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Bogdan C, Safta DA, Iurian S, Petrușcă DR, Moldovan ML. QbD Approach in Cosmetic Cleansers Research: The Development of a Moisturizing Cleansing Foam Focusing on Thickener, Surfactants, and Polyols Content. Gels 2024; 10:484. [PMID: 39195013 DOI: 10.3390/gels10080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleansing products, particularly innovative cosmetic foams, must efficiently remove impurities with minimal impact on the skin barrier and have a favorable sensory profile. The choice of product ingredients is crucial to ensure the optimal characteristics. The current study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the variability in the characteristics of a cleansing foam to achieve desired properties. The novelty of this study lies in the combination of ingredients for their potential synergistic and complementary effects in cleansing dry skin, as well as the application of Quality by Design (QbD) elements to develop and optimize the formulation of cleansing foam. The effects of varying the concentration of mild surfactants, polyols, and gel-forming agents on the properties of the gels and of the generated foams were studied. Significant influences of the formulation factors were observed: an increased ratio of xanthan gum positively impacted the texture properties of the gel, whereas higher concentrations of surfactants had a negative impact on these parameters. Additionally, increasing the polyols ratio was found to negatively influence the foaming property and stability of the foam. The study established an optimal formulation of a cleansing foam with a ratio of 0.45% xanthan gum, 26.19% surfactants and 2.16% polyols to be used for dry skin hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Antonia Safta
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babeș St., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dyana Roxana Petrușcă
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela-Liliana Moldovan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Falusi F, Berkó S, Budai-Szűcs M, Veréb Z, Kovács A. Foams Set a New Pace for the Release of Diclofenac Sodium. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:287. [PMID: 38399341 PMCID: PMC10892945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Medicated foams have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional carrier systems in pharmaceutical research. Their rapid and convenient application allows for effective treatment of extensive or hirsute areas, as well as sensitive or inflamed skin surfaces. Foams possess excellent spreading capabilities on the skin, ensuring immediate drug absorption without the need for intense rubbing. Our research focuses on the comparison of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of three drug delivery systems: foam, the foam bulk liquid, and a conventional hydrogel. During the development of the composition, widely used diclofenac sodium was employed. The safety of the formulae was confirmed through an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Subsequently, the closed Franz diffusion cell was used to determine drug release and permeation in vitro. Ex vivo Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the presence of diclofenac sodium in various skin layers. The obtained results of the foam were compared to the bulk liquid and to a conventional hydrogel. In terms of drug release, the foam showed a rapid release, with 80% of diclofenac released within 30 min. In summary, the investigated foam holds promising potential as an alternative to traditional dermal carrier systems, offering faster drug release and permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Falusi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.F.); (S.B.); (M.B.-S.)
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.F.); (S.B.); (M.B.-S.)
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.F.); (S.B.); (M.B.-S.)
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine-USz Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (F.F.); (S.B.); (M.B.-S.)
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Kovács A, Falusi F, Gácsi A, Budai-Szűcs M, Csányi E, Veréb Z, Monostori T, Csóka I, Berkó S. Formulation and investigation of hydrogels containing an increased level of diclofenac sodium using risk assessment tools. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106666. [PMID: 38081373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of active ingredients is a challenge for pharmaceutical technology due to their inadequate penetration properties and the barrier function of the skin. The necessity of painless, effective, topical therapy for the aging population is growing, and a variety of diclofenac sodium-containing semi-solid preparations are available to alleviate the symptoms of these ailments. Our purpose was to formulate a novel composition with higher drug content to enhance drug release and permeation, thereby providing more effective therapy. Another goal was to maintain the concentration of the organic solvent mixture below 30%, to protect the skin barrier. Firstly, literature and market research were conducted, based on which the appropriate excipients for the target formulation were selected. Solubility tests were conducted with binary and ternary mixtures. As a result, the optimal ternary mixture was chosen. Hydrogels containing 1, 5, and 7% of diclofenac sodium were prepared and the stability of the formulations were studied by microscopic measurements and cytotoxicity test were carried out of the components also. The release and permeation of diclofenac sodium were investigated in different concentrations. It can be concluded that we have succeeded in preparing a topically applicable stable diclofenac sodium hydrogel with higher concentration, drug release, and improved skin permeation than the formulations available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovács
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Fanni Falusi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine-USz Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Tamás Monostori
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6 Eötvös St., Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
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Kumar M, Kumar D, Singh S, Chopra S, Mahmood S, Bhatia A. Quality by Design Perspective for Designing Foam-based Formulation: Current State of Art. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:410-419. [PMID: 38747045 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128289965240123074111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Foam-based delivery systems contain one or more active ingredients and dispersed solid or liquid components that transform into gaseous form when the valve is actuated. Foams are an attractive and effective delivery approach for medical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. The foams-based delivery systems are gaining attention due to ease of application as they allow direct application onto the affected area of skin without using any applicator or finger, hence increasing the compliance and satisfaction of the patients. In order to develop foam-based delivery systems with desired qualities, it is vital to understand which type of material and process parameters impact the quality features of foams and which methodologies may be utilized to investigate foams. For this purpose, Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach is used. It aids in achieving quality-based development during the development process by employing the QbD concept. The critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) were discovered through the first risk assessment to ensure the requisite critical quality attributes (CQAs). During the initial risk assessment, the high-risk CQAs were identified, which affect the foam characteristics. In this review, the authors discussed the various CMAs, CPPs, CQAs, and risk factors associated in order to develop an ideal foam-based formulation with desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shruti Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
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Science of, and insights into, thermodynamic principles for dermal formulations. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103521. [PMID: 36754143 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the significant role of the thermodynamic activity of drugs in skin drug delivery. This thermodynamic activity works as a driving force for increasing/improving the absorption of drugs by the skin. It can be changed according to the physicochemical parameters (e.g., solubility, partition coefficient, and water activity) of the drug in the vehicle. Thermodynamic principles have been used for the development of novel topical and transdermal delivery systems, demonstrating the importance of thermodynamic activity in enhancing drug permeation through the skin. In this review, we provide insights into thermodynamic principles and their roles in optimizing topical and transdermal drug delivery systems.
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Application of Xanthan Gum and Hyaluronic Acid as Dermal Foam Stabilizers. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070413. [PMID: 35877498 PMCID: PMC9321585 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foams are increasingly popular in the field of dermatology due to their many advantages such as easy spreading, good skin sensation, and applicability in special skin conditions. One of the critical points of foam formulation is the choice of the appropriate stabilizing ingredients. One of the stability-increasing strategies is retarding the liquid drainage of liquid films from the foam structure. Therefore, our aim was the application of different hydrogel-forming polymers in order to retain the stabilizing liquid film. Dexpanthenol and niacinamide-containing foams were formulated, where xanthan gum and hyaluronic acid were used as foam-stabilizing polymers. Amplitude (LVE range) and frequency sweep (G’, G”, tanδ, and frequency dependency) were applied as structure- and stability-indicating rheological parameters. The rheological data were compared with the results of the cylinder method, microscopical images, and the spreadability measurements. The application of the gel-forming polymers increased the stability of the dermal foams (increased LVE range, G’ values, and decreased frequency dependency). These results were in correlation with the results of the cylinder and spreadability tests. It was concluded that in terms of both foam formation and stability, the combination of xanthan gum and dexpanthenol can be ideal.
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