1
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Pathak A, Verma N, Tripathi S, Mishra A, Poluri KM. Nanosensor based approaches for quantitative detection of heparin. Talanta 2024; 273:125873. [PMID: 38460425 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Heparin, being a widely employed anticoagulant in numerus clinical complications, requires strict quantification and qualitative screening to ensure the safety of patients from potential threat of thrombocytopenia. However, the intricacy of heparin's chemical structures and low abundance hinders the precise monitoring of its level and quality in clinical settings. Conventional laboratory assays have limitations in sensitivity and specificity, necessitating the development of innovative approaches. In this context, nanosensors emerged as a promising solution due to enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to detect heparin even at low concentrations. This review delves into a range of sensing approaches including colorimetric, fluorometric, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques using different types of nanomaterials, thus providing insights of its principles, capabilities, and limitations. Moreover, integration of smart-phone with nanosensors for point of care diagnostics has also been explored. Additionally, recent advances in nanopore technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been discussed offering specificity against contaminants present in heparin to ensure its quality. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting the potential of nanosensors, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of efficient, reliable, and economical heparin detection methods providing improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Pathak
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nishchay Verma
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Liu JX, Wu MX, Ding SN. Aggregation-Induced Emission Enhancement of CdSe QDs by Protamine and its Application to Sensitively and Selectively Detect Heparin. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180330160743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Heparin, it is commercially used as an anticoagulant in surgical procedures for
the prevention of blood clotting. However, overdose and prolonged use of heparin often induce potentially
fatal bleeding complication. So, it is of crucial importance to monitor closely heparin levels for
the sake of health. In this work, a sensitive fluorescence sensing platform to detect heparin was set up
based on MPA-CdSe QDs (quantum dots) and protamine enhanced fluorescent system.
Methods:
The image of CdSe QDs was taken on a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (JEOL
Ltd.). The fluorescence spectrum was recorded on a FluoroMax-4 fluorescence spectrophotometer
(Horiba, USA). UV–vis absorption spectrum was recorded using a Shimadzu UV-2450 Spectrophotometer
(Tokyo, Japan). A vortex mixer IKA MS3 digital was selected to mix the solution.
Results:
Under optimized conditions, the linear response to detect heparin ranges from 0.06 to 14 µg
mL-1 with a detection limit of 8 ng mL-1. The approach showed a highly selective response to heparin in
the presence of 16 interfered substances.
Conclusion:
A simple method for the detection of heparin was developed based on MPA-CdSe QDs
and protamine enhanced fluorescent system. The electrostatic effect between MPA-CdSe QDs and protamine
resulted in strong fluorescence enhancement from the MPA-CdSe QDs. Moreover, the addition
of heparin could cause a significant fluorescence decrease due to the strong affinity of protamine and
heparin. Under optimal conditions, this method displayed a low detection limit and good selectivity
over other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mei-Xia Wu
- Lianshui People's Hospital, Jiangsu 223400, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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3
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Qi Y, He J, Xiu FR, Yu X, Li Y, Lu Y, Gao X, Song Z, Li B. A facile chemiluminescence sensing for ultrasensitive detection of heparin using charge effect of positively-charged AuNPs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 216:310-318. [PMID: 30909087 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan with the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Herein, this highly negative charge structure of heparin and the charge effect from positively-charged AuNPs for luminol chemiluminescence (CL) reaction were combined to build a facile and sensitive CL strategy for detection of heparin. The highly negative charge structure of heparin molecules (four negatively-charged side groups per repeat unit) and the effective signal amplification of charge effect from positively-charged AuNPs make this analysis to display high sensitivity for heparin detection, and the detection limit is as low as 0.06 ng/mL. It is about two orders of magnitude lower than the previously reported colorimetric assay and far lower than the current analysis methods. The established CL strategy is to use the electrostatic interaction between heparin and signal probe (positively-charged AuNPs). Since polyanionic heparin has the highest negative charge in biological system, this CL sensing shows high selectivity for the detection of heparin, and hyaluronic acid (HA), an analogue of heparin, cannot cause interference. This CL sensing succeeded in detecting heparin in human serum samples. Besides, polycationic protamine, heparin antidote, can respond to the system's CL signals through its strong interactions with heparin, thus indirectly detecting protamine. For protamine in serum samples, the detection result was basically consistent with Coomassie brilliant blue assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qi
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Jiahuan He
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Fu-Rong Xiu
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Yongwei Lu
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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4
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Qu F, Xia W, Xia L, You J, Han W. A ratiometric detection of heparin with high sensitivity based on aggregation-enhanced emission of gold nanoclusters triggered by silicon nanoparticles. Talanta 2018; 193:37-43. [PMID: 30368295 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin (Hep) is a widely applied anticoagulant and the quantification of heparin concentration is pivotal for clinical use. In this work, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) modified by the amino groups and glutathione-capped gold nanoclusters (GSH-AuNCs) are able to self-assemble into spherical particle structures via the electrostatic interaction, resulting in the aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) of GSH-AuNCs. However, Hep, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan with much more negative charges, can bind with the SiNPs and inhibit the aggregation. As a result, it causes the AEE quenching of GSH-AuNCs at 570 nm but the SiNPs keep their own blue fluorescence at 450 nm. Thus, the SiNPs can act as an internal reference and the GSH-AuNCs are used as a signal probe in this process. The ratiometric fluorescent signal (I570/I450) change of the nanohybrid probe is positively correlated with Hep concentrations in the range from 6.44 ng/mL to 96.6 ng/mL with the detection limit of 3.29 ng/mL. As expected, this strategy shows good sensitivity and selectivity, and it is also successfully applied to detect Hep in Hep sodium injection and human serum samples with good recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenle Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Lian Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmao You
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
| | - Wenli Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Almeida Júnior PL, Mendes CHS, Lima IAFS, Belian MF, Oliveira SCB, Brett CMA, Nascimento VB. Ferricyanide Confined in a Protonated Amine-Functionalized Silica Film on Gold: Application to Electrocatalytic Sensing of Nitrite Ions. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1329834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos H. S. Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A. F. S. Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mônica F. Belian
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher M. A. Brett
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valberes B. Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Dong S, Liu X, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Zong C, Liang A, Gai H. Sensing Active Heparin by Counting Aggregated Quantum Dots at Single-Particle Level. ACS Sens 2017; 2:80-86. [PMID: 28722442 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing highly sensitive and highly selective assays for monitoring heparin levels in blood is required during and after surgery. In previous studies, electrostatic interactions are exploited to recognize heparin and changes in light signal intensity are used to sense heparin. In the present study, we developed a quantum dot (QD) aggregation-based detection strategy to quantify heparin. When cationic micelles and fluorescence QDs modified with anti-thrombin III (AT III) are added into heparin sample solution, the AT III-QDs, which specifically bind with heparin, aggregate around the micelles. The aggregated QDs are recorded by spectral imaging fluorescence microscopy and differentiated from single QDs based on the asynchronous process of blue shift and photobleaching. The ratio of aggregated QD spots to all counted QD spots is linearly related to the amount of heparin in the range of 4.65 × 10 -4 U/mL to 0.023 U/mL. The limit of detection is 9.3 × 10 -5 U/mL (∼0.1 nM), and the recovery of the spiked heparin at 0.00465 U/mL (∼5 nM) in 0.1% human plasma is acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Dong
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Chenghua Zong
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Aiye Liang
- Department
of Physical Sciences, Charleston Southern University, Charleston, South Carolina 29406, United States
| | - Hongwei Gai
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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7
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Qu F, Liu Y, Lao H, Wang Y, You J. Colorimetric detection of heparin with high sensitivity based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles induced by polymer nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged heparin hinders the aggregation of Au nanoparticles induced by the cationic polymer nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
| | - Yanqun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
| | - Haili Lao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- Binzhou Central Hospital
- Binzhou Medical College
- Binzhou 256600
- China
| | - Yaping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
| | - Jinmao You
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
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8
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Martynov LY, Naumova AO, Zaitsev NK. Determination of a polyhexamethylene guanidine by voltammetry at an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Tavoli F, Alizadeh N. Electrically induced fluorescence Fe3+ sensing behavior of nanostructured Tiron doped polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 946:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Niu WJ, Zhu RH, Cosnier S, Zhang XJ, Shan D. Ferrocyanide-Ferricyanide Redox Couple Induced Electrochemiluminescence Amplification of Carbon Dots for Ultrasensitive Sensing of Glutathione. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11150-6. [PMID: 26478177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a novel solid-state ECL sensor for ultrasensitive sensing of glutathione (GSH) based on ferrocyanide-ferricyanide redox couple (Fe(CN)6(3-/4-)) induced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) amplification of carbon dots (C-dots). The electropolymerization of C-dots and (11-pyrrolyl-1-yl-undecyl) triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (A2) enabled immobilization of the hydrophilic C-dots on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) perfectly, while the excellent conductivity of polypyrrole was exploited to accelerate electron transfer between them. The Fe(CN)6(3-/4-) can expeditiously convert the C-dots and S2O8(2-) to C-dot(•-) and SO4(•-), respectively. High yields of the excited state C-dots (C-dots*) were obtained, and a ∼10-fold ECL amplification was realized. The C-dots* obtained through the recombination of electron-injected and hole-injected processes may be impeded due to the interference of GSH to K2S2O8. Therefore, the constructed sensor for GSH showed a detection limit down to 54.3 nM (S/N = 3) and a wide linear range from 0.1-1.0 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Niu
- Sino-French Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Rong-Hui Zhu
- Sino-French Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Serge Cosnier
- University of Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Xue-Ji Zhang
- Sino-French Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Sino-French Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
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Zhang Z, Miao Y, Zhang Q, Lian L, Yan G. Selective room temperature phosphorescence detection of heparin based on manganese-doped zinc sulfide quantum dots/polybrene self-assembled nanosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Abramova N, Bratov A. Title Monitoring Protamine-Heparin Interactions Using Microcapillary Impedimetric Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Artemyeva AA, Samarina TO, Sharov AV, Abramchuk SS, Ovcharenko ЕО, Dityuk AI, Efimov KM, Beklemishev MK. Highly sensitive determination of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) by Rayleigh scattering using aggregation of silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Alizadeh N, Tavoli F. Enhancing electrochromic contrast and redox stability of nanostructure polypyrrole film doped by heparin as polyanion in different solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Farnaz Tavoli
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
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Zheng CL, Ji ZX, Zhang J, Ding SN. A fluorescent sensor to detect sodium dodecyl sulfate based on the glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters/poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride system. Analyst 2014; 139:3476-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters and poly(diallyldimethylammonium)chloride enhanced fluorescent system was used to detect sodium dodecyl sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 211189 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Ji
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 211189 Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 211189 Nanjing, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- 211189 Nanjing, China
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