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Lyu D, Xu J, Wang Z. Time-resolved in situ vibrational spectroscopy for electrocatalysis: challenge and opportunity. Front Chem 2023; 11:1231886. [PMID: 37577063 PMCID: PMC10416263 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1231886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure-activity relationship of catalysts and the reaction pathway is crucial for designing efficient, selective, and stable electrocatalytic systems. In situ vibrational spectroscopy provides a unique tool for decoding molecular-level factors involved in electrocatalytic reactions. Typically, spectra are recorded when the system reaches steady states under set potentials, known as steady-state measurements, providing static pictures of electrode properties at specific potentials. However, transient information that is crucial for understanding the dynamic of electrocatalytic reactions remains elusive. Thus, time-resolved in situ vibrational spectroscopies are developed. This mini review summarizes time-resolved in situ infrared and Raman techniques and discusses their application in electrocatalytic research. With different time resolutions, these time-resolved techniques can capture unique dynamic processes of electrocatalytic reactions, short-lived intermediates, and the surface structure revolution that would be missed in steady-state measurements alone. Therefore, they are essential for understanding complex reaction mechanisms and can help unravel important molecular-level information hidden in steady states. Additionally, improving spectral time resolution, exploring low/ultralow frequency detection, and developing operando time-resolved devices are proposed as areas for advancing time-resolved techniques and their further applications in electrocatalytic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya Lyu
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinchang Xu
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyou Wang
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Morhart TA, Tu K, Read ST, Rosendahl SM, Wells G, Achenbach S, Burgess IJ. Surface enhanced infrared spectroelectrochemistry using a microband electrode. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The successful use of a microband electrode printed on a silicon internal reflection element to perform time resolved infrared spectroscopy is described. Decreasing the critical dimension of the microband electrode to several hundred micrometers provides a sub-microsecond time constant in a Kretschmann configured spectroelectrochemical cell. The high brilliance of synchrotron sourced infrared radiation has been combined with a specially designed horizontal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) microscope to focus the infrared beam on the microband electrode. The first use of a sub-microsecond time constant working electrode for ATR surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) is reported. Measurements show that the advantage afforded by the high brilliance of the synchrotron source is at least partially offset by increased noise from the experimental floor. The test system was the potential induced desorption of an adsorbed monolayer of 4-methoxypyridine (MOP) as measured using step-scan interferometry. Based on diffusion considerations alone, the expected time scale of the process was less than 10 microseconds but was experimentally measured to be three orders of magnitude slower. A defect-mediated dissolution of the condensed film is speculated to be the underlying cause of the unexpected slow kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Morhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Kaiyang Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | | | | | - Garth Wells
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Sven Achenbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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3
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Lins E, Read S, Unni B, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Microsecond Resolved Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry Using Dual Frequency Comb IR Lasers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6241-6244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Bipinlal Unni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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4
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Ash PA, Carr SB, Reeve HA, Skorupskaitė A, Rowbotham JS, Shutt R, Frogley MD, Evans RM, Cinque G, Armstrong FA, Vincent KA. Generating single metalloprotein crystals in well-defined redox states: electrochemical control combined with infrared imaging of a NiFe hydrogenase crystal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5858-5861. [PMID: 28504793 PMCID: PMC5708527 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe an approach to generating and verifying well-defined redox states in metalloprotein single crystals by combining electrochemical control with synchrotron infrared microspectroscopic imaging. For NiFe hydrogenase 1 from Escherichia coli we demonstrate fully reversible and uniform electrochemical reduction from the oxidised inactive to the fully reduced state, and temporally resolve steps during this reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - S B Carr
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - H A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - A Skorupskaitė
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - J S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - R Shutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M D Frogley
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - G Cinque
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - F A Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - K A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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5
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Ash P, Reeve HA, Quinson J, Hidalgo R, Zhu T, McPherson IJ, Chung MW, Healy AJ, Nayak S, Lonsdale TH, Wehbe K, Kelley CS, Frogley MD, Cinque G, Vincent KA. Synchrotron-Based Infrared Microanalysis of Biological Redox Processes under Electrochemical Control. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6666-71. [PMID: 27269716 PMCID: PMC4935962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for addressing redox enzymes adsorbed on a carbon electrode using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy combined with protein film electrochemistry. Redox enzymes have high turnover frequencies, typically 10-1000 s(-1), and therefore, fast experimental triggers are needed in order to study subturnover kinetics and identify the involvement of transient species important to their catalytic mechanism. In an electrochemical experiment, this equates to the use of microelectrodes to lower the electrochemical cell constant and enable changes in potential to be applied very rapidly. We use a biological cofactor, flavin mononucleotide, to demonstrate the power of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy relative to conventional infrared methods and show that vibrational spectra with good signal-to-noise ratios can be collected for adsorbed species with low surface coverages on microelectrodes with a geometric area of 25 × 25 μm(2). We then demonstrate the applicability of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to adsorbed proteins by reporting potential-induced changes in the flavin mononucleotide active site of a flavoenzyme. The method we describe will allow time-resolved spectroscopic studies of chemical and structural changes at redox sites within a variety of proteins under precise electrochemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
A. Ash
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tianze Zhu
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Wen Chung
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Healy
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simantini Nayak
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Lonsdale
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Wehbe
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Kelley
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Frogley
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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6
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Rosendahl SM, Borondics F, May TE, Burgess IJ. Step-scan IR spectroelectrochemistry with ultramicroelectrodes: nonsurface enhanced detection of near femtomole quantities using synchrotron radiation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8722-7. [PMID: 23930773 DOI: 10.1021/ac401799z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The result of interfacing step-scan spectroelectrochemistry with an IR microscope and synchrotron infrared (SIR) radiation is provided here. An external reflectance cell containing a 25 μm gold ultramicroelectrode is employed to achieve an electrochemical time constant less than one microsecond. The use of a prototypical electrochemical system, i.e., the mass-transport controlled reduction of ferricyanide, allows for a proof of principle evaluation of the viability of SIR for step-scan spectroelectrochemistry. An analysis of the importance of accounting for synchrotron source variation over the prolonged duration of a step-scan experiment is provided. Modeling of the material flux in the restricted diffusion space afforded by the external reflectance cell allows the quantitative IR results to be compared to theoretical predictions. The results indicate that only at very short times does linear diffusion within the cavity dominate the electrode response and the majority of the transient signal operates under conditions of quasi-hemispherical diffusion. The analytical information provided by the IR signal is found to be considerably less than that derived from the current response due the latter's pronounced edge effects. The results provide a detection limit of 36 fmol for step-scan SIR measurements of ferrocyanide. Implications for future IR spectroelectrochemical studies in the microsecond domain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Rosendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
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7
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Kinetics of thiocyanate orientation conversion on Pt surface studied by in situ step-scan time-resolved microscope FTIR spectroscopy. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li JT, Zhou ZY, Broadwell I, Sun SG. In-situ infrared spectroscopic studies of electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:485-94. [PMID: 22264174 DOI: 10.1021/ar200215t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With their ability to convert chemical energy of fuels directly into electrical power or reversibly store electrical energy, systems such as fuel cells and lithium ion batteries are of great importance in managing energy use. In these electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) systems, controlled electrochemical redox reactions generate or store the electrical energy, ideally under conditions that avoid or kinetically suppress side reactions. A comprehensive understanding of electrode reactions is critical for the exploration and optimization of electrode materials and is therefore the key issue for developing advanced EECS systems. Based on its fingerprint and surface selection rules, electrochemical in-situ FTIR spectroscopy (in-situ FTIRS) can provide real-time information about the chemical nature of adsorbates and solution species as well as intermediate/product species involved in the electrochemical reactions. These unique features make this technique well-suited for insitu studies of EECS. In this Account, we review the characterization of electrode materials and the investigation of interfacial reaction processes involved in EECS systems by using state-of-the-art in-situ FTIR reflection technologies, primarily with an external configuration. We introduce the application of in-situ FTIRS to EECS systems and describe relevant technologies including in-situ microscope FTIRS, in-situ time-resolved FTIRS, and the combinatorial FTIRS approach. We focus first on the in-situ steady-state and time-resolved FTIRS studies on the electrooxidation of small organic molecules. Next, we review the characterization of electrocatalysts through the IR properties of nanomaterials, such as abnormal IR effects (AIREs) and surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). Finally, we introduce the application of in-situ FTIRS to demonstrate the decomposition of electrolyte and (de)lithiation processes involved in lithium ion batteries. The body of work summarized here has substantially advanced the knowledge of electrode processes and represents the forefront in studies of EECS at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ian Broadwell
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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9
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An XS, Fan YJ, Chen DJ, Wang Q, Zhou ZY, Sun SG. Enhanced activity of rare earth doped PtRu/C catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Rosendahl SM, Borondics F, May TE, Pedersen TM, Burgess IJ. Interface for time-resolved electrochemical infrared microspectroscopy using synchrotron infrared radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:083105. [PMID: 21895231 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A description of a coupled electrochemical and spectrometer interface using synchrotron infrared radiation is provided. The interface described allows for the precise and accurate timing needed for time-resolved IR spectroscopic studies of electrochemical systems. The overall interface uses a series of transistor-transistor logic trigger signals generated from the commercial FTIR spectrometer to regulate the recording of control, electrochemical, and IR signals with reproducible and adjustable timing. The instrument has been tested using a thin-layer electrochemical cell with synchrotron light focused through microscope optics. The time-resolved response of the benzoquinone/dihydroxybenzoquinone redox couple is illustrated as an example of the instrument's capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Rosendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Rosendahl SM, Borondics F, May TE, Pedersen TM, Burgess IJ. Synchrotron Infrared Radiation for Electrochemical External Reflection Spectroscopy: A Case Study Using Ferrocyanide. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3632-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Rosendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
| | | | - Tim E. May
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Tor M. Pedersen
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
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Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Charge transfer and SEIRAS studies of 1,4-benzoquinone functionalized mixed monothiol/dithiol self-assembled monolayers. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Amalraj SF, Aurbach D. The use of in situ techniques in R&D of Li and Mg rechargeable batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Heinen M, Chen Y, Jusys Z, Behm R. In situ ATR-FTIRS coupled with on-line DEMS under controlled mass transport conditions—A novel tool for electrocatalytic reaction studies. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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De Backer M, Sauvage FX. In situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry and spectral simulations using DFT: Efficient complementary tools to elucidate complex electrochemical mechanisms. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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