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Boccaccini F, Riccucci C, Messina E, Pascucci M, Bosi F, Aldega L, Ciccola A, Postorino P, Favero G, Ingo GM, Di Carlo G. Early Stages of Metal Corrosion in Coastal Archaeological Sites: Effects of Chemical Composition in Silver and Copper Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:442. [PMID: 38255610 PMCID: PMC10820586 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, metal disks with different chemical composition (two Ag-based alloys and three Cu-based alloys) were buried in the soil of coastal archaeological sites for a period of 15 years. The aim was to naturally induce the growth of corrosion patinas to obtain a deeper insight into the role of alloying elements in the formation of the patinas and into the degradation mechanisms occurring in the very early stages of burial. To reach the aim, the morphological, compositional and structural features of the patinas grown over 15 years were extensively characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that the Cu amount in Ag-based alloys strongly affected the final appearance, as well as the composition and structure of the patinas. Corrosion mechanisms typical of archaeological finds, such as the selective dissolution of Cu, Pb and Zn and internal oxidation of Sn, occurred in the Cu-based alloys, even if areas enriched in Zn and Pb compounds were also detected and attributed to an early stage of degradation. In addition, some unusual and rare compounds were detected in the patinas developed on the Cu-based disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boccaccini
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Cristina Riccucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Elena Messina
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Marianna Pascucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Ferdinando Bosi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Luca Aldega
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Gabriel Maria Ingo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
| | - Gabriella Di Carlo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (C.R.); (E.M.); (M.P.); (G.M.I.)
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Boccaccini F, Riccucci C, Messina E, Pascucci M, Bosi F, Chelazzi D, Guaragnone T, Baglioni P, Ingo GM, Di Carlo G. Reproducing bronze archaeological patinas through intentional burial: A comparison between short- and long-term interactions with soil. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19626. [PMID: 37810079 PMCID: PMC10558880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproduction of archaeological corrosion patinas is a key issue for the reliable validation of conservation materials before their use on cultural objects. In this study, bronze disks were intentionally buried for 15 years in the soil of the archaeological site of Tharros, both in laboratory and in situ, with the aim of reproducing corrosion patinas typical of archaeological artifacts to be used as representative surfaces for testing novel cleaning gels. The microstructural, microchemical and mineralogical features of the patinas were analyzed by a multianalytical approach, based on optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (FE-SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The patinas developed in 15 years were compared with an archaeological bronze recovered from the same site after about two thousand years of burial (referred as short-term and long-term interaction, respectively). Results revealed a similar corrosion behavior, especially in terms of chemical composition and corrosion mechanisms. XRD detected the ubiquitous presence of cuprite, copper hydroxychlorides and terrigenous minerals, while OM and FE-SEM-EDS analyses of cross-sections evidenced similar patinas' stratigraphy, identifying decuprification as driving corrosion mechanism. However, some differences related to the type of local environment and to the time spent in soil were evidenced. In particular, patinas developed in situ are more heterogeneous and rougher, while the archaeological one is thicker and presents a major amount of cuprite, terrigenous deposits and uncommon corrosion compounds. Based on our findings, the disks buried in situ were selected and used as disposable substrates to study the cleaning effect of a novel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based gel loaded with a chelating agent (Na2EDTA · 2H2O). Results show that the gel is effective in removing disfiguring degradation compounds and preserving the stable and protective patina. Based on the conservation needs, the time of application can be properly tuned. It is worth noticing that after a few minutes the green corrosion products can be selectively removed. The EDS analysis performed on the gels after cleaning reveals that they are highly selective for the removal of copper(II) compounds rather than Cu(I) oxide or Cu(0) from bronze substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boccaccini
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Riccucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Elena Messina
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Marianna Pascucci
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bosi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence (Italy)
| | - Teresa Guaragnone
- CSGI and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence (Italy)
| | - Piero Baglioni
- CSGI and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence (Italy)
| | - Gabriel Maria Ingo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Carlo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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Avranovich Clerici E, de Meyer S, Vanmeert F, Legrand S, Monico L, Miliani C, Janssens K. Multi-Scale X-ray Imaging of the Pigment Discoloration Processes Triggered by Chlorine Compounds in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi. Molecules 2023; 28:6106. [PMID: 37630361 PMCID: PMC10459633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th-13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl2·20Cu(OH)2·6H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Avranovich Clerici
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Steven de Meyer
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Paintings Laboratory, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Jubelpark 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Legrand
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Letizia Monico
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Scientific Methodologies Applied to Archaeology Centre of Excellence (SMAArt), Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-ISPC, Institute of Cultural Heritage Sciences, Via Card. G. Sanfelice 8, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Koen Janssens
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yang X, Wu W, Chen K. Investigation on the electrochemical evolution of the Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy covered with CuCl in a simulated atmospheric environment. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Salem Y. Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yussri Salem
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology South Valley University Qena Egypt
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6
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Electrochemical analysis of coffin portraits from the National Museum in Krakow. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Doménech-Carbó A, Mödlinger M, Teresa Doménech-Carbó M. Multiple-scan voltammetry and OCP: Archaeometric tools for dating archaeological bronzes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mikić D, Otmačić Ćurković H, Kosec T, Peko N. An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study of Surfaces on Bronze Sculptures Exposed to Urban Environment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14082063. [PMID: 33923924 PMCID: PMC8073501 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polluted urban environment enhances dissolution of patina and underlying bronze material of recent and historical bronze sculptures exposed outdoors. In this work, two bronze statues, situated in one of the most polluted Croatian cities, were examined in order to characterize composition of patina and its electrochemical stability. The composition of patina on several positions on each sculpture was determined by EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted in order to evaluate the corrosion stability of both patina and underlying bronze. Results obtained in this work show that the two examined bronze sculptures were covered with patina layer that was mainly composed of copper sulfides and sulphates, which is in accordance with the high concentrations of H2S and SO2 in the atmosphere. However, the variations in the appearance of FTIR and Raman spectra revealed that the amount of each species differed from spot to spot, as well as the fact that other compounds, such as carbonates, were present at some areas. This difference in patina composition was reflected in electrochemical behavior as observed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Mikić
- Research Laboratory for Corrosion Engineering and Surface Protection, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Helena Otmačić Ćurković
- Research Laboratory for Corrosion Engineering and Surface Protection, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4597-117
| | - Tadeja Kosec
- Laboratory for Metals, Corrosion and Anticorrosion Protection, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, SI 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Neven Peko
- Conservation-Restoration Workshop, Sisak City Museum, HR 44000 Sisak, Croatia;
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9
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Heritage Object Coatings with Four Hyperspectral Imaging Systems. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced imaging techniques can noninvasively characterise, monitor, and evaluate how conservation treatments affect cultural heritage objects. In this specific field, hyperspectral imaging allows nondestructive characterisation of materials by identifying and characterising colouring agents, binders, and protective coatings as components of an object’s original construction or later historic additions. Furthermore, hyperspectral imaging can be used to monitor deterioration or changes caused by environmental conditions. This paper examines the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the evaluation of heritage objects. Four cameras operating in different spectral ranges were used to nondestructively scan a beehive panel painting that originated from the Slovene Ethnographic Museum collection. The specific objective of this research was to identify pigments and binders present in the samples and to spatially map the presence of these across the surface of the art piece. Merging the results with databases created in parallel using other reference methods allows for the identification of materials originally used by the artist on the panel. Later interventions to the original paintings can also be traced as part of past conservation campaigns.
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Doménech-Carbó A, Ramírez-Barat B, Petiti C, Goidanich S, Doménech-Carbó MT, Cano E. Characterization of traditional artificial patinas on copper using the voltammetry of immobilized particles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Optimisation of the setup of LPR and EIS measurements for the onsite, non-invasive study of metallic artefacts. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Doménech-Carbó A, Donnici M, Álvarez-Romero C, Daniele S, Doménech-Carbó MT. Multiple-scan voltammetry of immobilized particles of ancient copper/bronze coins. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Di Fazio M, Felici AC, Catalli F, Doménech-Carbó MT, De Vito C, Doménech-Carbó A. Solid-state electrochemical characterization of emissions and authorities producing Roman brass coins. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Doménech-Carbó A, Bernabeu-Aubán J. Correlation between lead isotope analysis and solid-state electrochemistry for determining the provenance of archaeological bronze. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Doménech‐Carbó A, Doménech‐Carbó MT, Álvarez‐Romero C, Pasíes T, Buendía M. Screening of Iberian Coinage in the 2
th
‐1
th
BCE Period Using the Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech‐Carbó
- Departament de Química AnalíticaUniversitat de València Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - María Teresa Doménech‐Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del PatrimoniUniversitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Carla Álvarez‐Romero
- Institut de Restauració del PatrimoniUniversitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Trinidad Pasíes
- Museu de Prehistòria de València Corona 36 46003 Valencia Spain
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Castelló-Palacios A, Guerola-Blay V, Pérez-Marín E. Electrochemical identification of painters/workshops: The case of Valencian Renaissance-Baroque painters (ca. 1550- ca. 1670). Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Di Turo F, Parra R, Piquero-Cilla J, Favero G, Doménech-Carbó A. Crossing VIMP and EIS for studying heterogeneous sets of copper/bronze coins. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Di Fazio M, Di Turo F, Medeghini L, Fabrizi L, Catalli F, De Vito C. New insights on medieval Provisini silver coins by a combination of non-destructive and micro-invasive techniques. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Cosano D, Esquivel D, Mateos LD, Quesada F, Jiménez-Sanchidrián C, Ruiz JR. Spectroscopic analysis of corrosion products in a bronze cauldron from the Late Iberian Iron Age. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 205:489-496. [PMID: 30059875 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selected bronze fragments unearthed at Cerro de la Cruz (Almedinilla, southern Spain) were analyzed to determine the chemical composition of the corrosion products formed on their surface. The fragments came from a large bronze cauldron used in an Iberian village that was devastated in the mid II century BCE - possibly around 141 BCE. The fragments were analyzed by using various instrumental techniques including electron scanning microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and also by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Based on the results, being buried for a long time caused the main elements in the alloy to mineralize and form stratified layers consisting of various mineral phases including cuprite (Cu2O), malachite [Cu2CO3(OH)2] and cassiterite (Sn2O). The fragments also contained chloride and trihydroxychloride compounds such as nantokite (CuCl) and atacamite [Cu2Cl(OH)3], respectively, which make conservation of archaeological objects troublesome. These results testify to a strong interaction of the alloy elements with soil components. Also, the results obtained suggest a Type I of corrosion structure. Using the SEM-EDS, XRD and XRF and micro-Raman spectroscopies allowed corrosion products in the fragments to be successfully characterized in microchemical and structural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cosano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Carretera Nal. IV-A km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Esquivel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Carretera Nal. IV-A km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura D Mateos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Carretera Nal. IV-A km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Quesada
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Jiménez-Sanchidrián
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Carretera Nal. IV-A km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Rafael Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Carretera Nal. IV-A km. 396, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Inberg A, Ashkenazi D, Cohen M, Iddan N, Cvikel D. Corrosion products and microstructure of copper alloy coins from the Byzantine-period Ma'agan Mikhael B shipwreck, Israel. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Patina enrichment with SnO2 and its effect on soluble Cu cation release and passivity of high-purity Cu-Sn bronze in artificial perspiration. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Catelli E, Sciutto G, Prati S, Jia Y, Mazzeo R. Characterization of outdoor bronze monument patinas: the potentialities of near-infrared spectroscopic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24379-24393. [PMID: 29948721 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The corrosion products usually found on outdoor bronzes are generated by the interaction between the metal alloy and the atmospheric pollutants. To protect the external surface of bronzes, different organic materials (natural or synthetic) can be applied, creating over time a patina consisting of a complex mixture of inorganic and organic degraded components. The correct chemical characterization of patina constituents is fundamental to define the state of conservation of a metal artwork and address proper restoration actions. In this paper, we evaluated the potentialities of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance microscopy (4000-7500 cm-1) as complementary method to mid-infrared (MIR) analyses for the characterization of bronze patinas. Although NIR spectroscopy has been already used in the field of heritage science, its application for the characterization of bronze patinas is almost unexplored. In this paper, several corrosion products usually found on the surface of outdoor bronze sculptures were synthesized, characterized, and submitted to the NIR-MIR total reflection analysis to build up a reference spectral database. We devoted particular attention to the NIR features of copper hydroxychlorides, such as atacamite and paratacamite, which have not been studied in detail up to now. A selection of organic-based formulations, commonly used by restorers to protect the bronze surface against the outdoor aggressive environment, were also considered as references. Successively, NIR-MIR reflectance microscopy was successfully employed for the analysis of patina micro-samples collected from the bronze statues of the Neptune Fountain (sixteenth century) located in Bologna. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of NIR spectroscopy to identify organic and inorganic patina constituents, even in mixtures. In addition, the study can be considered as a proof of concept for the possible future application of the technique for in situ diagnostic campaigns on bronze sculptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Catelli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sciutto
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvia Prati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Yiming Jia
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rocco Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy.
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Di Turo F, Montoya N, Piquero-Cilla J, De Vito C, Coletti F, Favero G, Doménech-Carbó MT, Doménech-Carbó A. Dating Archaeological Strata in theMagna MaterTemple Using Solid-state Voltammetric Analysis of Leaded Bronze Coins. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Turo
- Department of Earth Sciences; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - Joan Piquero-Cilla
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Fulvio Coletti
- Parco Archeologico del Colosseo; Piazza di S. Maria Nova 53 Rome
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni; Universitat Politècnica de València; Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
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Pięta E, Lekki J, del Hoyo-Meléndez JM, Paluszkiewicz C, Nowakowski M, Matosz M, Kwiatek WM. Surface characterization of medieval silver coins minted by the early Piasts: FT-IR mapping and SEM/EDX studies. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pięta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; PL-31342 Krakow Poland
| | - Janusz Lekki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; PL-31342 Krakow Poland
| | - Julio M. del Hoyo-Meléndez
- Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects; National Museum in Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Michał Nowakowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; PL-31342 Krakow Poland
| | - Marta Matosz
- Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects; National Museum in Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech M. Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; PL-31342 Krakow Poland
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Di Turo F, De Vito C, Coletti F, Mazzei F, Antiochia R, Favero G. A multi-analytical approach for the validation of a jellified electrolyte: Application to the study of ancient bronze patina. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Redondo-Marugán J, Piquero-Cilla J, Doménech-Carbó MT, Ramírez-Barat B, Sekhaneh WA, Capelo S, Doménech-Carbó A. Characterizing archaeological bronze corrosion products intersecting electrochemical impedance measurements with voltammetry of immobilized particles. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Álvarez-Romero C, Montoya N, Pasíes-Oviedo T, Buendía M. Electrochemical Characterization of Coinage Techniques the 17thCentury: ThemaravedísCase. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni; Universitat Politècnica de València; Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Carla Álvarez-Romero
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni; Universitat Politècnica de València; Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT. Electroanalytical techniques in archaeological and art conservation. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The application of electrochemical techniques for obtaining analytical information of interest in the fields of archaeometry, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage goods is reviewed. Focused on voltammetry of immobilised particles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, electrochemical measurements offer valuable information for identifying and quantifying components, tracing provenances and manufacturing techniques and provide new tools for authentication and dating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica , Universitat de València , Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València) , Spain
| | - María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni , Universitat Politècnica de València , Camí de Vera 14, 46022, València , Spain
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Montagna E, Álvarez-Romero C, Lee Y. Electrochemical discrimination of mints: The last Chinese emperors Kuang Hsü and Hsüan T'ung monetary unification. Talanta 2017; 169:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Di Turo F, Montoya N, Piquero-Cilla J, De Vito C, Coletti F, Favero G, Doménech-Carbó A. Archaeometric analysis of Roman bronze coins from the Magna Mater temple using solid-state voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 955:36-47. [PMID: 28088279 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetry of microparticles (VMP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, complemented by SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy, were applied to a set of 15 Roman bronze coins and one Tessera from the temple of Magna Mater (Rome, Italy). The archaeological site, dated back between the second half and the end of the 4th century A.D., presented a complicated stratigraphic context. Characteristic voltammetric patterns for cuprite and tenorite for sub-microsamples of the corrosion layers of the coins deposited onto graphite electrodes in contact with 0.10 M HClO4 aqueous solution yielded a grouping of the coins into three main groups. This grouping was confirmed and refined using EIS experiments of the coins immersed in air-saturated mineral water using the reduction of dissolved oxygen as a redox probe. The electrochemical grouping of coins corroborated the complex stratigraphy of the archaeological site and, above all, the reuse of the coins during the later periods due to the economic issues related to the fall of the Roman Empire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Turo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Joan Piquero-Cilla
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Coletti
- Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il Museo Nazionale Romano e l'Area Archeologica di Roma, P.zza dei Cinquecento 67, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Valle-Algarra FM, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Osete-Cortina L, Bosch-Reig F. On-line database of voltammetric data of immobilized particles for identifying pigments and minerals in archaeometry, conservation and restoration (ELCHER database). Anal Chim Acta 2016; 927:1-12. [PMID: 27237832 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A web-based database of voltammograms is presented for characterizing artists' pigments and corrosion products of ceramic, stone and metal objects by means of the voltammetry of immobilized particles methodology. Description of the website and the database is provided. Voltammograms are, in most cases, accompanied by scanning electron microphotographs, X-ray spectra, infrared spectra acquired in attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy mode (ATR-FTIR) and diffuse reflectance spectra in the UV-Vis-region. For illustrating the usefulness of the database two case studies involving identification of pigments and a case study describing deterioration of an archaeological metallic object are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera 14, 46022, València, Spain.
| | | | | | - Laura Osete-Cortina
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera 14, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Reig
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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33
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Redondo-Marugán J, Osete-Cortina L, Vivancos-Ramón MV. Electrochemical Characterization of Corrosion Products in Leaded Bronze Sculptures Considering Ohmic Drop Effects on Tafel Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Silva M, Valle-Algarra FM, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Bosch-Reig F, Mateo-Castro R. Screening and mapping of pigments in paintings using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Analyst 2015; 140:1065-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique for identifying and mapping of both organic and inorganic pigments in sub-microsamples from pictorial specimens is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica. Universitat de València
- 46100 Burjassot (València)
- Spain
| | | | - Miguel Silva
- Institut de Restauració dnel Patrimoni
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- València
- Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Bosch-Reig
- Departament de Química Analítica. Universitat de València
- 46100 Burjassot (València)
- Spain
| | - Rufino Mateo-Castro
- Departament de Química Analítica. Universitat de València
- 46100 Burjassot (València)
- Spain
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35
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, López-López F, Valle-Algarra FM, Osete-Cortina L, Haartman EAV. Electrochemical Characterization of Egyptian Blue Pigment in Wall Paintings Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles Methodology. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Highly graphitic carbon black-supported platinum nanoparticle catalyst and its enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic medium. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Giannossa LC, Loperfido S, Caggese M, De Benedetto GE, Laviano R, Sabbatini L, Mangone A. A systematic characterization of fibulae from Italy: from chemical composition to microstructure and corrosion processes. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Cachet-Vivier C, Keddam M, Vivier V, Yu L. Development of cavity microelectrode devices and their uses in various research fields. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Mapping of corrosion products of highly altered archeological iron using voltammetry of microparticles. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Doménech A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Pasies T, del Carmen Bouzas M. Modeling Corrosion of Archaeological Silver-Copper Coins Using the Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Urbanová M, Kupčík J, Bezdička P, Šubrt J, Pola J. Room-temperature sulfidation of copper nanoparticles with sulfur yielding covellite nanoparticles. CR CHIM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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XPS characterization of (copper-based) coloured stains formed on limestone surfaces of outdoor Roman monuments. Chem Cent J 2012; 6 Suppl 2:S10. [PMID: 22594435 PMCID: PMC3342129 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-s2-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Limestone basements holding bronzes or other copper alloys artefacts such as sculptures, decorations and dedicatory inscriptions are frequently met both in modern and ancient monuments. In outdoor conditions, such a combination implies the corrosion products of the copper based alloy, directly exposed to rainwater, will be drained off and migrate through the porous surfaces, forming stains of different colours and intensities, finally causing the limestone structures to deteriorate.In this work we have analysed samples from two modern limestone monuments in Rome, the Botticino surfaces of the 'Vittoriano' (by G.Sacconi, 1885-1911- Piazza Venezia) and the travertine basement of the 'Statua dello Studente' (by A.Cataldi, 1920- University city, La Sapienza), and focussed our investigation on the chemical composition of the copper-stained zones using XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) as a surface-specific technique.Based on observations reporting on the structure and bonding at the calcite surfaces we have identified copper complexes and mixed calcium/copper carbonates associated with the stains, as well as the chemical state of other elements therein included, and related the compositional changes with differences in chromatic characteristics and sampling locations.
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Doménech A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Pasies T, Bouzas MC. Application of Modified Tafel Analysis to the Identification of Corrosion Products on Archaeological Metals Using Voltammetry of Microparticles. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Layer-by-layer identification of copper alteration products in metallic works of art using the voltammetry of microparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 680:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis for oxygen reduction reaction in 3.5% NaCl solution. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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