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Carreras CW, Fontaine SD, Reid RR, Ashley GW, Santi DV. Long-Acting Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Prodrug for Humans. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:551-558. [PMID: 38591781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved for once or twice daily oral use in the treatment of cancers with BRCA defects. However, for some patients, oral administration of PARPi may be impractical or intolerable, and a long-acting injectable formulation is desirable. We recently developed a long-acting PEGylated PARPi prodrug, PEG∼talazoparib (TLZ), which suppressed the growth of PARPi-sensitive tumors in mice for very long periods. However, the release rate of TLZ from the conjugate was too fast to be optimal in humans. We prepared several new PEG∼TLZ prodrugs having longer half-lives of drug release and accurately measured their pharmacokinetics in the rat. Using the rates of release of TLZ from these prodrugs and the known pharmacokinetics of free TLZ in humans, we simulated the pharmacokinetics of the macromolecular prodrugs and released TLZ in humans. From several possibilities, we chose two conjugates that could be administered intravenously every 2 weeks and maintain TLZ within its known therapeutic window. We describe situations where the PEG∼TLZ conjugates would find utility in humans and suggest how the intravenously administered long-acting prodrugs could in fact be more effective than daily oral administration of free TLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun D Fontaine
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Ralph R Reid
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Gary W Ashley
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Daniel V Santi
- ProLynx, Inc., 135 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
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Ge Y, Zhang N, Zheng X, Yu L, Liu Y, Xue H, Zhao J, You J, Shi M, Yin L. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for cellular toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of PEG1K polymers. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300802. [PMID: 38286730 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most commonly used polymers in drug delivery systems. The investigation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of PEG is important for revealing the toxicity and efficiency of PEG-related Nano-drug delivery systems. A high through-put and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) in source technique was developed and validated to determine PEG1K polymers in cellular samples in this study. The countless precursor ions of PEG1K are dissociated in the source to generate numerous product ions which have different numbers of subunits. The transition of [M+H]+ precursor ions → product ions at m/z 177.1 (four subunits)→89.1 (two subunits) was selected to determine PEG1K due to its high sensitivity. The UHPLC-MS/MS method coupled with CID in the source showed good linearity over the range of 0.1-10 μg/mL. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies and precisions of the assay were all within ± 12.39%. The assay was successfully applied to a cellular pharmacokinetic study of PEG1K in human breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of PEG1K polymers was also studied and the results indicated that the cytotoxicity of PEG1K was not significant in the range of 5-1200 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Ge
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Yu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xue
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Jiansong You
- Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Meiyun Shi
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
- Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, P. R. China
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Rosen DB, Kvarnhammar AM, Laufer B, Knappe T, Karlsson JJ, Hong E, Lee YC, Thakar D, Zúñiga LA, Bang K, Sabharwal SS, Uppal K, Olling JD, Kjaergaard K, Kurpiers T, Schnabel M, Reich D, Glock P, Zettler J, Krusch M, Bernhard A, Heinig S, Konjik V, Wegge T, Hehn Y, Killian S, Viet L, Runz J, Faltinger F, Tabrizi M, Abel KL, Breinholt VM, Singel SM, Sprogøe K, Punnonen J. TransCon IL-2 β/γ: a novel long-acting prodrug with sustained release of an IL-2Rβ/γ-selective IL-2 variant with improved pharmacokinetics and potent activation of cytotoxic immune cells for the treatment of cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004991. [PMID: 35817480 PMCID: PMC9274542 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2, aldesleukin) is an approved cancer immunotherapy but causes severe toxicities including cytokine storm and vascular leak syndrome (VLS). IL-2 promotes antitumor function of IL-2Rβ/γ+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+, CD4+ and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. However, IL-2 also potently activates immunosuppressive IL-2Rα+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and IL-2Rα+ eosinophils and endothelial cells, which may promote VLS. Aldesleukin is rapidly cleared requiring frequent dosing, resulting in high Cmax likely potentiating toxicity. Thus, IL-2 cancer immunotherapy has two critical drawbacks: potent activation of undesired IL-2Rα+ cells and suboptimal pharmacokinetics with high Cmax and short half-life. METHODS TransCon IL-2 β/γ was designed to optimally address these drawbacks. To abolish IL-2Rα binding yet retain strong IL-2Rβ/γ activity, IL-2 β/γ was created by permanently attaching a small methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) moiety in the IL-2Rα binding site. To improve pharmacokinetics, IL-2 β/γ was transiently attached to a 40 kDa mPEG carrier via a TransCon (transient conjugation) linker creating a prodrug, TransCon IL-2 β/γ, with sustained release of IL-2 β/γ. IL-2 β/γ was characterized in binding and primary cell assays while TransCon IL-2 β/γ was studied in tumor-bearing mice and cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS IL-2 β/γ demonstrated selective and potent human IL-2Rβ/γ binding and activation without IL-2Rα interactions. TransCon IL-2 β/γ showed slow-release pharmacokinetics with a low Cmax and a long (>30 hours) effective half-life for IL-2 β/γ in monkeys. In mouse tumor models, TransCon IL-2 β/γ promoted CD8+ T cell and NK cell activation and antitumor activity. In monkeys, TransCon IL-2 β/γ induced robust activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, NK cells and γδ T cells, relative to CD4+ T cells, Tregs and eosinophils, with no evidence of cytokine storm or VLS. Similarly, IL-2 β/γ enhanced proliferation and cytotoxicity of primary human CD8+ T cells, NK cells and γδ T cells. SUMMARY TransCon IL-2 β/γ is a novel long-acting prodrug with sustained release of an IL-2Rβ/γ-selective IL-2. It has remarkable and durable pharmacodynamic effects in monkeys and potential for improved clinical efficacy and tolerability compared with aldesleukin. TransCon IL-2 β/γ is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05081609).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Enping Hong
- Ascendis Pharma Inc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Ascendis Pharma Inc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Dhruv Thakar
- Ascendis Pharma Inc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | - Kathy Bang
- Ascendis Pharma Inc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | - Karan Uppal
- Ascendis Pharma Inc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Viet
- Ascendis Pharma GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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