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Simião CG, Bettanin F, Honorio KM, Silva Junior GJ, Veiga TAM, de Oliveira HPM, Bertotti M, Valle EMA, Codognoto L. Glycosylated flavonoid kaempferitrin: Electroanalytical detection and the proposal of an oxidation mechanism supported by quantum chemical calculations. Talanta 2024; 278:126513. [PMID: 38970965 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical behavior of the glycosylated flavonoid kaempferitrin was studied, and an electroanalytical methodology was developed for its determination in infusions of Bauhinia forficata using a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD). The electrochemical behavior of the flavonoid was studied by cyclic voltammetry, and two irreversible oxidation peaks at 0.80 and 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl were observed. The influence of the pH on the voltammograms was examined, and higher sensitivity was found at pH 7.0. The electrochemical process corresponding to peak 1 at 0.80 V is predominantly diffusion-controlled, as the study shows at varying scan rates. An analytical plot was obtained by square wave voltammetry at optimized experimental conditions (frequency = 100 s-1, amplitude = 90 mV, and step potential = 8 mV) in the concentration range from 3.4 μmol L-1 to 58 μmol L-1, with a linearity of 0.99. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were 1.0 μmol L-1 and 3.4 μmol L-1, respectively. Three samples of Bauhinia forficata infusions (2 g of sample in 100 mL of water) were analyzed, and the KF values found were 5.0 × 10-4 mol L-1, 3.0 × 10-4 mol L-1, and 7.0 × 10-4 mol L-1, with recovery percentages of 98 %, 106 % and 94 %, respectively. Finally, experiments were performed with two other flavonoids (chrysin and apeginin) to compare and propose an electrochemical oxidation mechanism for kaempferitrin, which was supported by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Simião
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bettanin
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathia Maria Honorio
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto J Silva Junior
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago André M Veiga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Hueder Paulo Moises de Oliveira
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Maíra Agostini Valle
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia Codognoto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Lambertz S, Franke M, Stelter M, Braeutigam P. Sensing of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by amperometric detection-dependence of current signal on concentration and type of organic species. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:630. [PMID: 37129679 PMCID: PMC10154276 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The standard method to determine chemical oxygen demand (COD) with K2Cr2O6 uses harmful chemicals, has a long analysis time, and cannot be used for on-site online monitoring. It is therefore necessary to find a fast, cheap, and harmless alternative. The amperometric determination of COD on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes is a promising approach. However, to be a suitable alternative, the electrochemical method must at least be able to determine the COD of water samples independently of the contained substances. Therefore, the current signal as a function of various organic materials was investigated for the first time. It was shown that the height of the signal current depended on the type of organic matter in single-substance solutions and that this substance dependency increases with the amount of COD. Those findings could be explained by the mechanism proposed for this reaction, showing that the selectivity of the reaction depends on the ratio of the concentration of hydroxyl radicals and organic species. We give an outlook on how to improve the method in order to increase the linear working range and avoid signal variance and how to further explain the signal variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Lambertz
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franke
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Stelter
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Michael-Faraday-Straße 1, 07629, Hermsdorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Braeutigam
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Michael-Faraday-Straße 1, 07629, Hermsdorf, Germany.
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Lin J, Yin J, Gao W, Jin Q. Electrochemical Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Surface Water Using a Microfabricated Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrode by Chronoamperometry. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2168686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiawen Yin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wanlei Gao
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang R, Li YS, Luo YX, Zhang XY, Wen R, Gao XF. A Carbon-dot Fluorescence Capillary Sensor for the Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Wang H, Wang Y, Chai X, Guo F, Li Y, Shi J, Gai Z, Jiang X. Influence of boron doped level on the electrochemical behavior and seawater salinity detection of boron doped diamond film electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Elfeky EMS, Shehata MR, Elbashar YH, Barakat MH, El Rouby WMA. Developing the sensing features of copper electrodes as an environmental friendly detection tool for chemical oxygen demand. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4199-4208. [PMID: 35425431 PMCID: PMC8981162 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water bodies is an essential indicator of organic contaminants. The majority of current testing methods have the drawbacks of requiring multiple processes, being time-consuming, and requiring the use of harmful and hazardous reagents. In this work, a low-cost copper wire (Cu-wire) electrode was designed and fabricated to be used as a sensing electrode for the detection of chemical oxygen demand in water. The sensing features were developed by electrodeposition of copper nanoparticles (nano-Cu) that were prepared by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) deposition at the optimum preparation conditions. For improving the adherence and stability of the deposited nano-Cu thin layer, the Cu-wire electrode was scratched to increase the surface roughness. The surface morphology of the prepared nano-Cu/Cu-wire electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) was used for elemental analysis characterization. The non-modified and the nano-copper modified electrode were utilized and optimized for electrochemical assay of COD using glycine as a standard in 0.075 M NaOH as an electrolyte solution. The calibration curves (COD, mg L-1 vs. I, mA) were plotted from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry (I-t) curves for a wide range of COD under the optimized conditions. It shows that the electroanalytical features of the proposed nano-Cu-based COD sensor exhibit a linear range from 2 to 595 mg L-1 and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 2.6 mg L-1 (S/N = 3). The established electrochemical method demonstrated a high tolerance level to Cl- ions where 1.0 M Cl- exhibited a negligible influence. The sensor was employed for detecting the COD in diverse real water samples and the attained results were validated using the standard dichromate method. The obtained results could open the window toward using simple and cost effective tools in order to monitor the water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed R Shehata
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Yahia H Elbashar
- Department of Basic Science, El Gazeera High Institute for Engineering and Technology Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Waleed M A El Rouby
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
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Bogdanowicz R, Ficek M, Malinowska N, Gupta S, Meek R, Niedziałkowski P, Rycewicz M, Sawczak M, Ryl J, Ossowski T. Electrochemical performance of thin free-standing boron-doped diamond nanosheet electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Electrochemical determination of chemical oxygen demand on functionalized pseudo-graphite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Direct determination of chemical oxygen demand by anodic oxidative degradation of organics at a composite 3-D electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Trellu C, Chakraborty S, Nidheesh PV, Oturan MA. Environmental Applications of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: 2. Soil Remediation and Sensing Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Trellu
- Université Paris-EstLaboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 France
| | - Shampa Chakraborty
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - P. V. Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - Mehmet A. Oturan
- Université Paris-EstLaboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 France
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Zhang B, Huang L, Tang M, Hunter KW, Feng Y, Sun Q, Wang J, Chen G. A nickel nanoparticle/nafion-graphene oxide modified screen-printed electrode for amperometric determination of chemical oxygen demand. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:385. [PMID: 30043240 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A nickel nanoparticle/nafion-graphene oxide (NiNP/Nf-GO) modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed for rapid and environmentally friendly electrochemical determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The morphology and the electrochemical performance of the SPEs with different surface modifications were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, amperometry, and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. Interestingly, incorporation of graphene oxide as supporting materials to the NiNP/Nf-GO modified SPE enables high catalyst loading and electrode contact, leading to excellent electrocatalytic oxidation ability. A flow detection system was constructed based the newly designed NiNP/Nf-GO modified SPE with USB connection, a 3D-printed thin-layer flow cell (TLFC), and a peristaltic pump. The flow detection system showed an excellent performance for COD analysis with a linear detection range of 0.1~400 mg L-1 and a lower detection limit of 0.05 mg L-1 with an oxidation potential of 0.45 V. The system was further applied to determine the COD in surface water samples. The results were consistent with those obtained by using the standard method (ISO 6060). Graphical abstract A novel nickel nanoparticle/nafion-graphene oxide (NiNP/Nf-GO) modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) with excellent electrocatalytic oxidation ability was designed and fabricated. This electrode with USB connection was applied in a flow detection system equipped with a 3D-printed thin-layer flow cell and a peristaltic pump for environmentally friendly electrochemical determination of chemical oxygen demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Meihua Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kenneth W Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qianwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jikui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Hassan HH, Badr IH, Abdel-Fatah HT, Elfeky EM, Abdel-Aziz AM. Low cost chemical oxygen demand sensor based on electrodeposited nano-copper film. ARAB J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Electrochemical degradation of spent tributyl phosphate extractant by a boron-doped diamond anode. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Li J, Luo G, He L, Xu J, Lyu J. Analytical Approaches for Determining Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water Bodies: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 48:47-65. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1370670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guobing Luo
- Wuxi City Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Station, Wuxi, China
| | - LingJun He
- Department of Housing and Urban Rural Development of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Wuxi City Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Station, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinze Lyu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Badr IHA, Hassan HH, Hamed E, Abdel-Aziz AM. Sensitive and Green Method for Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using a Nano-copper Based Electrochemical Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H. A. Badr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain-Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Hamdy H. Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain-Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - E. Hamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain-Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Ali M. Abdel-Aziz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain-Shams University; Cairo Egypt
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16
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Geerdink RB, Sebastiaan van den Hurk R, Epema OJ. Chemical oxygen demand: Historical perspectives and future challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 961:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Performance improvement in chemical oxygen demand determination using carbon fiber felt/CeO2-β-PbO2 electrode deposited by cyclic voltammetry method. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Development of a Three-Dimensional Structured Carbon Fiber Felt/β-PbO2 Electrode and Its Application in Chemical Oxygen Demand Determination. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cassidy J, Lubberding HJ, Esposito G, Keesman KJ, Lens PNL. Automated biological sulphate reduction: a review on mathematical models, monitoring and bioprocess control. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:823-53. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Yu H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhang Y. Efficient and durable hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst based on nonmetallic nitrogen doped hexagonal carbon. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6843. [PMID: 25354806 PMCID: PMC4213799 DOI: 10.1038/srep06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of renewable energy technology, hydrogen production by water electrolysis, depends on the design of efficient and durable electrocatalyst composed of earth-abundant elements. Herein, a highly active and stable nonmetallic electrocatalyst, nitrogen doped hexagonal carbon (NHC), was developed for hydrogen production. It exhibited high activity for hydrogen evolution with a low overpotential of only 65 mV, an apparent exchange current density of 5.7 × 10−2 mA cm−2 and a high hydrogen production rate of 20.8 mL cm−2 h−1 at −0.35 V. The superior hydrogen evolution activity of NHC stemmed from the intrinsic electrocatalytic property of hexagonal nanodiamond, the rapid charge transfer and abundance of electrocatalytic sites after nitrogen doping. Moreover, NHC was stable in a corrosive acidic solution during electrolysis under high current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yaobin Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Electrochemical tuning of the activity and structure of a copper-cobalt micro-nano film on a gold electrode, and its application to the determination of glucose and of Chemical Oxygen Demand. Mikrochim Acta 2014; 182:515-522. [PMID: 25620812 PMCID: PMC4298665 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Micro-nano structured Cu-Co was in situ fabricated on the surface of a gold electrode via electrochemical reduction of CuCl2 and Co(NO3)2. It is shown that the shape of the particles can be controlled by variation of deposition current, deposition time, pH value and the ratio of Cu(II) and Co(II) ions. If prepared under current of −200 μA in 0.1 M, pH 4.0 acetate buffer solution, the film possesses high catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of glucose at a largely increased oxidation current compared to a non-modified surface. The electrochemical activity of this sensor can be easily tuned. Glucose is a standard compound for evaluating the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and we have therefore studied the application of the sensor to the determination of this parameter. Under optimized conditions, the sensor has linear response to glucose in the 1.92-768 mg L−1 concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.609 mg L−1 (at an S/N ratio of 3). A large number of surface water samples was studied, and the results obtained by this method were found to be linearly correlated to those obtained by the dichromate method (r = 0.995; n = 33). This study describes the facile synthesis of micro-nano Cu-Co by one-step electrodeposition of Cu(II) and Co(II) on gold electrode. The alloy composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities, and was successfully applied on the COD determination of glucose and water samples. ![]()
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Kondo T, Tamura Y, Hoshino M, Watanabe T, Aikawa T, Yuasa M, Einaga Y. Direct determination of chemical oxygen demand by anodic decomposition of organic compounds at a diamond electrode. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8066-72. [PMID: 25052688 DOI: 10.1021/ac500919k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured directly with a simple electrochemical method using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. By applying a highly positive potential (+2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl) to an aqueous electrolyte containing potassium hydrogen phthalate, glucose, and lactic acid or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate using a BDD electrode, an anodic current corresponding to the electrolytic decomposition of these organic compounds was observed. No such current was seen on glassy carbon or platinum electrodes due to a significant background current caused by the oxygen evolution reaction. The electric charge for the anodic current observed at the BDD electrode was found to be consistent with the theoretical charge required for the electrolytic decomposition of the organic compounds to CO2 and was used to calculate COD. This analysis was performed by a simple I-t measurement at constant potential using a BDD electrode, and no calibration was needed. This new simple indicator, "ECOD" (electrochemical oxygen demand), will be useful for continuous monitoring of industrial wastewater with low protein concentrations and on-site instant analysis of natural water with a BDD electrode-based portable ECOD meter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Rapid determination of the chemical oxygen demand of water using a thermal biosensor. SENSORS 2014; 14:9949-60. [PMID: 24915178 PMCID: PMC4118352 DOI: 10.3390/s140609949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a thermal biosensor with a flow injection analysis system for the determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples. Glucose solutions of different concentrations and actual water samples were tested, and their COD values were determined by measuring the heat generated when the samples passed through a column containing periodic acid. The biosensor exhibited a large linear range (5 to 3000 mg/L) and a low detection limit (1.84 mg/L). It could tolerate the presence of chloride ions in concentrations of 0.015 M without requiring a masking agent. The sensor was successfully used for detecting the COD values of actual samples. The COD values of water samples from various sources were correlated with those obtained by the standard dichromate method; the linear regression coefficient was found to be 0.996. The sensor is environmentally friendly, economical, and highly stable, and exhibits good reproducibility and accuracy. In addition, its response time is short, and there is no danger of hazardous emissions or external contamination. Finally, the samples to be tested do not have to be pretreated. These results suggest that the biosensor is suitable for the continuous monitoring of the COD values of actual wastewater samples.
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Wang C, Wu J, Wang P, Ao Y, Hou J, Qian J. Investigation on the application of titania nanorod arrays to the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 767:141-7. [PMID: 23452798 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, the TiO2 nanorod arrays electrode was developed as a sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) based on a photoelectrochemical degradation principle. Effects of common parameters, such as applied potential, light intensity and pH on its analytical performance were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the nanorod arrays electrode was successfully applied in the COD determination for both synthetic and real samples. In the COD determination, the proposed method can achieve a practical detection limit of 18.3mgL(-1) and a linear range of 20-280mgL(-1). Furthermore, the results obtained by the proposed method were well correlated with those obtained using the conventional (i.e., dichromate) COD determination method. The main advantages of this COD determination method were its simplicity, long term stability and environmental friendly (corrosive and toxic reagents not consumed). This work would open a new application area (COD determination) of the TiO2 nanorod arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Zhou Y, Jing T, Hao Q, Zhou Y, Mei S. A sensitive and environmentally friendly method for determination of chemical oxygen demand using NiCu alloy electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Electrochemical sensing chemical oxygen demand based on the catalytic activity of cobalt oxide film. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 736:55-61. [PMID: 22769005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt oxide sensing film was in situ prepared on glassy carbon electrode surface via constant potential oxidation. Controlling at 0.8 V in NaOH solution, the high-valence cobalt catalytically oxidized the reduced compounds, decreasing its surface amount and current signal. The current decline was used as the response signal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) because COD represents the summation of reduced compounds in water. The surface morphology and electrocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide were readily tuned by variation of deposition potential, time, medium and Co(2+) concentration. As confirmed from the atomic force microscopy measurements, the cobalt oxide film, that prepared at 1.3 V for 40 s in pH 4.6 acetate buffer containing 10 mM Co(NO(3))(2), possesses large surface roughness and numerous three-dimensional structures. Electrochemical tests indicated that the prepared cobalt oxide exhibited high electrocatalytic activity to the reduced compounds, accompanied with strong COD signal enhancement. As a result, a novel electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity, rapid response and operational simplicity was developed for COD. The detection limit was as low as 1.1 mg L(-1). The analytical application was studied using a large number of lake water samples, and the accuracy was tested by standard method.
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Ultrasound electrochemical determination of chemical oxygen demand using boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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A Brief Review on theIn SituSynthesis of Boron-Doped Diamond Thin Films. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/218393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond thin films are well known for their unsurpassed physical and chemical properties. In the recent past, research interests in the synthesis of conductive diamond thin films, especially the boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films, have risen up to cater to the requirements of electronic, biosensoric, and electrochemical applications. BDD thin films are obtained by substituting some of thesp3hybridized carbon atoms in the diamond lattice with boron atoms. Depending on diamond thin film synthesis conditions, boron doping routes, and further processing steps (if any), different types of BDD diamond thin films with application-specific properties can be obtained. This paper will review several important advances in the synthesis of boron-doped diamond thin films, especially those synthesized via gas phase manipulation.
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Bogdanowicz R, Czupryniak J, Gnyba M, Ryl J, Ossowski T, Sobaszek M, Darowicki K. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) at Boron-doped Diamond (BDD) Sensor by Means of Amperometric Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Investigation on Ce-doped TiO2-coated BDD composite electrode with high photoelectrocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Santos LS, Landers R, Gushikem Y. Application of manganese (II) phthalocyanine synthesized in situ in the SiO2/SnO2 mixed oxide matrix for determination of dissolved oxygen by electrochemical techniques. Talanta 2011; 85:1213-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mu Q, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H. Template-free formation of vertically oriented TiO2 nanorods with uniform distribution for organics-sensing application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 188:363-368. [PMID: 21345584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High-density arrays of vertically oriented TiO(2) nanorods with uniform distribution on Ti foil have been formed through template-free oxidation of Ti in hydrogen peroxide solutions. Subsequent thermal treatment was applied for growing mixed crystal structures to pursue higher performance. Morphology characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows a nanorod diameter in the range of 20-50 nm with a length of 1.5 μm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement demonstrates the crystallization of the TiO(2) nanorods prior to thermal treatment and the formation of anatase and rutile mixed phase after thermal treatment. The mixed crystal TiO(2) nanorods show a much higher performance than pure anatase in photoelectrochemical experiments. Steady-state photocurrent resulted from photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds by TiO(2) nanorods is employed as response signal in determination of the organics to yield a linear range of 0-1.1mM for glucose. For other organics, an excellent linear relationship between the net steady-state photocurrent and the concentration of electrons transferred in exhaustive oxidation for these organics is obtained, which empowers the mixed crystal TiO(2) nanorods to serve as versatile material in organics-sensing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Maters Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Qu X, Tian M, Chen S, Liao B, Chen A. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Based on Novel Photoelectro-bifunctional Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang A, Zhou M, Han L, Zhou Q. Amperometric Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand via the Functional Combination of Three Digestion Types. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yu H, Ma C, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H. Flow injection analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1935-1939. [PMID: 19368195 DOI: 10.1021/es8033878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple, environmentally friendly and continuous flow method was developed for the determination of COD based on a flow injection analysis (FIA) system, in which a BDD electrode was employed as the detecting element. The structure and the electrochemical behavior of BDD were investigated by a scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The results demonstrated thatthe high-quality BDD film prepared here was suitable to be used as an electrode, with which the COD measurement could be conducted. The effect of several important experimental parameters, such as applied potentials, pH, flow rates, and supporting electrolyte concentrations, on the analytical performance was investigated. Under optimized testing conditions, the proposed method was successfully applied in the COD analysis of synthetic samples. The linear range and the detection limit were 2-175 and 1 mg L(-1), respectively. In addition, the COD values determined by the proposed method compared well with those analyzed bythe conventional method as demonstrated by small relative errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Cinghită D, Radovan C, Dascălu D. Anodic Voltammetry of Thioacetamide and its Amperometric Determination in Aqueous Media. SENSORS 2008; 8:4560-4581. [PMID: 27873773 PMCID: PMC3705459 DOI: 10.3390/s8084560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TAA is a harmful, presumptive pollutant in tap waters and waste waters. Several alternatives have been tested as new possibilities for the anodic determination of TAA in aqueous solutions, simulated waste waters and tap water. The electrochemical behaviour of thioacetamide (TAA) was investigated at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode both in unbuffered 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ and buffered solutions as supporting electrolytes. The anodic oxidation of TAA showed well-defined limiting currents or current peaks and a good linearity of the amperometric signal vs. concentration plots. The analytical parameters of sensitivity, RSD and LOD, obtained under various experimental conditions, suggest the suitability of the BDD electrode for electroanalytical purposes. Low fouling effects, good reproducibility and stability, as well as the sharpness of the amperometric signals in both unbuffered/ buffered acidic or neutral media, highly superior to those obtained using a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, recommend the unmodified BDD electrode as a promising potential amperometric sensor for environmental applications, regarding the direct anodic determination of TAA in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cinghită
- West University of Timisoara, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Str. Pestalozzi Nr. 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ciprian Radovan
- West University of Timisoara, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Str. Pestalozzi Nr. 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Daniela Dascălu
- West University of Timisoara, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Str. Pestalozzi Nr. 16, 300115, Timisoara, Romania
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Silva CR, Conceição CDC, Bonifácio VG, Filho OF, Teixeira MFS. Determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using a copper electrode: a clean alternative method. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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