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Ding N, Chen C, Liu Y, Zheng P, Li X, Yang M. Simultaneous determination of plasma protein binding of five C-glycosylflavones from TFDS by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115511. [PMID: 38522811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium (TFDS) are flavonoid-rich extracts obtained from Desmodii Styracifolii Herba, which is approved for the treatment of urolithiasis in China. C-glycosylflavones including schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, vicenin-3, and isovitexin are the main active constituents. In this study, the plasma protein binding of these compounds was determined for the first time in rat and human plasma by rapid equilibrium dialysis combined with HPLC-MS/MS method. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction effect, matrix effect, and stability. Schaftoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, and vicenin-3 exhibited moderate plasma protein binding, ranging from 56.6% to 61.5% in rat plasma and 55.0%-62.9% in human plasma. In comparison, isovitexin demonstrated a higher plasma protein binding in the range of 92.3-93.1% and 95.1-96.2% in rat and human plasma, respectively. Furthermore, the potential interactions mediated via plasma protein binding between isovitexin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were investigated by rapid equilibrium dialysis. No significant changes were observed, indicating a lower likelihood of interaction between TFDS and NSAIDs due to plasma protein binding in the treatment of urinary system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Lab, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Lab, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yishu Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Lab, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Clinical Research Unit, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Lab, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Phase I Clinical Research Lab, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Clinical Research Unit, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Poulin P. First-in-Human Predictions of Hepatic Clearance for Drugs With the Well-Stirred Model: Comparative Assessment Between Models of Fraction Unbound Based Either on the Free Drug Hypothesis, Albumin-Facilitated Hepatic Uptake or Dynamic Binding Kinetics. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00193-X. [PMID: 38796154 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The well-stirred model (WSM) is commonly used to predict the hepatic clearance in vivo (CLH) of drugs. The necessary intrinsic clearance of the unbound drug (CLint-in vitro-unbound) is generated in the in vitro assays in the presence of microsomes or hepatocytes but in the absence of plasma proteins. The value of CLint-in vitro-unbound can be extrapolated with the fraction unbound determined in vitro in plasma (fup) only if the fraction unbound in vivo in liver is the same. However, this approach resulted to a systematic underprediction bias of CLH. With the goal of reducing this bias, two new models of fraction unbound were published in this journal. These models estimate the binding kinetics of the rates of association and dissociation of the drug-protein complex and propose that more dissociation in the liver compared to plasma will increase the fraction unbound available for the metabolism. Consequently, these two models generated higher values of fraction unbound, implying a lower underprediction bias of CLH with the WSM. The first model was developed by Poulin et al. and is referring to the value of fup that is adjusted (fu-adjusted) to quantify the effect of a full dissociation of the drug-protein complex at the hepatocyte membrane in accordance with the theory of the albumin-facilitated hepatic uptake. A second model was developed by Yan et al. who presented a dynamic fraction unbound (fu-dynamic) measuring the real dissociation kinetics of the drug-protein complex with a new in vitro assay in the presence and absence of a recombinant liver enzyme in plasma. Therefore, the objective of this study was to make the first comparative assessment between these two models. The results indicate that, in general, the WSM combined with the values of fu-adjusted was the most accurate approach for predicting CLH. The WSM combined with the values of fu-dynamic has underperformed particularly with the acidic and neutral drugs binding to the albumin and presenting a low metabolic turnover in vitro. Therefore, the new in vitro assay for fu-dynamic gave an underprediction bias of CLH for these drug properties. However, the values of fu-adjusted are significantly higher than those values of fu-dynamic, and, this resulted to no underprediction bias, which is reinforcing the theory of the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake. For the other neutral and acidic drugs, the models of fu-dynamic and fu-adjusted are in closer agreement. Finally, for the basic drugs, the models of fu-adjusted and fu-dynamic as well as a third model only considering a pH gradient effect on fup are almost accurately equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Yan Z, Ma L, Carione P, Huang J, Hwang N, Kenny JR, Hop CECA. Introducing the Dynamic Well-Stirred Model for Predicting Hepatic Clearance and Extraction Ratio. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1094-1112. [PMID: 38220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The well-stirred model (WSM) incorporating the fraction of unbound drug (fu) to account for the effect of plasma binding on intrinsic clearance has been widely used for predicting hepatic clearance under the assumption that drug protein binding reaches equilibrium instantaneously. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the effect of protein binding on intrinsic clearance is better accounted for with the dynamic free fraction (fD), a measure of drug protein binding affinity, which leads to a putative dynamic well-stirred model (dWSM) without the instantaneous equilibrium assumption. Using recombinant CYP3A4 as the in vitro clearance system, we demonstrate that the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of both highly bound midazolam and highly free verapamil is fully corrected by their corresponding fD values, respectively. On the other hand, fu only corrects the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of verapamil, and yields severe over-correction of the intrinsic clearance of midazolam. The results suggest that the traditional WSM is suitable for highly free drugs like verapamil but not necessarily for highly bound drugs such as midazolam due to the violation of the instantaneous equilibrium assumption or under-estimating the true free drug concentration. In comparison, the dWSM incorporating fD holds true as long as drug elimination follows steady-state kinetics, and hence, it is more broadly applicable to drugs with different protein binding characteristics. Here we demonstrate with 36 diverse drugs, that the dWSM significantly improves the accuracy of predicting human hepatic clearance and liver extraction ratio from in vitro microsomal clearance data, highlighting the importance of drug plasma protein binding kinetics in addressing the under-prediction of hepatic clearance by the WSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Pasquale Carione
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Kowal-Chwast A, Gabor-Worwa E, Gaud N, Gogola D, Piątek A, Zarębski A, Littlewood P, Smoluch M, Brzózka K, Kuś K. Novel method of measurement of in vitro drug uptake in OATP1B3 overexpressing cells in the presence of dextran. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:400-415. [PMID: 38530582 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In predictions about hepatic clearance (CLH), a number of studies explored the role of albumin and transporters in drug uptake by liver cells, challenging the traditional free-drug theory. It was proposed that liver uptake can occur for transporter substrate compounds not only from the drug's unbound form but also directly from the drug-albumin complex, a phenomenon known as uptake facilitated by albumin. In contrast to albumin, dextran does not exhibit binding properties for compounds. However, as a result of its inherent capacity for stabilization, it is widely used to mimic conditions within cells. METHODS The uptake of eight known substrates of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) was assessed using a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), which stably overexpresses this transporter. An inert polymer, dextran, was used to simulate cellular conditions, and the results were compared with experiments involving human plasma and human serum albumin (HSA). RESULTS This study is the first to demonstrate that dextran increases compound uptake in cells with overexpression of the OATP1B3 transporter. Contrary to the common theory that highly protein-bound ligands interact with hepatocytes to increase drug uptake, the results indicate that dextran's interaction with test compounds does not significantly increase concentrations near the cell membrane surface. CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the effect of dextran on the uptake of known substrates using OATP1B3 overexpressed in the HEK293 cell line, and we suggest that its impact on drug concentrations in liver cells may differ from the traditional role of plasma proteins and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowal-Chwast
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gabor-Worwa
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piątek
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Zarębski
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzózka
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
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Lombardo F, Bentzien J, Berellini G, Muegge I. Prediction of Human Clearance Using In Silico Models with Reduced Bias. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1192-1203. [PMID: 38285644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Predicting human clearance with high accuracy from in silico-derived parameters alone is highly desirable, as it is fast, saves in vitro resources, and is animal-sparing. We derived random forest (RF) models from 1340 compounds with human intravenous pharmacokinetic (PK) data, the largest data set publicly available today. To assess the general applicability of the RF models, we systematically removed structural-therapeutic class analogues and other compounds with structural similarity from the training sets. For a quasi-prospective test set of 343 compounds, we show that RF models devoid of structurally similar compounds in the training set predict human clearance with a geometric mean fold error (GMFE) of 3.3. While the observed GMFE illustrates how difficult it is to generate a useful model that is broadly applicable, we posit that our RF models yield a more realistic assessment of how well human clearance can be predicted prospectively. We deployed the conformal prediction formalism to assess the model applicability and to determine the prediction confidence intervals for each prediction. We observed that clearance can be predicted better for renally cleared compounds than for other clearance mechanisms. We show that applying a classification model for predicting renal clearance identifies a subset of compounds for which clearance can be predicted with higher accuracy, yielding a GMFE of 2.3. In addition, our in silico RF human clearance models compared well to models derived from scaling human hepatocytes or preclinical in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Lombardo
- CmaxDMPK, LLC, Framingham , Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Jörg Bentzien
- Alkermes Inc., 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Giuliano Berellini
- Alkermes Inc., 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ingo Muegge
- Alkermes Inc., 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Barbetta MFS, Perovani IS, Duarte LO, de Oliveira ARM. Enantioselective in vitro metabolism of the herbicide diclofop-methyl: Prediction of toxicokinetic parameters and reaction phenotyping. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115639. [PMID: 37619294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to contaminants of emerging concern, like pesticides, has increased in the past decades. Diclofop-methyl (DFM) is a chiral herbicide that is employed as a racemic mixture (rac-DFM) in soybean and other crops against wild oats. Studies have shown that DFM has enantioselective action (higher for R-DFM), degradation (faster for S-DFM), and metabolism, producing diclofop (DF) which is also a pesticide. Although toxic effects have been reported for DFM, information regarding how DFM affects humans is lacking, especially when its chirality is concerned. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of rac-DFM and its isolated enantiomers was assessed by using a human model based on human liver microsomes. The kinetic model and parameters were obtained, and the hepatic clearance (CLH) and hepatic extraction ratio (EH) were estimated. Enzyme phenotyping was carried out by employing carboxylesterase isoforms (CES 1 and CES 2). DFM was metabolized through positive homotropic cooperativity with slight preference for (-)-DFM metabolism to (-)-DF. CLH and EH were above 19.60 mL min-1 kg-1 and 98 % for all the monitored reactions, respectively, and CES 1 was the main enzyme underlying the metabolism. These findings point out that liver contributes to DFM metabolism, which is fast, resulting in nearly complete conversion to DF after exposition to DFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Felipe Santos Barbetta
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Icaro Salgado Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Oka Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Cheong EJY, Chin SY, Ng ZW, Yap TJ, Cheong EZB, Wang Z, Chan ECY. Unraveling Complexities in the Absorption and Disposition Kinetics of Abiraterone via Iterative PBPK Model Development and Refinement. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1243-1261. [PMID: 37405634 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Abiraterone is a first-in-class inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1), and its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile is susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic variabilities. Potential associations between abiraterone concentrations and pharmacodynamic consequences in prostate cancer may demand further dosage optimization to balance therapeutic outcomes. Consequently, we aim to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for abiraterone via a middle-out approach to prospectively interrogate the untested, albeit clinically relevant, scenarios. METHODS To characterize in vivo hydrolysis of prodrug abiraterone acetate (AA) and supersaturation of abiraterone, in vitro aqueous solubility data, biorelevant measurements, and supersaturation and precipitation parameters were utilized for mechanistic absorption simulation. CYP3A4-mediated N-oxidation and sulfotransferase 2A1-catalyzed sulfation of abiraterone were subsequently quantified in human liver subcellular systems. Iterative PBPK model refinement involved evaluation of potential organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated abiraterone uptake in transfected cells in the absence and presence of albumin. RESULTS The developed PBPK model recapitulated the duodenal concentration-time profile of both AA and abiraterone after simulated AA administration. Our findings established abiraterone as a substrate of hepatic OATP1B3 to recapitulate its unbound metabolic intrinsic clearance. Further consideration of a transporter-induced protein-binding shift established accurate translational scaling factors and extrapolated the sinusoidal uptake process. Subsequent simulations effectively predicted the PK of abiraterone upon single and multiple dosing. CONCLUSION Our systematic development of the abiraterone PBPK model has demonstrated its application for the prospective interrogation of the individual or combined influences of potential interindividual variabilities influencing the systemic exposure of abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sheng Yuan Chin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zheng Wei Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting Jian Yap
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ervin Zhi Bin Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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Pardridge WM. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Brain Delivery of Plasma Protein Bound Drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:661-674. [PMID: 36829100 PMCID: PMC10036418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is developed that focuses on the kinetic parameters of drug association and dissociation with albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), and brain tissue proteins, as well as drug permeability at the blood-brain barrier, drug metabolism, and brain blood flow. GOAL The model evaluates the extent to which plasma protein-mediated uptake (PMU) of drugs by brain influences the concentration of free drug both within the brain capillary compartment in vivo and the brain compartment. The model also studies the effect of drug binding to brain tissue proteins on the concentration of free drug in brain. METHODS The steady state and non-steady state PBPK models are comprised of 11-12 variables, and 18-23 parameters, respectively. Two model drugs are analyzed: propranolol, which undergoes modest PMU from the AGP-bound pool, and imipramine, which undergoes a high degree of PMU from both the albumin-bound and AGP-bound pools in plasma. RESULTS The free propranolol concentration in brain is under-estimated 2- to fourfold by in vitro measurements of free plasma propranolol, and the free imipramine concentration in brain is under-estimated by 18- to 31-fold by in vitro measurements of free imipramine in plasma. The free drug concentration in brain in vivo is independent of drug binding to brain tissue proteins. CONCLUSIONS In vitro measurement of free drug concentration in plasma under-estimates the free drug in brain in vivo if PMU in vivo from either the albumin and/or the AGP pools in plasma takes place at the BBB surface.
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Pelizzo P, Stebel M, Medic N, Sist P, Vanzo A, Anesi A, Vrhovsek U, Tramer F, Passamonti S. Cyanidin 3-glucoside targets a hepatic bilirubin transporter in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114044. [PMID: 36463829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the organ-specific functions of the liver is the excretion of bilirubin into the bile. Membrane transport of bilirubin from the blood to the liver is not only an orphan function, because there is no link to the protein/gene units that perform this function, but also a poorly characterised function. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacology of bilirubin uptake in the liver of the female Wistar rat to improve basic knowledge in this neglected area of liver physiology. We treated isolated perfused livers of female rats with repeated single-pass, albumin-free bilirubin boli. We monitored both bilirubin and bilirubin glucuronide in perfusion effluent with a bio-fluorometric assay. We tested the ability of nine molecules known as substrates or inhibitors of sinusoidal membrane transporters to inhibit hepatic uptake of bilirubin. We found that cyanidin 3-glucoside and malvidin 3-glucoside were the only molecules that inhibited bilirubin uptake. These dietary anthocyanins resemble bromosulfophthalein (BSP), a substrate of several sinusoidal membrane transporters. The SLCO-specific substrates estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide, pravastatin, and taurocholate inhibited only bilirubin glucuronide uptake. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and taurocholate acted at physiological concentrations. The SLC22-specific substrates indomethacin and ketoprofen were inactive. We demonstrated the existence of a bilirubin-glucuronide transporter inhibited by bilirubin, a fact reported only once in the literature. The data suggest that bilirubin and bilirubin glucuronide are transported to the liver via pharmacologically distinct membrane transport pathways. Some dietary anthocyanins may physiologically modulate the uptake of bilirubin into the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pelizzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Stebel
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nevenka Medic
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Sist
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andreja Vanzo
- Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Federica Tramer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Evidence of the Need for Modified Well-stirred Model in In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 177:106268. [PMID: 35901930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), an approach for hepatic clearance (CLH) prediction used worldwide, remains controversial due to systematic underprediction. Among the various probable factors, the original assumption of the hepatic mathematical model (i.e., the well-stirred model, WSM) may become problematic, leading to the underestimation of drug CLH. Having a similar prerequisite that the well-stirred conditions are homogenous with perfectly mixed reactants, but using a different driving concentration, the modified well-stirred model (MWSM) stands apart from the WSM. However, we believe that both models should coexist so that the entire well-stirred scenario can be completely illustrated. Consequently, we collected published data from the literature and employed a logistic regression method to differentiate the optimal timing of use between WSM and MWSM in drug CLH prediction. Generally, variances adopted in the regression, including partition coefficient (logP), fraction unbound (fu), volumes of distribution at steady-state (Vss), and mean residence time (MRT), corresponded to our assumption when protein-facilitated uptake was considered. Furthermore, a new empirical approach was introduced to allow practical use of the MWSM. The results showed that this model could provide a more precise prediction compared to previous empirical approaches. Therefore, these preliminary results not only delineated a more detailed structure and mechanism of MWSM but also highlighted its necessity and potential.
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Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Contribution of Humanized Liver Chimeric Mice to the Study of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters: State of the Art and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:621-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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In vitro-in vivo correlation of the chiral pesticide prothioconazole after interaction with human CYP450 enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kameyama T, Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Does Addition of Protein to Hepatocyte or Microsomal In Vitro Incubations Provide a Useful Improvement in In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Predictability? Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:401-412. [PMID: 35086847 PMCID: PMC11022888 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance is an essential part of successful and efficient drug development; however, many investigators have recognized that there are significant limitations in the predictability of clearance with a tendency for underprediction for primarily metabolized drugs. Here, we examine the impact of adding serum or albumin into hepatocyte and microsomal incubations on the predictability of in vivo hepatic clearance. The addition of protein into hepatocyte incubations has been reported to improve the predictability for high clearance (extraction ratio) drugs and highly protein-bound drugs. Analyzing published data for 60 different drugs and 97 experimental comparisons (with 17 drugs being investigated from two to seven) we confirmed the marked underprediction of clearance. However, we could not validate any relevant improved predictability within twofold by the addition of serum to hepatocyte incubations or albumin to microsomal incubations. This was the case when investigating all measurements, or when subdividing analyses by extraction ratio, degree of protein binding, Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System class, examining Extended Clearance Classification System class 1B drugs only, or drug charge. Manipulating characteristics of small data sets of like compounds and adding scaling factors can appear to yield good predictability, but the carryover of these methods to alternate drug classes and different laboratories is not evident. Improvement in predictability of poorly soluble compounds is greater than that for soluble compounds, but not to a meaningful extent. Overall, we cannot confirm that protein addition improves in vitro-in vivo extrapolation predictability to any clinically meaningful degree when considering all drugs and different subsets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The addition of protein into microsomal or hepatocyte incubations has been widely proposed to improve hepatic clearance predictions. To date, studies examining this phenomenon have not included appropriate negative controls where predictability is achieved without protein addition and have been conducted with small data sets of similar compounds that don't apply to alternate drug classes. Here, an extensive analysis of published data for 60 drugs and 97 experimental comparisons couldn't validate any relevant clinically improved clearance predictability with protein addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Yin M, Storelli F, Unadkat JD. Is The Protein-Mediated Uptake Of Drugs By OATPs A Real Phenomenon Or An Artifact?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1132-1141. [PMID: 35351775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma proteins or human serum albumin (HSA) have been reported to increase the in vitro intrinsic uptake clearance (CLint,uptake) of drugs by hepatocytes or organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-transfected cell lines. This, so called protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE), is thought to be due to an interaction between the drug-protein complex and the cell membrane causing an increase in the unbound drug concentration at the cell surface resulting in an increase in the apparent CLint,uptake of the drug. To determine if the PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake is an artifact or a real phenomenon, we determined the effect of 1%, 2% and 5% HSA on OATP1B1-mediated (HEK293 transfected cells) and passive CLint,uptake (MOCK HEK293 cells) of a cocktail of five statins. In addition, we determined the non-specific binding (NSB) of the statin-HSA complex to the cells/labware. The increase in uptake of atorvastatin, fluvastatin and rosuvastatin in the presence of HSA was completely explained by the extent of NSB of the statin-HSA complex, indicating that the PMUE for these statins is an artifact. In contrast, this was not the case for OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin and passive uptake of cerivastatin suggesting that the PMUE is a real phenomenon for these drugs. Additionally, the PMUE on OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin was confirmed by a decrease in its unbound IC50 in the presence of 5% HSA vs. HBSS buffer. These data question the utility of routinely including plasma proteins or HSA in uptake experiments and the previous findings on PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake. Significance Statement Here we report, for the first time, that the protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE) on OATP-transported drugs could be an artifact of the non-specific binding (NSB) of the drug-albumin complex to cells/labware. Future experiments on PMUE must take into consideration such NSB. In addition, mechanisms other than PMUE need to be explored to explain the underprediction of in vivo OATP-mediated hepatic drug CL from in vitro uptake studies.
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Jusko WJ, Li X. Assessment of the Kochak-Benet Equation for Hepatic Clearance for the Parallel-Tube Model: Relevance of Classic Clearance Concepts in PK and PBPK. AAPS J 2021; 24:5. [PMID: 34853928 PMCID: PMC9639621 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report reviews concepts related to operation of the classic parallel-tube model (PTM) for hepatic disposition and examines two recent proposals of a newly derived equation to describe hepatic clearance (CLH). It is demonstrated that the proposed equation is identical to a re-arrangement of an earlier relationship from Pang and Rowland and provides a means of calculation of intrinsic clearance (CLint,PTM) rather than CLH as posed. We further demonstrate how classic hepatic clearance models with an assumed CLint, while subject to numerous limitations, remain highly useful and necessary in both traditional pharmacokinetics (PK) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 404 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ()
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 404 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Yu L, Hua Z, Luo X, Zhao T, Liu Y. Systematic interaction of plasma albumin with the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188655. [PMID: 34780933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Albumin, as the most abundant plasma protein, plays an integral role in the transport of a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands in the bloodstream and extravascular spaces. For exogenous drugs, especially chemotherapeutic drugs, binding to and being delivered by albumin can significantly affect their efficacy. Meanwhile, albumin can also bind to many endogenous ligands, such as fatty acids, with important physiological significance that can affect tumor proliferation and metabolism. In this review, we summarize how albumin with unique properties affects chemotherapeutic drugs efficacy from the aspects of drug outcome in blood, toxicity, tumor accumulation and direct or indirect interactions with fatty acids, plus application of albumin-based carriers for anti-tumor drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuchunyang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Benet LZ, Sodhi JK. Can In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Be Successful? Recognizing the Incorrect Clearance Assumptions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:1022-1035. [PMID: 34731496 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For a number of years, our laboratory has been investigating the underlying reasons for the published poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) predictability of human clearance both from a theoretical and from an experimental perspective. Here, we critically examine clearance concepts and commonly employed IVIVE approaches, concluding that there is no theoretical reason that IVIVE should work, just as it does not. Our analysis, however, has identified 10 misconceptions and/or poorly understood aspects of clearance that are listed in the Conclusion section of this manuscript. Chief among these are that all published human drug clearance values are arterial clearances-clearance calculated as organ blood flow multiplied by the extraction ratio is the arterial clearance of the organ of elimination (and not the published drug clearance value)-and that the well-stirred model equation taught in all pharmacokinetic courses that relates organ blood flow, fraction unbound in blood, and intrinsic clearance has no validity. We further list 10 conclusions relating to the IVIVE process. The primary IVIVE-related conclusions are that the intrinsic clearance value determined from an in vitro incubation is an arterial intrinsic clearance, there is no theoretical basis upon which an arterial intrinsic clearance can be related to a whole-body arterial clearance to accomplish IVIVE, there are no published data demonstrating that in vitro intrinsic metabolic clearance can predict in vivo organ clearance as IVIVE assumes, and the scientific basis for the hypothesized albumin-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is invalid. We further propose three IVIVE process recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Di L, Riccardi K, Tess D. Evolving approaches on measurements and applications of intracellular free drug concentration and Kp uu in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:733-746. [PMID: 34058926 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intracellular-free drug concentration (Cu,cell) and unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) are two important parameters to develop pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, predict drug-drug interaction potentials and estimate therapeutic indices.Area covered: Methods on measurements of Cu,cell, Kpuu, partition coefficient (Kp) and fraction unbound of cells (fuc) are discussed. Advantages and limitations of several fuc methods are reviewed. Applications highlighted here are bridging the potency gaps between biochemical and cell-based assays, in vitro hepatocyte assay to predict in vivo liver-to-plasma Kpuu, the role of Kpuu in prediction of hepatic clearance for enzyme- and transporter-mediated mechanisms using extended clearance equation, and structural attributes governing tissue Kpuu.Expert opinion: Cu,cell and Kpuu are of growing applications in drug discovery. Methods for measurements of these properties continue to evolve in order to achieve higher precision/accuracy and obtain more detailed information at the subcellular levels. Future directions of the field include the development of in vitro and in silico models to predict tissue Kpuu, direct measurement of free drug concentration in subcellular organelles, and further investigations into the critical elements governing cell and tissue Kpuu. Significant innovation is needed to advance this complex, but highly impactful and exciting area of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
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Hsu SH, Cheng AC, Chang TY, Pao LH, Hsiong CH, Wang HJ. Precisely adjusting the hepatic clearance of highly extracted drugs using the modified well-stirred model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111855. [PMID: 34229248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic clearance has been widely studied for over 50 yr. Many models have been developed using either theoretical or empirical tests to predict drug metabolism. The well-stirred, parallel-tube, and dispersion metabolic models have been extensively discussed. However, to our knowledge, these models cannot fully describe all relevant scenarios in hepatic clearance. We addressed this issue using the isolated perfused rat liver technique with minor modifications. Diazepam was selected to illustrate different levels of drug plasma-protein binding by changing the added concentration of human serum albumin. The free fractions of diazepam at different albumin concentrations were assayed by rapid equilibrium dialysis. The experimental data provide new insights concerning an accepted formula used to describe hepatic clearance. Regarding drug concentrations passing through the liver, the driving force concentration (CH,ss) in terms of Cin (influx in the liver) or Cout (efflux from the liver) needs to be carefully considered when determining drug hepatic and intrinsic clearances. The newly established model, termed the modified well-stirred model, which was derived from the original formula, successfully estimated hepatic drug metabolism. Using the modified well-stirred model, a theoretical driving force concentration of diazepam passing through the liver was evaluated. The model was further used to assess the predictability of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. This study was not intended to refute the existing models, but rather to augment them using experimental data. The results stress the importance of proper calculation of dose when the drug clearance deviates from the prediction of the well-stirred model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - An-Chun Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tien-Yu Chang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Hong-Jaan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Miyauchi S, Kim SJ, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Consideration of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake for highly protein-bound anionic drugs: Bridging the gap of hepatic uptake clearance between in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107938. [PMID: 34171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy in predicting in vivo hepatic clearance of drugs from in vitro data (often termed as in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has improved in part by applying the extended-clearance concept that considers the interplay between hepatic metabolism and uptake/efflux processes. However, the IVIVE-based prediction performs poorly in predicting the hepatic uptake clearance of highly albumin-bound anionic drugs. Their hepatic uptake clearances tend to be much higher than expected based on the free-drug theory. Such observation can be attributable to a phenomenon called albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, for which various models have been thus far proposed. Our group has been applying a facilitated-dissociation model, which assumes the enhanced dissociation of the drug-albumin complex upon interaction with the cell surface. By considering the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake (using the facilitated-dissociation model or alternative kinetic models), a number of investigations demonstrated the improvement in the prediction accuracy for the hepatic clearance of highly protein-bound anionic drugs that are substrates for hepatic uptake transporters. This review summarizes the reported kinetic analyses of the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake of highly albumin-bound drugs concerning the IVIVE and the clinical and physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Effective exposure of chemicals in in vitro cell systems: A review of chemical distribution models. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abdel-Tawab M. Considerations to Be Taken When Carrying Out Medicinal Plant Research-What We Learn from an Insight into the IC 50 Values, Bioavailability and Clinical Efficacy of Exemplary Anti-Inflammatory Herbal Components. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:437. [PMID: 34066427 PMCID: PMC8148151 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants represent a big reservoir for discovering new drugs against all kinds of diseases including inflammation. In spite the large number of promising anti-inflammatory plant extracts and isolated components, research on medicinal plants proves to be very difficult. Based on that background this review aims to provide a summarized insight into the hitherto known pharmacologically active concentrations, bioavailability, and clinical efficacy of boswellic acids, curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol. These examples have in common that the achieved plasma concentrations were found to be often far below the determined IC50 values in vitro. On the other hand demonstrated therapeutic effects suggest a necessity of rethinking our pharmacokinetic understanding. In this light this review discusses the value of plasma levels as pharmacokinetic surrogates in comparison to the more informative value of tissue concentrations. Furthermore the need for new methodological approaches is addressed like the application of combinatorial approaches for identifying and pharmacokinetic investigations of active multi-components. Also the physiological relevance of exemplary in vitro assays and absorption studies in cell-line based models is discussed. All these topics should be ideally considered to avoid inaccurate predictions for the efficacy of herbal components in vivo and to unlock the "black box" of herbal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel-Tawab
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, Carl-Mannich-Str. 20, 65760 Eschborn, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-6196-937-955
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Poulin P, Haddad S. A New Guidance for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in the Early Drug Discovery and Development from the in Vitro-to-in Vivo Extrapolation Method and an Approach for Exploring Whether an Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Phenomenon Could be Present Under in Vivo Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2841-2858. [PMID: 33857483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods for predicting the hepatic clearance (CL) of drugs based on microsomal or hepatocyte data have certainly advanced; however, there is still place for improving the extrapolations from in vitro assays containing no plasma proteins. Accordingly, there is a discussion on whether the free drug hypothesis or an albumin (ALB)-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is the best scaling method. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to guide the prediction of CL and to diagnose which scaling method between the free drug hypothesis and ALB-mediated uptake could be more accurate; this, irrespective of the mechanism(s) governing CL if the drugs can get to the hepatocyte membrane. The analysis of several datasets demonstrated that almost all values of CL in vivo fall within the two calculated values of CL use as boundaries from: 1) the free drug hypothesis, and 2) ALB-mediated uptake. The average value from these two CL boundaries predicted the CL in vivo with an incredible accuracy. Validating these boundaries in preclinical species prior going to human as well as considering the fractional binding in plasma increased the accuracy. Overall, this study is another step towards guiding the CL prediction in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sami Haddad
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Successful and Unsuccessful Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Lead Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3546-3559. [PMID: 33765384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemical entities is costly, time-consuming, and has a low success rate. Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic properties is critical to progress compounds with favorable drug-like characteristics in lead optimization. Of particular importance is the prediction of hepatic clearance, which determines drug exposure and contributes to projection of dose, half-life, and bioavailability. The most commonly employed methodology to predict hepatic clearance is termed in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that involves measuring drug metabolism in vitro, scaling-up this in vitro intrinsic clearance to a prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by reconciling the enzymatic content between the incubation and an average human liver, and applying a model of hepatic disposition to account for limitations of protein binding and blood flow to predict in vivo clearance. This manuscript reviews common in vitro techniques used to predict hepatic clearance as well as current challenges and recent theoretical advancements in IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Eng H, Bi YA, West MA, Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Kosa RE, Tess DA, Griffith DA, Litchfield J, Kalgutkar AS, Varma MVS. Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:169-180. [PMID: 33509903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400-730 Da, logP ∼3.5-8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin-OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi-An Bi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A West
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Tess
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Griffith
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Litchfield
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Izat N, Sahin S. Hepatic transporter-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: Recent studies and regulatory recommendations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:45-77. [PMID: 33507532 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are one of the major mechanisms in pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions and correspondingly affecting drugs' safety and efficacy. Regulatory bodies underlined the importance of the evaluation of transporter-mediated interactions as a part of the drug development process. The liver is responsible for the elimination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds via metabolism and biliary excretion. Therefore, hepatic uptake transporters, expressed on the sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes, and efflux transporters mediating the transport from hepatocytes to the bile are determinant factors for pharmacokinetics of drugs, and hence, drug-drug interactions. In parallel with the growing research interest in this area, regulatory guidances have been updated with detailed assay models and criteria. According to well-established preclinical results, observed or expected hepatic transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions can be taken into account for clinical studies. In this paper, various methods including in vitro, in situ, in vivo, in silico approaches, and combinational concepts and several clinical studies on the assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions were reviewed. Informative and effective evaluation by preclinical tools together with the integration of pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation can reduce unexpected clinical outcomes and enhance the success rate in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Comparative Assessment of Extrapolation Methods Based on the Conventional Free Drug Hypothesis and Plasma Protein-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Theory for the Hepatic Clearance Predictions of Two Drugs Extensively Bound to Both the Albumin And Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1385-1391. [PMID: 33217427 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bteich and coworkers recently demonstrated in a companion manuscript (J Pharm Sci 109: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003) that a protein-mediated hepatic uptake have occurred in an isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model for two drugs (Perampanel; PER and Fluoxetine; FLU) that bind extensively to the albumin (ALB) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). However, to our knowledge, there is no quantitative model available to predict the impact of a plasma protein-mediated hepatic uptake on the extent of hepatic clearance (CLh) for a drug binding extensively to these two proteins. Therefore, the main objective was to predict the corresponding CLh, which is an extension of the companion manuscript. The method consisted of extrapolating the intrinsic clearance from the unbound fraction measured in the perfusate or the unbound fraction extrapolated to the surface of the hepatocyte membrane by adapting an existing model of protein-mediated hepatic uptake (i.e., the fup-adjusted model) to include a binding ratio between the ALB and AGP. This new approach showed a relevant improvement compared to the free drug hypothesis particularly for FLU that showed the highest degree of ALB-mediated uptake. Overall, this study is a first step towards the development of predictive methods of CLh by considering the binding to ALB and AGP.
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Bi YA, Ryu S, Tess DA, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Effect of Human Plasma on Hepatic Uptake of Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide 1B Substrates: Studies Using Transfected Cells and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:72-83. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Improved In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation by Using the Unbound-Fraction-Adjusted IC 50 for Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibition. Pharm Res 2020; 37:230. [PMID: 33123823 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the efflux of xenobiotics by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and inhibition of BCRP can cause unexpected central nervous system toxicity. Despite the importance of BCRP inhibition and the associated risk of BBB penetration in vivo, there has been little investigation of it to date. In this study, inhibition of BCRP-mediated transport was assessed by in vitro assay in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to change the unbound inhibitor concentrations, and the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) at the BBB was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS The IC50 values of BCRP inhibitors were determined in vitro with and without BSA and the inhibitors were categorized into two groups. One group of compounds had little risk of inhibiting BCRP because of their low unbound concentrations. In contrast, the other group has the potential to facilitate BBB penetration by inhibiting BCRP. In the IVIVC approach, brain concentrations and the brain-to-plasma ratio were better correlated with the ratio of the unbound plasma concentration at steady-state to the unbound-fraction-adjusted IC50. CONCLUSION We have found a way to obtain a better in vitro-in vivo correlation for BCRP-mediated transport.
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Park JE, Shitara Y, Lee W, Morita S, Sahi J, Toshimoto K, Sugiyama Y. Improved Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interactions of Pemafibrate Caused by Cyclosporine A and Rifampicin via PBPK Modeling: Consideration of the Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake of Pemafibrate and Inhibition Constants With Preincubation Against OATP1B. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:517-528. [PMID: 33058894 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pemafibrate (PMF) is highly albumin-bound (>99.8%) and a substrate for hepatic uptake transporters (OATP1B) and CYP enzymes. Here, we developed a PBPK model of PMF to capture drug-drug interactions (DDI) incurred by cyclosporine (CsA) and rifampicin (RIF), the two OATP1B inhibitors. Initial PBPK modeling of PMF utilized in vitro hepatic uptake clearance (PSinf) obtained in the absence of albumin, but failed in capturing the blood PMF pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Based on the results that in vitro PSinf of unbound PMF was enhanced in the presence of albumin, we applied the albumin-facilitated dissociation model and the resulting PSinf parameters improved the prediction of the blood PMF PK profiles. In refining our PBPK model toward improved prediction of the observed DDI data (PMF co-administered with single dosing of CsA or RIF; PMF following multiple RIF dosing), we adjusted the previously obtained in vivo OATP1B inhibition constants (Ki,OATP1B) of CsA or RIF for pitavastatin by correcting for substrate-dependency. We also incorporated the induction of OATP1B and CYP enzymes after multiple RIF dosing. Sensitivity analysis informed that the higher gastrointestinal absorption rate constant could further improve capturing the observed DDI data, suggesting the possible inhibition of intestinal ABC transporter(s) by CsA or RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Park
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shitara
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Bldg 21 Rm 309, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, S. Korea
| | - Shigemichi Morita
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi China, 1228 Yan'an Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Impact of Extensive Plasma Protein Binding on the In Situ Hepatic Uptake and Clearance of Perampanel and Fluoxetine in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3190-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Blood distribution and plasma protein binding of PHOTOCYANINE: a promising phthalocyanine photosensitizer inphaseⅡ clinical trials. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105491. [PMID: 32726646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood distribution and plasma protein binding are the important properties that can influence pharmacokinetics and ultimately the anticancer efficacy of photosensitizers in clinical photodynamic therapy. As a novel and promising phthalocyanine photosensitizer under clinical phase Ⅱ investigation in China, the superiority of PHOCYANINE is speculated on its attribution to its binding with plasma proteins. To verify this hypothesis, explore the targeting mechanism and further apply foundation for its clinical trial evaluation, we further study its in vitro and in vivo human blood distribution, in vitro plasma protein and lipoprotein binding in detail. PHOTOCYANINE was found to be mainly distributed in plasma with low KBP and KEP values. Moreover, its high binding rates to plasma proteins among various species (mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human) were then determined. Among these plasma proteins, human serum albumin and α1-acid-glycoprotein were found to bind PHOTOCYANINE highly, and low-density lipoproteins have the highest percentage of PHOTOCYANINE over other lipoproteins. This study is expected to provide some guidance for PDT clinical evaluations and for further molecular design and development of photosensitizers.
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Benet LZ, Sodhi JK. Investigating the Theoretical Basis for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) in Predicting Drug Metabolic Clearance and Proposing Future Experimental Pathways. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:120. [PMID: 32914238 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have been conducted to predict in vivo metabolic clearance from in vitro human liver metabolism parameters (i.e., in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE)) with little success. Here, deriving IVIVE from first principles, we show that the product of fraction unbound in the blood and the predicted in vivo intrinsic clearance determined from hepatocyte or microsomal incubations is the lower boundary condition for in vivo hepatic clearance and the prerequisite for IVIVE predictions to be valid, regardless of extraction ratio. For 60-80% of drugs evaluated here, this product is markedly less than the in vivo measured clearance, a result that violates the lower boundary of the predictive relationship. This can only be explained by (a) suboptimal in vitro metabolic stability assay conditions, (b) significant error in the assumption that in vitro intrinsic clearance determinations will predict in vivo intrinsic clearance simply by scaling-up the amount of enzyme (in vitro incubation to in vivo liver), and/or (c) the methods of determining fraction unbound are incorrect. We further suggest that widely employed organ blood flow values underpredict the effective blood flow within the organ by approximately 2.5-fold, thus impacting IVIVE of high clearance compounds. We propose future pathways that should be investigated in terms of the relationship to experimentally measured clearance values, rather than model-dependent intrinsic clearance. IVIVE outcome can be improved by estimating the ratio of unbound drug concentration in the liver tissue to the liver plasma, examining the assumption of the free drug theory (i.e., there are no transporter effects at the blood cell membrane) and the finding that the upper limit of organ clearance may be greater than blood flow entering the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave Rm HSE 1164, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave Rm HSE 1164, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Kwon JH, Lee HJ, Escher BI. Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals on an in vitro metabolic transformation using rat liver S9 fraction. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perovani IS, Carrão DB, de Albuquerque NCP, de Oliveira ARM. Enantioselective in vitro metabolism and in vitro-in vivo correlation of the herbicide ethofumesate in a human model. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 187:113349. [PMID: 32413833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethofumesate (ETO) is a chiral herbicide that is marketed as a racemic mixture in the European Union and the United States. The growing consumption of pesticides in the world, along with their presence in water and food, has increased human exposure to these chemicals. Another issue concerning these compounds is that each enantiomer of a chiral pesticide may interact with biomolecules differently. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the in vitro metabolism of ethofumesate (the racemic mixture as well as the isolated enantiomers) by human liver microsomes (HLM) and to explore the in vitro-in vivo correlation. Before the kinetics was determined, the method was fully validated by evaluating its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, carryover, and stability. All the evaluated parameters agreed with the European Medicines Agency guideline. The enzyme kinetic parameters and the in vitro-in vivo correlation demonstrated that there was no enantioselective difference for the metabolism and bioavailable fraction of each enantiomer. The enzyme kinetics was biphasic; the KM1 values were 15, 5.8, and 5.6 for rac-ETO, (+)-ETO, and (-)-ETO, respectively. The total in vitro intrinsic clearance was 0.10 mg mL min-1 mg-1 for rac-ETO and its enantiomers. The enantiomer (-)-ETO was only metabolized by CYP2C19, while (+)-ETO was metabolized by both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. CYP2C19 polymorphism and/or inhibition may represent a risk for humans exposed to this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icaro Salgado Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nayara Cristina Perez de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Sodhi JK, Wang HJ, Benet LZ. Are There Any Experimental Perfusion Data that Preferentially Support the Dispersion and Parallel-Tube Models over the Well-Stirred Model of Organ Elimination? Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:537-543. [PMID: 32305951 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In reviewing previously published isolated perfused rat liver studies, we find no experimental data for high-clearance metabolized drugs that reasonably or unambiguously support preference for the dispersion and parallel-tube models versus the well-stirred model of organ elimination when only entering and exiting drug concentrations are available. It is likely that the investigators cited here may have been influenced by: 1) the unphysiologic aspects of the well-stirred model, which may have led them to undervalue the studies that directly test the various hepatic disposition models for high-clearance drugs (for which model differences are the greatest); 2) experimental assumptions made in the last century, which are no longer valid today, related to the predictability of in vivo outcomes from in vitro measures of drug elimination and the influence of albumin in hepatic drug uptake; and 3) a lack of critical review of previously reported experimental studies, resulting in inappropriate interpretation of the available experimental data. The number of papers investigating the theoretical aspects of the dispersion, parallel-tube, and well-stirred models of hepatic elimination greatly outnumber the papers that actually examine the experimental evidence available to substantiate these models. When all experimental studies that measure organ elimination using entering and exiting drug concentrations at steady state are critically reviewed, the simple but unphysiologic well-stirred model is the only model that can describe all trustworthy published available data. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the dispersion model of hepatic elimination more adequately reflects physiologic reality, there are no convincing experimental data that unambiguously favor this model. The well-stirred model can describe all well-designed perfusion studies with high-clearance drugs and nondrug substrates, but the field has not recognized this because of hesitation to accept a nonphysiologic model and flawed attempts to utilize in vitro-in vivo extrapolation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
| | - Hong-Jaan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
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42
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Chumbler NS, Schildt JC, Mawby DI, Papich MG. Use of intravenous lipid therapy in a cat with carprofen overdose. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:653-657. [PMID: 32274029 PMCID: PMC7141744 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) was administered to a cat with no adverse effects. This case report postulates that ILE can be used for the treatment of carprofen toxicity in cats and supports the lipid sink theory as the main mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Chumbler
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville TN USA
| | - Julie C Schildt
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville TN USA
| | - Diane I Mawby
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville TN USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh NC USA
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43
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Sodhi JK, Liu S, Benet LZ. Challenging the Relevance of Unbound Tissue-to-Blood Partition Coefficient (Kp uu) on Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2020; 37:73. [PMID: 32215750 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the theoretical/practical utility of the liver-to-blood partition coefficient (Kpuu) for predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and compare the Kpuu-approach to the extended clearance concept AUCR-approach. METHODS The Kpuu relationship was derived from first principles. Theoretical simulations investigated the impact of changes in a single hepatic-disposition process on unbound systemic (AUCB,u) and hepatic exposure (AUCH,u) versus Kpuu. Practical aspects regarding Kpuu utilization were examined by predicting the magnitude of DDI between ketoconazole and midazolam employing published ketoconazole Kpuu values. RESULTS The Kpuu hepatic-disposition relationship is based on the well-stirred model. Simulations emphasize that changes in influx/efflux intrinsic clearances result in Kpuu changes, however AUCH,u remains unchanged. Although incorporation of Kpuu is believed to improve DDI-predictions, utilizing published ketoconazole Kpuu values resulted in prediction errors for a midazolam DDI. CONCLUSIONS There is limited benefit in using Kpuu for DDI-predictions as the AUCR-based approach can reasonably predict DDIs without measurement of intracellular drug concentrations, a difficult task hindered by experimental variability. Further, Kpuu changes can mislead as they may not correlate with changes in AUCB,u or AUCH,u. The well-stirred model basis of Kpuu when applied to hepatic-disposition implies that nuances of intracellular drug distribution are not considered by the Kpuu model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States.
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44
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Dargó G, Bajusz D, Simon K, Müller J, Balogh GT. Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1763-1774. [PMID: 31995375 PMCID: PMC7307925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
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The knowledge on human serum albumin
(HSA) binding is of utmost
importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability
of drugs. In this article, we report a novel method to screen for
ionizable molecules with high HSA binding affinity based on pKa shifts using UV-pH titration. We investigated
the HSA binding of 27 drugs and compared the results to experimental
data from conventional methods. In most cases, significant shifts
(ΔpKa > 0.1) were observed for
drugs
with high HSA binding, while no change could be detected for low-affinity
binders. We showed the pivotal role of ionization centers in the formation
of strong interactions between drug and HSA using molecular docking
studies. We also verified our findings by testing five modified analogues
designed by structural considerations. Significant decreases in their
HSA binding proved that the UV-pH titration method combined with an
in silico support can be used as a medicinal chemistry tool to assist
rational molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Dargó
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary.,Chemistry Department , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Magyar tudósok krt. 2 , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kristóf Simon
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Judit Müller
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory II , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3 , 1111 Budapest , Hungary.,Chemistry Department , Gedeon Richter Plc. , Gyömrői út. 19-21 , 1107 Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy , University of Szeged , 6720 Szeged , Hungary
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45
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Bowman CM, Chen E, Chen L, Chen YC, Liang X, Wright M, Chen Y, Mao J. Changes in Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Uptake in HEK293 Overexpressing Cells in the Presence and Absence of Human Plasma. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:18-24. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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46
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Habenschus MD, Nardini V, Dias LG, Rocha BA, Barbosa F, de Oliveira ARM. In vitro enantioselective study of the toxicokinetic effects of chiral fungicide tebuconazole in human liver microsomes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:96-105. [PMID: 31176252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a chiral triazole fungicide that is globally marketed and used as a racemic mixture to control plant pathogens. Due to its use as a racemic mixture, TEB may exhibit enantioselective toxicokinetics toward nontarget organisms, including humans. Therefore, the in vitro enantioselective metabolism of TEB by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) was studied using human liver microsomes, and the in vivo toxicokinetic parameters were predicted. A new enantioselective, reversed-phase LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to analyze the enantiomers of TEB and its main metabolite, 1-hydroxytebuconazole (TEBOH). In vitro metabolic parameters were obtained, and in vitro-in vivo extrapolations were performed. Michaelis-Menten and atypical biphasic kinetic profiles were observed with a total intrinsic clearance ranging from 53 to 19 mL min-1 mg-1. The in vitro-in vivo extrapolation results showed that TEB first passage effect by the liver seems to be negligible, with hepatic clearance and extraction ratios ranging from 0.53 to 5.0 mL min-1 kg-1 and 2.7-25%, respectively. Preferential metabolism of (+)-TEB to rac-TEB and (-)-TEB was observed, with preferential production of (+)-TEBOH. Furthermore, reaction phenotyping studies revealed that, despite the low hepatic clearance in the first pass metabolism of TEB, multiple human CYP450 isoforms were involved in TEB metabolism when TEBOH enantiomers were generated, mainly CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, which makes TEB accumulation in the human body more difficult due to multiple metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Daniela Habenschus
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviani Nardini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Dias
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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47
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Wang HJ, Benet LZ. Protein Binding and Hepatic Clearance: Re-Examining the Discrimination between Models of Hepatic Clearance with Diazepam in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver Preparation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1397-1402. [PMID: 31563869 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study re-examined the hepatic extraction for diazepam, the only drug for which isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) studies have been reported not to be consistent with the well stirred model of organ elimination when only entering and exiting liver concentration measurements are available. First, the time dependency of diazepam equilibrium fraction unbound measurements from 4 to 24 hours was tested, reporting the continuing increases with time. The results showed that the time dependency of equilibrium protein-binding measurements for very highly bound drugs may be an issue that is not readily overcome. When examining C out/C in (F obs) measurements for diazepam when no protein is added to the incubation media, IPRL outcomes were consistent with previous reports showing marked underpredictability of in vivo clearance from in vitro measures of elimination in the absence of protein for very highly bound drugs, which is markedly diminished in the presence of albumin. F obs for diazepam at additional low concentrations of protein that would allow discrimination of the models of hepatic elimination produced results that were not consistent with the dispersion and parallel-tube models. Therefore, although the outcomes of this study were similar to those reported by Rowland and co-workers, when no protein is added to the perfusion media, these IPRL results for diazepam cannot be reasonably interpreted as proving that hepatic organ elimination is model-independent or as supporting the dispersion and parallel-tube models of organ elimination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The only drug experiments for which isolated perfusion rat liver studies do not support hepatic clearance being best described by the well stirred model have been carried out with diazepam at zero protein concentration. This study repeated those studies, confirming the previous results at zero protein concentration, but the addition of low protein-binding conditions capable of differentiating the various models of hepatic elimination are more consistent with the well stirred model of hepatic elimination. These experimental studies do not support the preference for alternate models of hepatic elimination or the proposal that hepatic organ clearance is model-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jaan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.), and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (L.Z.B.)
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.), and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (L.Z.B.)
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48
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Martinez MN, El-Kattan A, Awji E, Papich M. Reconciling Human-Canine Differences in Oral Bioavailability: Looking beyond the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:99. [PMID: 31396733 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extrapolation of oral bioavailability (F) information between dogs and humans has had an important role in the drug development process, whether it be to support an assessment of potential human pharmaceutical formulations or to identify the bioavailability challenges that may be encountered in dogs. Accordingly, these interspecies extrapolations could benefit from a tool that helps identify those drug characteristics consistent with species similarities in F. Our initial effort to find such a tool led to an exploration of species differences as it pertained to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). However, using a range of compounds, we concluded that solubility and permeability alone could not explain interspecies inconsistencies in estimates of F. Therefore, we have now extended our evaluation to include canine versus human comparisons of F based upon the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS) and the extended clearance classification system (ECCS). Using the same data as that in our initial BCS assessments, we conclude that although neither the BDDCS nor the ECCS can reliably improve our ability to determine when F will be similar in humans and dogs, the ECCS provides a mechanism to help define possible causes for observed human-canine inconsistencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, IFM Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elias Awji
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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49
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Pang KS, Han YR, Noh K, Lee PI, Rowland M. Hepatic clearance concepts and misconceptions: Why the well-stirred model is still used even though it is not physiologic reality? Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113596. [PMID: 31398312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the most important drug metabolizing organ, endowed with a plethora of metabolizing enzymes and transporters to facilitate drug entry and removal via metabolism and/or biliary excretion. For this reason, much focus surrounds the development of clearance concepts, which are based on normalizing the rate of removal to the input or arterial concentration. By so doing, some authors have recently claimed that it implies one specific model of hepatic elimination, namely, the widely used well-stirred or venous equilibration model (WSM). This commentary challenges this claim and aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of not only the WSM but other currently applied hepatic clearance models - the parallel tube model (PTM), the dispersion model (DM), the zonal liver model (ZLM), and the heterogeneous capillary transit time model of Goresky and co-workers (GM). The WSM, PTM, and DM differ in the patterns of internal blood flow, assuming bulk, plug, and dispersive flows, respectively, which render different degrees of mixing within the liver that are characterized by the magnitudes of the dispersion number (DN), resulting in different implications concerning the (unbound) substrate concentration in liver (CuH). Early models assumed perfusion rate-limited distribution, which have since been modified to include membrane-limited transport. The recent developments associated with the misconceptions and the sensitivity of the models are hereby addressed. Since the WSM has been and will likely remain widely used, the pros and cons of this model relative to physiological reality are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yi Rang Han
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping I Lee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm Rowland
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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50
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Bteich M, Poulin P, Haddad S. The potential protein-mediated hepatic uptake: discussion on the molecular interactions between albumin and the hepatocyte cell surface and their implications for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations of hepatic clearance of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:633-658. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1640679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bteich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Poulin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec city, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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