1
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Edgecomb J, Nguyen DT, Tan S, Murugesan V, Johnson GE, Prabhakaran V. Electrochemical Imaging of Precisely-Defined Redox and Reactive Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405846. [PMID: 38871656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the diverse electrochemical reactions occurring at electrode-electrolyte interfaces (EEIs) is a critical challenge to developing more efficient energy conversion and storage technologies. Establishing a predictive molecular-level understanding of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) is challenging due to the presence of multiple intertwined chemical and electrochemical processes occurring at battery electrodes. Similarly, chemical conversions in reactive electrochemical systems are often influenced by the heterogeneous distribution of active sites, surface defects, and catalyst particle sizes. In this mini review, we highlight an emerging field of interfacial science that isolates the impact of specific chemical species by preparing precisely-defined EEIs and visualizing the reactivity of their individual components using single-entity characterization techniques. We highlight the broad applicability and versatility of these methods, along with current state-of-the-art instrumentation and future opportunities for these approaches to address key scientific challenges related to batteries, chemical separations, and fuel cells. We establish that controlled preparation of well-defined electrodes combined with single entity characterization will be crucial to filling key knowledge gaps and advancing the theories used to describe and predict chemical and physical processes occurring at EEIs and accelerating new materials discovery for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Edgecomb
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Shuai Tan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Grant E Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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2
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Astles T, McHugh JG, Zhang R, Guo Q, Howe M, Wu Z, Indykiewicz K, Summerfield A, Goodwin ZAH, Slizovskiy S, Domaretskiy D, Geim AK, Falko V, Grigorieva IV. In-plane staging in lithium-ion intercalation of bilayer graphene. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6933. [PMID: 39138190 PMCID: PMC11322308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The ongoing efforts to optimize rechargeable Li-ion batteries led to the interest in intercalation of nanoscale layered compounds, including bilayer graphene. Its lithium intercalation has been demonstrated recently but the mechanisms underpinning the storage capacity remain poorly understood. Here, using magnetotransport measurements, we report in-operando intercalation dynamics of bilayer graphene. Unexpectedly, we find four distinct intercalation stages that correspond to well-defined Li-ion densities. Transitions between the stages occur rapidly (within 1 sec) over the entire device area. We refer to these stages as 'in-plane', with no in-plane analogues in bulk graphite. The fully intercalated bilayers represent a stoichiometric compound C14LiC14 with a Li density of ∼2.7·1014 cm-2, notably lower than fully intercalated graphite. Combining the experimental findings and DFT calculations, we show that the critical step in bilayer intercalation is a transition from AB to AA stacking which occurs at a density of ∼0.9·1014 cm-2. Our findings reveal the mechanism and limits for electrochemical intercalation of bilayer graphene and suggest possible avenues for increasing the Li storage capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Astles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James G McHugh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Madeleine Howe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zefei Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kornelia Indykiewicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Summerfield
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zachary A H Goodwin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sergey Slizovskiy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniil Domaretskiy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andre K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Vladimir Falko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Irina V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Mishra A, Sarbapalli D, Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-López J. Electrochemical Imaging of Interfaces in Energy Storage via Scanning Probe Methods: Techniques, Applications, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:93-115. [PMID: 37068746 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091422-110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing a deeper understanding of dynamic chemical, electronic, and morphological changes at interfaces is key to solving practical issues in electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs). To unravel this complexity, an assortment of tools with distinct capabilities and spatiotemporal resolutions have been used to creatively visualize interfacial processes as they occur. This review highlights how electrochemical scanning probe techniques (ESPTs) such as electrochemical atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy are uniquely positioned to address these challenges in EESSs. We describe the operating principles of ESPTs, focusing on the inspection of interfacial structure and chemical processes involved in Li-ion batteries and beyond. We discuss current examples, performance limitations, and complementary ESPTs. Finally, we discuss prospects for imaging improvements and deep learning for automation. We foresee that ESPTs will play an enabling role in advancing EESSs as we transition to renewable energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiroop Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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4
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Zhu H, Russell JA, Fang Z, Barnes P, Li L, Efaw C, Muenzer A, May J, Hamal K, Cheng IF, Davis PH, Dufek E, Xiong H. A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2105292. [PMID: 34716757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence and stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphitic electrodes is vital to the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the formation and evolution of SEI remain the least understood area in LIBs due to its dynamic nature, complexity in chemical composition, heterogeneity in morphology, as well as lack of reliable in situ/operando techniques for accurate characterization. In addition, chemical composition and morphology of SEI are not only affected by the choice of electrolyte, but also by the nature of the electrode surface. While introduction of defects into graphitic electrodes has promoted their electrochemical properties, how such structural defects influence SEI formation and evolution remains an open question. Here, utilizing nondestructive operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EChem-AFM) the dynamic SEI formation and evolution on a pair of representative graphitic materials with and without defects, namely, highly oriented pyrolytic and disordered graphite electrodes, are systematically monitored and compared. Complementary to the characterization of SEI topographical and mechanical changes during electrochemical cycling by EChem-AFM, chemical analysis and theoretical calculations are conducted to provide mechanistic insights underlying SEI formation and evolution. The results provide guidance to engineer functional SEIs through design of carbon materials with defects for LIBs and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhu
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Joshua A Russell
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Pete Barnes
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - CoreyM Efaw
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Allison Muenzer
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jeremy May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Kailash Hamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - I Francis Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Paul H Davis
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - EricJ Dufek
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
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5
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Li Z, Li D, Wang H, Chen P, Pi L, Zhou X, Zhai T. Intercalation Strategy in 2D Materials for Electronics and Optoelectronics. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100567. [PMID: 34928056 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation is an effective approach to tune the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials due to their abundant van der Waals gaps that can host high-density intercalated guest matters. This approach has been widely employed to modulate the optical, electrical, and photoelectrical properties of 2D materials for their applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Thus it is necessary to review the recent progress of the intercalation strategy in 2D materials and their applications in devices. Herein, various intercalation strategies and the novel properties of the intercalated 2D materials as well as their applications in electronics and optoelectronics are summarized. In the end, the development tendency of this promising approach for 2D materials is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lejing Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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6
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Gao Q, Tsai W, Balke N. In situ and operando force‐based atomic force microscopy for probing local functionality in energy storage materials. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Wan‐Yu Tsai
- Chemical Science Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
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7
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Miyazawa K, Nagai T, Kimoto K, Yoshitake M, Tanaka Y. Cross‐sectional structural characterization of the surface of exfoliated HOPG using HRTEM‐EELS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun'ichi Miyazawa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Takuro Nagai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki Japan
| | - Koji Kimoto
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshitake
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Yumi Tanaka
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
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8
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Zhang Z, Smith K, Jervis R, Shearing PR, Miller TS, Brett DJL. Operando Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy of Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Anodes: The Evolution of SEI Morphology and Mechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35132-35141. [PMID: 32657567 PMCID: PMC7458363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and ultimately controlling the properties of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer at the graphite anode/liquid electrolyte boundary are of great significance for maximizing the performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, comprehensive in situ monitoring of SEI formation and evolution, alongside measurement of the corresponding mechanical properties, is challenging due to the limitations of the characterization techniques commonly used. This work provides a new insight into SEI formation during the first lithiation and delithiation of graphite battery anodes using operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM). Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is investigated first as a model system, exhibiting unique morphological and nanomechanical behavior dependent on the various electrolytes and commercially relevant additives used. Then, to validate these findings with respect to real-world battery electrodes, operando EC-AFM of individual graphite particles like those in commercial systems are studied. Vinylene carbonate (VC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) are shown to be effective additives to enhance SEI layer stability in 1 M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (EC/EMC) electrolytes, attributed to their role in improving its structure, density, and mechanical strength. This work therefore presents an unambiguous picture of SEI formation in a real battery environment, contributes a comprehensive insight into SEI formation of electrode materials, and provides a visible understanding of the influence of electrolyte additives on SEI formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, OX11 ORA Didcot, U.K.
| | - Keenan Smith
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, OX11 ORA Didcot, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, OX11 ORA Didcot, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, OX11 ORA Didcot, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, U.K.
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, OX11 ORA Didcot, U.K.
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9
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Chen X, Lai J, Shen Y, Chen Q, Chen L. Functional Scanning Force Microscopy for Energy Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802490. [PMID: 30133000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy nanodevices, including energy conversion and energy storage devices, have become a major cross-disciplinary field in recent years. These devices feature long-range electron and ion transport coupled with chemical transformation, which call for novel characterization tools to understand device operation mechanisms. In this context, recent developments in functional scanning force microscopy techniques and their application in thin-film photovoltaic devices and lithium batteries are reviewed. The advantages of scanning force microscopy, such as high spatial resolution, multimodal imaging, and the possibility of in situ and in operando imaging, are emphasized. The survey indicates that functional scanning force microscopy is making significant contributions in understanding materials and interfaces in energy nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Lai
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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10
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Zhang C, He R, Zhang J, Hu Y, Wang Z, Jin X. Amorphous Carbon-Derived Nanosheet-Bricked Porous Graphite as High-Performance Cathode for Aluminum-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:26510-26516. [PMID: 30024719 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphite is an attractive cathode material for energy storage because it allows reversible intercalation/deintercalation of many compound anions at high potentials. However, because the sizes of the compound anions are greatly larger than the lamellar spacing of graphite, common graphite used as cathode may suffer from slow kinetics and large volume expansion. Here, it is demonstrated that graphite with high crystallinity and nanosheet-bricked porous structure can be an excellent cathode for aluminum-ion batteries. This porous graphite is derived from carbon black via a simple electrochemical graphitization in molten CaCl2, and the high crystallinity and thin layer characters facilitate the high capacity and high rate storage of aluminum tetrachloride ions. Moreover, the bricked porous structure endows the fabricated cathode with a providential porosity to perfectly match the huge volume expansion of graphite (650% against a charging capacity of 100 mA h g-1), thus this electrochemical graphite exhibits integrated high gravimetric and volumetric capacities as well as high structural stability during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Rui He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Jichen Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Xianbo Jin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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11
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Wan J, Lacey SD, Dai J, Bao W, Fuhrer MS, Hu L. Tuning two-dimensional nanomaterials by intercalation: materials, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6742-6765. [PMID: 27704060 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
2D materials have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties since the discovery of graphene. Despite these intrinsic properties, various modification methods have been applied to 2D materials that yield even more exciting results in terms of tunable properties and device performance. Among all modification methods, intercalation of 2D materials has emerged as a particularly powerful tool: it provides the highest possible doping level and is capable of (ir)reversibly changing the phase of the material. Intercalated 2D materials exhibit extraordinary electrical transport as well as optical, thermal, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are advantageous for optoelectronics, superconductors, thermoelectronics, catalysis and energy storage applications. The recent progress on host 2D materials, various intercalation species, and intercalation methods, as well as tunable properties and potential applications enabled by intercalation, are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Steven D Lacey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Wenzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | | | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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12
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Gao Q, Come J, Naguib M, Jesse S, Gogotsi Y, Balke N. Synergetic effects of K+and Mg2+ion intercalation on the electrochemical and actuation properties of the two-dimensional Ti3C2MXene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:393-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials, such as MXenes, are attractive candidates for energy storage and electrochemical actuators due to their high volume changes upon ion intercalation. Of special interest for boosting energy storage is the intercalation of multivalent ions such as Mg2+, which suffers from sluggish intercalation and transport kinetics due to its ion size. By combining traditional electrochemical characterization techniques with electrochemical dilatometry and contact resonance atomic force microscopy, the synergetic effects of the pre-intercalation of K+ions are demonstrated to improve the charge storage of multivalent ions, as well as tune the mechanical and actuation properties of the Ti3C2MXene. Our results have important implications for quantitatively understanding the charge storage processes in intercalation compounds and provide a new path for studying the mechanical evolution of energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Jeremy Come
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Michael Naguib
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
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13
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Danis L, Gateman SM, Kuss C, Schougaard SB, Mauzeroll J. Nanoscale Measurements of Lithium-Ion-Battery Materials using Scanning Probe Techniques. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Danis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Samantha M Gateman
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Christian Kuss
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Steen B. Schougaard
- Department of Chemistry; Université du Québec À Montréal; 2101 rue Jeanne-Mance post 3911 Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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14
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Observation of Dynamic Interfacial Layers in Li-Ion and Li-O2 Batteries by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Azhagurajan M, Kajita T, Itoh T, Kim YG, Itaya K. In Situ Visualization of Lithium Ion Intercalation into MoS2 Single Crystals using Differential Optical Microscopy with Atomic Layer Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3355-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukkannan Azhagurajan
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kajita
- Frontier
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Itoh
- Frontier
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Youn-Geun Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Joint Center for
Artificial Photosynthesis , California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kingo Itaya
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Frontier
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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16
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Krukiewicz K, Bulmer JS, Koziol KK, Zak JK. Charging and discharging of the electrochemically swelled, aligned carbon nanotube fibers. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Kuznetsov V, Zinn AH, Zampardi G, Borhani-Haghighi S, La Mantia F, Ludwig A, Schuhmann W, Ventosa E. Wet Nanoindentation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Thin Film Si Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23554-23563. [PMID: 26418194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formed at the surface of negative electrodes strongly affects the performance of a Li-ion battery. The mechanical properties of the SEI are of special importance for Si electrodes due to the large volumetric changes of Si upon (de)insertion of Li ions. This manuscript reports the careful determination of the Young's modulus of the SEI formed on a sputtered Si electrode using wet atomic force microscopy (AFM)-nanoindentation. Several key parameters in the determination of the Young's modulus are considered and discussed, e.g., wetness and roughness-thickness ratio of the film and the shape of a nanoindenter. The values of the Young's modulus were determined to be 0.5-10 MPa under the investigated conditions which are in the lower range of those previously reported, i.e., 1 MPa to 10 GPa, pointing out the importance of the conditions of its determination. After multiple electrochemical cycles, the polymeric deposits formed on the surface of the SEI are revealed, by force-volume mapping in liquid using colloidal probes, to extend up to 300 nm into bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arndt-Hendrik Zinn
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Giorgia Zampardi
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Semiconductor & Energy Conversion - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara Borhani-Haghighi
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Semiconductor & Energy Conversion - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität Bremen , Wiener Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Materials Research Department, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr.150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Materials Research Department, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr.150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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18
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Zampardi G, Klink S, Kuznetsov V, Erichsen T, Maljusch A, La Mantia F, Schuhmann W, Ventosa E. Combined AFM/SECM Investigation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Li-Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Zampardi
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
- Semiconductor and Energy Conversion: Center for; Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Klink
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Artjom Maljusch
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Semiconductor and Energy Conversion: Center for; Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Analytical Chemistry: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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19
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Kang SJ, Yu S, Lee C, Yang D, Lee H. Effects of electrolyte-volume-to-electrode-area ratio on redox behaviors of graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Demirocak DE, Bhushan B. In situ atomic force microscopy analysis of morphology and particle size changes in lithium iron phosphate cathode during discharge. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 423:151-7. [PMID: 24703680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries offer great promise for future plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs). One of the challenges is to improve the cycle life of Li-ion batteries which requires detailed understanding of the aging phenomenon. In situ techniques are especially valuable to understand aging since it allows monitoring the physical and chemical changes in real time. In this study, in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) is utilized to study the changes in morphology and particle size of LiFePO4 cathode during discharge. The guidelines for in situ AFM cell design for accurate and reliable measurements based on different designs are presented. The effect of working electrode to counter electrode surface area ratio on cycling data of an in situ cell is also discussed. Analysis of the surface area change in LiFePO4 particles when the cell was cycled between 100% and 70% state of charge is presented. Among four particles analyzed, surface area increase of particles during Li intercalation of LiFePO4 spanned from 1.8% to 14.3% indicating the inhomogeneous nature of the cathode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Emre Demirocak
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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21
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Stancovski V, Badilescu S. In situ Raman spectroscopic–electrochemical studies of lithium-ion battery materials: a historical overview. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-013-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Sheem KY, Song EH, Lee YH. High-rate charging performance using high-capacity carbon nanofilms coated on alumina nanoparticles for lithium ion battery anode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Lipson AL, Ginder RS, Hersam MC. Nanoscale in situ characterization of Li-ion battery electrochemistry via scanning ion conductance microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5613-5617. [PMID: 22052671 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy imaging of battery electrodes, using the geometry shown in the figure, is a tool for in situ nanoscale mapping of surface topography and local ion current. Images of silicon and tin electrodes show that the combination of topography and ion current provides insight into the local electrochemical phenomena that govern the operation of lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Lipson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Dr. Evanston, IL 60208-3108, USA
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24
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Gullapalli H, Mohana Reddy AL, Kilpatrick S, Dubey M, Ajayan PM. Graphene growth via carburization of stainless steel and application in energy storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1697-1700. [PMID: 21538990 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A modified version of the carburization process, a widely established technique used in the steel industry for case hardening of components, is used for the growth of graphene on stainless steel. Controlled growth of high-quality single- and few-layered graphene on stainless steel (SS) foils through a liquid-phase chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is reported. Reversible Li intercalation in these graphene-on-SS structures is demonstrated, where graphene and SS act as electrode and current collector, respectively, providing very good electrical contact. Direct growth of an active electrode material, such as graphene, on current-collector substrates makes this a feasible and efficient process for developing thin-film battery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemtej Gullapalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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25
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Amalraj SF, Aurbach D. The use of in situ techniques in R&D of Li and Mg rechargeable batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Maver U, Žnidaršič A, Gaberšček M. An attempt to use atomic force microscopy for determination of bond type in lithium battery electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04481d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Kalinin SV, Balke N. Local electrochemical functionality in energy storage materials and devices by scanning probe microscopies: status and perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:E193-E209. [PMID: 20730814 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage and conversion systems are an integral component of emerging green technologies, including mobile electronic devices, automotive, and storage components of solar and wind energy economics. Despite the rapidly expanding manufacturing capabilities and wealth of phenomenological information on the macroscopic device behaviors, the microscopic mechanisms underpinning battery and fuel cell operations in the nanometer-micrometer range are virtually unknown. This lack of information is due to the dearth of experimental techniques capable of addressing elementary mechanisms involved in battery operation, including electronic and ion transport, vacancy injection, and interfacial reactions, on the nanometer scale. In this article, a brief overview of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods addressing nanoscale electrochemical functionalities is provided and compared with macroscopic electrochemical methods. Future applications of emergent SPM methods, including near field optical, electromechanical, microwave, and thermal probes and combined SPM-(S)TEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) methods in energy storage and conversion materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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28
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Bradbury CR, Kuster L, Fermín DJ. Electrochemical reactivity of HOPG electrodes modified by ultrathin films and two-dimensional arrays of metal nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Aging of electrochemical double layer capacitors with acetonitrile-based electrolyte at elevated voltages. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Novák P, Goers D, Spahr M. Carbon Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420055405-c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Surface Analytical Methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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In situ atomic force microscopy study of exfoliation phenomena on graphite basal planes. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Światowska-Mrowiecka J, Maurice V, Klein L, Marcus P. Nanostructural modifications of V2O5 thin films during Li intercalation studied in situ by AFM. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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34
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Clémençon A, Appapillai A, Kumar S, Shao-Horn Y. Atomic force microscopy studies of surface and dimensional changes in LixCoO2 crystals during lithium de-intercalation. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Intercalation into and film formation on pyrolytic graphite in a supercapacitor-type electrolyte (C2H5)4NBF4/propylene carbonate. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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36
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Wildgoose GG, Hyde ME, Lawrence NS, Leventis HC, Jiang L, Jones TGJ, Compton RG. 4-Nitrobenzylamine partially intercalated into graphite powder and multiwalled carbon nanotubes: characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4584-91. [PMID: 16032876 DOI: 10.1021/la040138l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the characterization of partial intercalation of 4-nitrobenzylamine (4-NBA) into edge-plane or edge-plane-like defect sites on the surface of both graphite powder and "bamboo-like" multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By comparing the XPS spectra of 4-NBA derivatized graphite powder and MWCNTs with that of graphite powder treated with benzylamine in a similar fashion, we conclude that benzylamine itself does not undergo partial intercalation. Using in situ atomic force microscopy, we are able to observe the partial intercalation of 4-NBA into an edge-plane-like "step" defect on the surface of a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite crystal in real time. Together these observations provide further evidence for the partial intercalation of 4-NBA and lead us to propose a new hypothesis to explain this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Wildgoose
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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