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Tangen GA, Aadahl P, Hernes TAN, Manstad-Hulaas F. Vessel-based CTA-image to spatial anatomy registration using tracked catheter position data: preclinical evaluation of in vivo accuracy. Eur Radiol Exp 2024; 8:99. [PMID: 39196294 PMCID: PMC11358569 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-024-00499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic tracking of endovascular instruments has the potential to substantially decrease radiation exposure of patients and personnel. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo accuracy of a vessel-based method to register preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) images to physical coordinates using an electromagnetically tracked guidewire. Centerlines of the aortoiliac arteries were extracted from preoperative CTA acquired from five swine. Intravascular positions were obtained from an electromagnetically tracked guidewire. An iterative-closest-point algorithm registered the position data to the preoperative image centerlines. To evaluate the registration accuracy, a guidewire was placed inside the superior mesenteric, left and right renal arteries under fluoroscopic guidance. Position data was acquired with electromagnetic tracking as the guidewire was pulled into the aorta. The resulting measured positions were compared to the corresponding ostia manually identified in the CTA images after applying the registration. The three-dimensional (3D) Euclidean distances were calculated between each corresponding ostial point, and the root mean square (RMS) was calculated for each registration. The median 3D RMS for all registrations was 4.82 mm, with an interquartile range of 3.53-6.14 mm. A vessel-based registration of CTA images to vascular anatomy is possible with acceptable accuracy and encourages further clinical testing. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This study shows that the centerline algorithm can be used to register preoperative CTA images to vascular anatomy, with the potential to further reduce ionizing radiation exposure during vascular procedures. KEY POINTS: Preoperative images can be used to guide the procedure without ionizing intraoperative imaging. Preoperative imaging can be the only imaging modality used for guidance of vascular procedures. No need to use external fiducial markers to register/match images and spatial anatomy. Acceptable accuracy can be achieved for navigation in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Arne Tangen
- SINTEF Digital, Department of Health Research, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian National Center for Minimally Invasive and Image-Guided Diagnostics and Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petter Aadahl
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Toril A N Hernes
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Manstad-Hulaas
- Norwegian National Center for Minimally Invasive and Image-Guided Diagnostics and Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Future Operating Room, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Radiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Emendi M, Tangen GA, Di Giovanni P, Ulsaker H, Brekken R, Manstad-Hulaas F, Prot V, Bel-Brunon A, Støverud KH. Aortic roadmapping during EVAR: a combined FEM-EM tracking feasibility study. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024:10.1007/s11548-024-03187-y. [PMID: 38824470 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-024-03187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the intra-operative visualization of vessels during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) relies on contrast-based imaging modalities. Moreover, traditional image fusion techniques lack a continuous and automatic update of the vessel configuration, which changes due to the insertion of stiff guidewires. The purpose of this work is to develop and evaluate a novel approach to improve image fusion, that takes into account the deformations, combining electromagnetic (EM) tracking technology and finite element modeling (FEM). METHODS To assess whether EM tracking can improve the prediction of the numerical simulations, a patient-specific model of abdominal aorta was segmented and manufactured. A database of simulations with different insertion angles was created. Then, an ad hoc sensorized tool with three embedded EM sensors was designed, enabling tracking of the sensors' positions during the insertion phase. Finally, the corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were acquired and processed to obtain the ground truth aortic deformations of the manufactured model. RESULTS Among the simulations in the database, the one minimizing the in silico versus in vitro discrepancy in terms of sensors' positions gave the most accurate aortic displacement results. CONCLUSIONS The proposed approach suggests that the EM tracking technology could be used not only to follow the tool, but also to minimize the error in the predicted aortic roadmap, thus paving the way for a safer EVAR navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Emendi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Geir A Tangen
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Håvard Ulsaker
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Brekken
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Manstad-Hulaas
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victorien Prot
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aline Bel-Brunon
- INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, Univ Lyon, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen H Støverud
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Nypan E, Tangen GA, Brekken R, Manstad-Hulaas F. A Steerable and Electromagnetically Tracked Catheter: Navigation Performance Compared With Image Fusion in a Swine Model. J Endovasc Ther 2024; 31:312-317. [PMID: 36121010 PMCID: PMC10938482 DOI: 10.1177/15266028221123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannulation of visceral vessels is necessary during fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair. In an attempt to reduce the associated radiation and contrast dose, an electromagnetically (EM) trackable and manually steerable catheter has been developed. The purpose of this preclinical swine study was to evaluate the cannulation performance and compare the cannulation performance using either EM tracking or image fusion as navigation tools. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both renal arteries, the superior mesenteric artery, and the celiac trunk were attempted to be cannulated using a 7F steerable, EM trackable catheter in 3 pigs. Seven operators attempted cannulation using first 3-dimensional (3D) image navigation with EM tracking and then conventional image fusion guidance. The rate of successful cannulation was recorded, as well as procedure time and radiation exposure. Due to the lack of an EM trackable guidewire, cannulations that required more than 1 attempt were attempted only with image fusion. The EM tracking position data were registered to preoperative 3D images using a vessel-based registration algorithm. RESULTS A total of 72 cannulations were attempted with both methods, and 79% (57) were successful on the first attempt for both techniques. There was no difference in cannulation rate (p=1), and time-use was similar. Successful cannulation with image fusion was achieved in 97% of cases when multiple attempts were allowed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of a steerable and EM trackable catheter with 3D image navigation. Navigation performance with EM tracking was similar to image fusion, without statistically significant differences in cannulation rates and procedure times. Further studies are needed to demonstrate this utility in patients with aortic disease. CLINICAL IMPACT Electromagnetic tracking in combination with a novel steerable catheter reduces radiation and contrast media doses while providing three-dimensional visualization and agile navigation during endovascular aortic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nypan
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Arne Tangen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Health Research—Medical Technology, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Brekken
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Health Research—Medical Technology, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Manstad-Hulaas
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Emendi M, Støverud KH, Tangen GA, Ulsaker H, Manstad-H F, Di Giovanni P, Dahl SK, Langø T, Prot V. Prediction of guidewire-induced aortic deformations during EVAR: a finite element and in vitro study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1098867. [PMID: 37492644 PMCID: PMC10365290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1098867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims: During an Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) procedure a stiff guidewire is inserted from the iliac arteries. This induces significant deformations on the vasculature, thus, affecting the pre-operative planning, and the accuracy of image fusion. The aim of the present work is to predict the guidewire induced deformations using a finite element approach validated through experiments with patient-specific additive manufactured models. The numerical approach herein developed could improve the pre-operative planning and the intra-operative navigation. Material and methods: The physical models used for the experiments in the hybrid operating room, were manufactured from the segmentations of pre-operative Computed Tomography (CT) angiographies. The finite element analyses (FEA) were performed with LS-DYNA Explicit. The material properties used in finite element analyses were obtained by uniaxial tensile tests. The experimental deformed configurations of the aorta were compared to those obtained from FEA. Three models, obtained from Computed Tomography acquisitions, were investigated in the present work: A) without intraluminal thrombus (ILT), B) with ILT, C) with ILT and calcifications. Results and discussion: A good agreement was found between the experimental and the computational studies. The average error between the final in vitro vs. in silico aortic configurations, i.e., when the guidewire is fully inserted, are equal to 1.17, 1.22 and 1.40 mm, respectively, for Models A, B and C. The increasing trend in values of deformations from Model A to Model C was noticed both experimentally and numerically. The presented validated computational approach in combination with a tracking technology of the endovascular devices may be used to obtain the intra-operative configuration of the vessels and devices prior to the procedure, thus limiting the radiation exposure and the contrast agent dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Emendi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Geir A. Tangen
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Ulsaker
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Manstad-H
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sigrid K. Dahl
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Langø
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victorien Prot
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Modarai B, Haulon S, Ainsbury E, Böckler D, Vano-Carruana E, Dawson J, Farber M, Van Herzeele I, Hertault A, van Herwaarden J, Patel A, Wanhainen A, Weiss S, Esvs Guidelines Committee, Bastos Gonçalves F, Björck M, Chakfé N, de Borst GJ, Coscas R, Dias NV, Dick F, Hinchliffe RJ, Kakkos SK, Koncar IB, Kolh P, Lindholt JS, Trimarchi S, Tulamo R, Twine CP, Vermassen F, Document Reviewers, Bacher K, Brountzos E, Fanelli F, Fidalgo Domingos LA, Gargiulo M, Mani K, Mastracci TM, Maurel B, Morgan RA, Schneider P. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on Radiation Safety. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2023; 65:171-222. [PMID: 36130680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Shape estimation of the anterior part of a flexible ureteroscope for intraoperative navigation. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2022; 17:1787-1799. [DOI: 10.1007/s11548-022-02670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Klaassen J, Vijn LJ, Hazenberg CEVB, van Herwaarden JA. New tools to reduce radiation exposure during aortic endovascular procedures. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:567-580. [PMID: 35726665 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2092096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The evolution of endovascular surgery over the past 30 years has made it possible to treat increasingly complex vascular pathologies with an endovascular method. Although this generally speeds up the patient's recovery, the risks of health problems caused by long-term exposure to radioactive radiation increase. This warrants the demand for radiation-reducing tools to reduce radiation exposure during these procedures. AREAS COVERED For this systematic review Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library databases were searched on 28 December 2021 to provide an overview of tools that are currently used or have the potential to contribute to reducing radiation exposure during endovascular aortic procedures. In addition, an overview is presented of radiation characteristics of clinical studies comparing a (potential) radiation-reducing device with conventional fluoroscopy use. EXPERT OPINION Radiation-reducing instruments such as fiber optic shape sensing or electromagnetic tracking devices offer the possibility to further reduce or even eliminate the use of radiation during endovascular procedures. In an era of increasing endovascular interventional complexity and awareness of the health risks of long-term radiation exposure, the use of these technologies could have a major impact on an ongoing challenge to move toward radiation-free endovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre Klaassen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linde J Vijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joost A van Herwaarden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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8
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van Herwaarden JA, Jansen MM, Vonken EJPA, Bloemert-Tuin T, Bullens RWM, de Borst GJ, Hazenberg CEVB. First in Human Clinical Feasibility Study of Endovascular Navigation with Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS) Technology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2020; 61:317-325. [PMID: 33262088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endovascular procedures are conventionally conducted using two dimensional fluoroscopy. A new technology platform, Fiber Optic RealShape (FORS), has recently been introduced allowing real time, three dimensional visualisation of endovascular devices using fiberoptic technology. It functions as an add on to conventional fluoroscopy and may facilitate endovascular procedures. This first in human study assessed the feasibility of FORS in clinical practice. METHODS A prospective cohort feasibility study was performed between July and December 2018. Patients undergoing (regular or complex) endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) or endovascular peripheral lesion repair (EVPLR) were recruited. FORS guidance was used exclusively during navigational tasks such as target vessel catheterisation or crossing of stenotic lesions. Three types of FORS enabled devices were available: a flexible guidewire, a Cobra-2 catheter, and a Berenstein catheter. Devices were chosen at the physician's discretion and could comprise any combination of FORS and non-FORS devices. The primary study endpoint was technical success of the navigational tasks using FORS enabled devices. Secondary study endpoints were user experience and fluoroscopy time. RESULTS The study enrolled 22 patients: 14 EVAR and eight EVPLR patients. Owing to a technical issue during start up, the FORS system could not be used in one EVAR. The remaining 21 procedures proceeded without device or technology related complications and involved 66 navigational tasks. In 60 tasks (90.9%), technical success was achieved using at least one FORS enabled device. Users rated FORS based image guidance "better than standard guidance" in 16 of 21 and "equal to standard guidance" in five of 21 procedures. Fluoroscopy time ranged from 0.0 to 52.2 min. Several tasks were completed without or with only minimal X-ray use. CONCLUSION Real time navigation using FORS technology is safe and feasible in abdominal and peripheral endovascular procedures. FORS has the potential to improve intra-operative image guidance. Comparative studies are needed to assess these benefits and potential radiation reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost A van Herwaarden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marloes M Jansen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan P A Vonken
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Trijntje Bloemert-Tuin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Guo S, Cui J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Gao W, Mao G, Hong S. Machine learning-based operation skills assessment with vascular difficulty index for vascular intervention surgery. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:1707-1721. [PMID: 32468299 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An accurate assessment of surgical operation skills is essential for improving the vascular intervention surgical outcome and the performance of endovascular surgery robots. In existing studies, subjective and objective assessments of surgical operation skills use a variety of indicators, such as the operation speed and operation smoothness. However, the vascular conditions of particular patients have not been considered in the assessment, leading to deviations in the evaluation. Therefore, in this paper, an operation skills assessment method including the vascular difficulty level index for catheter insertion at the aortic arch in endovascular surgery is proposed. First, the model describing the difficulty of the vascular anatomical structure is established with characteristics of different aortic arch branches based on machine learning. Afterwards, the vascular difficulty level is set as an objective index combined with operating characteristics extracted from the operations performed by surgeons to evaluate the surgical operation skills at the aortic arch using machine learning. The accuracy of the assessment improves from 86.67 to 96.67% after inclusion of the vascular difficulty as an evaluation indicator to more objectively and accurately evaluate skills. The method described in this paper can be adopted to train novice surgeons in endovascular surgery, and for studies of vascular interventional surgery robots. Graphical abstract Operation skill assessment with vascular difficulty for vascular interventional surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 760-8521, Japan.
| | - Jinxin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Youchun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Convergence Biomedical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gengsheng Mao
- The Third Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100583, China
| | - Shunming Hong
- The Third Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100583, China
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Condino S, Piazza R, Viglialoro RM, Mocellin DM, Turini G, Berchiolli RN, Micheletti F, Rossi F, Pini R, Ferrari V, Ferrari M. Novel EM Guided Endovascular Instrumentation for In Situ Endograft Fenestration. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2020; 8:1900208. [PMID: 32219042 PMCID: PMC7082146 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2020.2973973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This work aims at providing novel endovascular instrumentation to overcome current technical limitations of in situ endograft fenestration including challenges in targeting the fenestration site under fluoroscopic control and supplying mechanical support during endograft perforation. Technology: Novel electromagnetically trackable instruments were developed to facilitate the navigation of the fenestration device and its stabilization at the target site. In vitro trials were performed to preliminary evaluate the proposed instrumentation for the antegrade in situ fenestration of an aortic endograft, using a laser guidewire designed ad hoc and the sharp end of a commercial endovascular guidewire. Results: In situ fenestration was successfully performed in 22 trials. A total of two laser tools were employed since an over bending of laser guidewire tip, due to its manufacturing, caused the damage of the sensor in the first device used. Conclusions: Preliminary in vitro trials demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed instrumentation which could widespread the procedure for in situ fenestration. The results obtained should be validated performing animal studies. Clinical Impact: The proposed instrumentation has the potential to expand indications for standard endovascular aneurysm repair to cases of acute syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Condino
- 1Information Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Pisa56122PisaItaly.,2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly
| | - R Piazza
- 1Information Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Pisa56122PisaItaly.,2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly
| | - R M Viglialoro
- 2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly
| | - D M Mocellin
- 3Vascular Surgery UnitCisanello University Hospital AOUP56126PisaItaly
| | - G Turini
- 2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly.,4Computer Science DepartmentKettering UniversityFlintMI48504USA
| | - R N Berchiolli
- 2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly.,3Vascular Surgery UnitCisanello University Hospital AOUP56126PisaItaly
| | - F Micheletti
- 5Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara," National Research Council50019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - F Rossi
- 5Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara," National Research Council50019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - R Pini
- 5Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara," National Research Council50019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - V Ferrari
- 1Information Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Pisa56122PisaItaly.,2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly
| | - M Ferrari
- 2EndoCAS CenterDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Pisa56126PisaItaly.,3Vascular Surgery UnitCisanello University Hospital AOUP56126PisaItaly
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11
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Piazza R, Micheletti F, Condino S, Magni G, Berchiolli RN, De Simone P, Ferrari V, Ferrari M, Pini R, Rossi F. In situ diode laser fenestration: An ex-vivo evaluation of irradiation effects on human aortic tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900032. [PMID: 31102335 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The in situ laser fenestration is an interesting option for the endovascular treatment of short-necked aneurysms with an intraoperative modification of a standard endograft. According to literature evidence, diode laser emitting in the near-infrared wavelength (810 nm) can be successfully used to fenestrate the endograft fabric. This paper describes a three-dimensional navigation system for the accurate targeting of the fenestration site, then reports results of an ex vivo study to assess whether the laser operative conditions, which ensure the fabric fenestration, are harmless for the biological tissue surrounding the endoprosthesis. Two hundred twenty-five samples of human aorta, including healthy specimens and abdominal aortic aneurysm samples, were irradiated ex vivo using a 810 nm diode laser. Energy and pulse duration were varied. Irradiated tissues were fixed in formaldehyde, sectioned and subjected to histological examination. Only 7.5% of the irradiated samples exhibited a thermal damage, which was always confined to the contact point between the laser fiber tip and the aortic wall. These experiments suggest that the diode laser can be safely used for the proposed surgical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Piazza
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Micheletti
- Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Condino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella N Berchiolli
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Pisa Medical School Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrari
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
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Lugez E, Sadjadi H, Joshi CP, Hashtrudi-Zaad K, Akl SG, Fichtinger G. Field distortion compensation for electromagnetic tracking of ultrasound probes with application in high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab12b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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García-Vázquez V, von Haxthausen F, Jäckle S, Schumann C, Kuhlemann I, Bouchagiar J, Höfer AC, Matysiak F, Hüttmann G, Goltz JP, Kleemann M, Ernst F, Horn M. Navigation and visualisation with HoloLens in endovascular aortic repair. Innov Surg Sci 2018; 3:167-177. [PMID: 31579781 PMCID: PMC6604581 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2018-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) is a minimal-invasive technique that prevents life-threatening rupture in patients with aortic pathologies by implantation of an endoluminal stent graft. During the endovascular procedure, device navigation is currently performed by fluoroscopy in combination with digital subtraction angiography. This study presents the current iterative process of biomedical engineering within the disruptive interdisciplinary project Nav EVAR, which includes advanced navigation, image techniques and augmented reality with the aim of reducing side effects (namely radiation exposure and contrast agent administration) and optimising visualisation during EVAR procedures. This article describes the current prototype developed in this project and the experiments conducted to evaluate it. Methods The current approach of the Nav EVAR project is guiding EVAR interventions in real-time with an electromagnetic tracking system after attaching a sensor on the catheter tip and displaying this information on Microsoft HoloLens glasses. This augmented reality technology enables the visualisation of virtual objects superimposed on the real environment. These virtual objects include three-dimensional (3D) objects (namely 3D models of the skin and vascular structures) and two-dimensional (2D) objects [namely orthogonal views of computed tomography (CT) angiograms, 2D images of 3D vascular models, and 2D images of a new virtual angioscopy whose appearance of the vessel wall follows that shown in ex vivo and in vivo angioscopies]. Specific external markers were designed to be used as landmarks in the registration process to map the tracking data and radiological data into a common space. In addition, the use of real-time 3D ultrasound (US) is also under evaluation in the Nav EVAR project for guiding endovascular tools and updating navigation with intraoperative imaging. US volumes are streamed from the US system to HoloLens and visualised at a certain distance from the probe by tracking augmented reality markers. A human model torso that includes a 3D printed patient-specific aortic model was built to provide a realistic test environment for evaluation of technical components in the Nav EVAR project. The solutions presented in this study were tested by using an US training model and the aortic-aneurysm phantom. Results During the navigation of the catheter tip in the US training model, the 3D models of the phantom surface and vessels were visualised on HoloLens. In addition, a virtual angioscopy was also built from a CT scan of the aortic-aneurysm phantom. The external markers designed for this study were visible in the CT scan and the electromagnetically tracked pointer fitted in each marker hole. US volumes of the US training model were sent from the US system to HoloLens in order to display them, showing a latency of 259±86 ms (mean±standard deviation). Conclusion The Nav EVAR project tackles the problem of radiation exposure and contrast agent administration during EVAR interventions by using a multidisciplinary approach to guide the endovascular tools. Its current state presents several limitations such as the rigid alignment between preoperative data and the simulated patient. Nevertheless, the techniques shown in this study in combination with fibre Bragg gratings and optical coherence tomography are a promising approach to overcome the problems of EVAR interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica García-Vázquez
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Felix von Haxthausen
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Jäckle
- Fraunhofer MEVIS - Institute for Medical Image Computing, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Schumann
- Fraunhofer MEVIS - Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ivo Kuhlemann
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juljan Bouchagiar
- Division of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna-Catharina Höfer
- Division of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Matysiak
- Division of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Peter Goltz
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Kleemann
- Division of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Floris Ernst
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marco Horn
- Division of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Vascular Unit, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Shi C, Luo X, Guo J, Najdovski Z, Fukuda T, Ren H. Three-Dimensional Intravascular Reconstruction Techniques Based on Intravascular Ultrasound: A Technical Review. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 22:806-817. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2703903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang S, Housden J, Zar A, Gandecha R, Singh D, Rhode K. Strategy for Monitoring Cardiac Interventions with an Intelligent Robotic Ultrasound Device. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E65. [PMID: 30393341 PMCID: PMC6187734 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become widely used for monitoring cardiac interventions. The control of the TOE probe during the procedure is a manual task which is tedious and harmful for the operator when exposed to radiation. To improve this technique, an add-on robotic system has been developed for holding and manipulating a commercial TOE probe. This paper focuses on the probe adjustment strategy in order to accurately monitor the moving intra-operative catheters. The positioning strategy is divided into an initialization step based on a pre-planning method, and a localized adjustment step based on the robotic differential kinematics. A series of experiments was performed to evaluate the initialization and the localized adjustment steps. The results indicate a mean error less than 10 mm from the phantom experiments for the initialization step, and a median error less than 1.5 mm from the computer-based simulation experiments for the localized adjustment step. Compared to the much bigger image volume, it is concluded that the proposed methods are feasible for this application. Future work will focus on evaluating the method in a more realistic TOE scanning scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - James Housden
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Areeb Zar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Ruchi Gandecha
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | | | - Kawal Rhode
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Shi C, Luo X, Qi P, Li T, Song S, Najdovski Z, Fukuda T, Ren H. Shape Sensing Techniques for Continuum Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Survey. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:1665-1678. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2622361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Piazza R, Condino S, Alberti A, Berchiolli RN, Coppi G, Gesi M, Ferrari V, Ferrari M. Design of a sensorized guiding catheter for in situ laser fenestration of endovascular stent. Comput Assist Surg (Abingdon) 2017; 22:27-38. [DOI: 10.1080/24699322.2017.1358403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Piazza
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Condino
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Alberti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nice Berchiolli
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gioachino Coppi
- Department of Surgery, Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Gesi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrari
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Lugez E, Sadjadi H, Joshi CP, Akl SG, Fichtinger G. Improved electromagnetic tracking for catheter path reconstruction with application in high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2017; 12:681-689. [PMID: 28215003 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-017-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electromagnetic (EM) catheter tracking has recently been introduced in order to enable prompt and uncomplicated reconstruction of catheter paths in various clinical interventions. However, EM tracking is prone to measurement errors which can compromise the outcome of the procedure. Minimizing catheter tracking errors is therefore paramount to improve the path reconstruction accuracy. METHODS An extended Kalman filter (EKF) was employed to combine the nonlinear kinematic model of an EM sensor inside the catheter, with both its position and orientation measurements. The formulation of the kinematic model was based on the nonholonomic motion constraints of the EM sensor inside the catheter. Experimental verification was carried out in a clinical HDR suite. Ten catheters were inserted with mean curvatures varying from 0 to [Formula: see text] in a phantom. A miniaturized Ascension (Burlington, Vermont, USA) trakSTAR EM sensor (model 55) was threaded within each catheter at various speeds ranging from 7.4 to [Formula: see text]. The nonholonomic EKF was applied on the tracking data in order to statistically improve the EM tracking accuracy. A sample reconstruction error was defined at each point as the Euclidean distance between the estimated EM measurement and its corresponding ground truth. A path reconstruction accuracy was defined as the root mean square of the sample reconstruction errors, while the path reconstruction precision was defined as the standard deviation of these sample reconstruction errors. The impacts of sensor velocity and path curvature on the nonholonomic EKF method were determined. Finally, the nonholonomic EKF catheter path reconstructions were compared with the reconstructions provided by the manufacturer's filters under default settings, namely the AC wide notch and the DC adaptive filter. RESULTS With a path reconstruction accuracy of 1.9 mm, the nonholonomic EKF surpassed the performance of the manufacturer's filters (2.4 mm) by 21% and the raw EM measurements (3.5 mm) by 46%. Similarly, with a path reconstruction precision of 0.8 mm, the nonholonomic EKF surpassed the performance of the manufacturer's filters (1.0 mm) by 20% and the raw EM measurements (1.7 mm) by 53%. Path reconstruction accuracies did not follow an apparent trend when varying the path curvature and sensor velocity; instead, reconstruction accuracies were predominantly impacted by the position of the EM field transmitter ([Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION The advanced nonholonomic EKF is effective in reducing EM measurement errors when reconstructing catheter paths, is robust to path curvature and sensor speed, and runs in real time. Our approach is promising for a plurality of clinical procedures requiring catheter reconstructions, such as cardiovascular interventions, pulmonary applications (Bender et al. in medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention-MICCAI 99. Springer, Berlin, pp 981-989, 1999), and brachytherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lugez
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| | - Hossein Sadjadi
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Chandra P Joshi
- Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Canada
| | - Selim G Akl
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Gabor Fichtinger
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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Parrini S, Zhang L, Condino S, Ferrari V, Caramella D, Ferrari M. Automatic carotid centerline extraction from three-dimensional ultrasound Doppler images. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2014:5089-92. [PMID: 25571137 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vessel lumen centerline extraction is an important issue for the intra-operative guidance of endovascular instruments; furthermore, vessel centerline is often used as a reference position in many hemodynamic studies, especially in carotid arteries. In this work we propose an innovative method for the extraction of carotid vessels centerline from three-dimensional Color Doppler ultrasound images. The method was tested on carotid Color Doppler images of eighteen healthy subjects and validated by calculating the Euclidean distances between the centerlines detected by the algorithm and those manually annotated by two experts in the corresponding original US volumes. The results show that the proposed approach can accurately estimate the actual centerline with an average error of 1.08 ± 0.54 mm. Furthermore, the method is completely automatic and therefore suitable for the aforementioned purposes.
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Improving Endovascular Intraoperative Navigation with Real-Time Skeleton-Based Deformation of Virtual Vascular Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40651-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Condino S, Piazza R, Micheletti F, Rossi F, Pini R, Berchiolli R, Alberti A, Ferrari V, Ferrari M. Electromagnetic Guided In-Situ Laser Fenestration of Endovascular Stent-Graft: Endovascular Tools Sensorization Strategy and Preliminary Laser Testing. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43775-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Clogenson HC, van Lith JY, Dankelman J, Melzer A, van den Dobbelsteen JJ. Multi-selective catheter for MR-guided endovascular interventions. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:623-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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