monitoring. Thus the OFS is a new beneficial tool for the development and monitoring of freeze-drying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Horn
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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