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Karg A, Rößler T, Mark A, Markus P, Lauster T, Helfricht N, Papastavrou G. A Versatile and Simple Approach to Electrochemical Colloidal Probes for Direct Force Measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13537-13547. [PMID: 34752120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal probe technique, which is based on micrometer-sized colloidal particles that are attached to the end of a cantilever, revolutionized direct force measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Its major advantages are a defined interaction geometry and a high force sensitivity. Here, we present a versatile and simple approach for preparing spherical electrodes in the micrometer range on an otherwise insulated AFM cantilever. Thereby, it becomes possible to combine direct force measurements and potentiostatic control of the probe for various types of electrode materials. Two examples for the use of such electrochemical colloidal probes (eCP) are presented: First, on soft, conductive films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) the adhesion behavior was studied. The current through the contact area between the probe and film remained constant until the jump-out of contact, indicating a constant geometrical contact area. Second, the long-range forces due to diffuse layer overlap between an eCP and a glass surface have been determined as a function of the externally applied potential. The resulting interaction force profiles are in good agreement with those calculated based on charge regulation and solutions of the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tamino Rößler
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Mark
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Markus
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Lauster
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Trikantzopoulos E, Yang C, Ganesana M, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Novel carbon-fiber microelectrode batch fabrication using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin. Analyst 2016; 141:5256-5260. [PMID: 27536741 PMCID: PMC5019535 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glass insulated carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are standard tools for the measurement of neurotransmitters. However, electrodes are fabricated individually and the glass can shatter, limiting application in higher order mammals. Here, we developed a novel microelectrode batch fabrication method using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin insulating agent. The 3D-printed mold is low cost, customizable to change the electrode shape, and allows 40 electrodes to be made simultaneously. The polyimide resin is biocompatible, quick to cure, and does not adhere to the plastic mold. The electrodes were tested for the response to dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry both in vitro and in vivo and performed similarly to traditional glass-insulated electrodes, but with lower background currents. Thus, polyimide-insulated electrodes can be mass-produced using a 3D-printed mold and are an attractive alternative for making cheap, biocompatible microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Liu Y, Li M, Zhang F, Zhu A, Shi G. Development of Au Disk Nanoelectrode Down to 3 nm in Radius for Detection of Dopamine Release from a Single Cell. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5531-8. [PMID: 25940227 DOI: 10.1021/ac5042999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A Au disk nanoelectrode down to 3 nm in radius was developed by a facile and reliable method and successfully applied for monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles. A fine etched Au wire was coated with cathodic electrophoretic paint followed by polyimide, which retracted from the tip end during curing to expose the Au nanotip. By cyclic voltammetric scanning the above tip in 0.5 M KCl, the transformation of a core-shaped apex into a geometrically well-defined Au disk nanoelectrode with different dimensions can be controllably and reproducibly achieved. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and steady-state voltammetry were used to determine the size of nanoelectrodes. The results showed that the specific etching and insulation method not only avoids the use of toxic etching solution and the uncontrollable treatment to expose the tip but also makes possible the controllable and reproducible fabrication of Au disk nanoelectrode down to 3 nm in radius. The nanoelectrodes with well-demonstrated analytical performance were further applied for amperometrically monitoring dopamine release from single rat pheochromacytoma cells with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Meina Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Anwei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
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Li J, Liu Y, Wei W, Luo S. Fabrication of Tiron Doped Poly-Pyrrole/Carbon Nanotubes on Low Resistance Monolayer-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Selective Determination of Dopamine. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.511744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lan G, Liu Y, Zeng X, Liu Y, Wei W. Carbon nanotubes on low resistance monolayer-modified glassy carbon electrode as chemo/biosensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Park J, Quaiserová-Mocko V, Patel BA, Novotný M, Liu A, Bian X, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. Diamond microelectrodes for in vitro electroanalytical measurements: current status and remaining challenges. Analyst 2007; 133:17-24. [PMID: 18087609 DOI: 10.1039/b710236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An emerging research field in electrochemistry today is the preparation, characterization and application of diamond microelectrodes for electroanalytical measurements in biological media. Interest in this new electrode material stems from its outstanding properties: (i) hardness, (ii) low, stable and pH-independent background current, (iii) morphological and microstructural stability over a wide range of potentials, (iv) good electrochemical responsiveness for multiple redox analytes without any conventional pre-treatment and (v) weak molecular adsorption of polar molecules that leads to a high level of resistance to response deactivation and electrode fouling. Diamond electrodes have advanced in recent years from being simply a scientific curiosity into a viable material for electroanalysis. In this article, we highlight the current state of progress by our laboratory and others on the preparation, study of the basic electrochemical properties, and application of this new type of microelectrode for in vitro electroanalytical measurements, and discuss some of the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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