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Kosec T, Leban MB, Ropret P, Finšgar M. The impact of urban rain on the changes of bare and artificially patinated bronze during 9-year exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31925-31941. [PMID: 38641690 PMCID: PMC11133102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants in the air form acid rain which interacts with bronze surfaces exposed in urban outdoor environment. In this study, different types of patinas on bronze were investigated during and after 9 years of exposure to urban environment in moderately polluted continental city. Natural bronze patina and artificial brown sulphide, green chloride, and green-blue nitrate patinas were investigated. Visual assessment was carried out at defined periods. After 9 years of exposure, an electrochemical study was performed to investigate the electrochemical activity of the patinas in artificial urban rain. Additionally, the patinas were characterised using a variety of techniques, including metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyse the surface morphology, chemical composition, and stratigraphic features of the patinas. Evolution of the patinas was shown to be a result of both, the composition of the acid rain and the hydrophobicity of the patinated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Kosec
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mirjam Bajt Leban
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polonca Ropret
- Research Institute, Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Poljanska cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
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Avranovich Clerici E, de Meyer S, Vanmeert F, Legrand S, Monico L, Miliani C, Janssens K. Multi-Scale X-ray Imaging of the Pigment Discoloration Processes Triggered by Chlorine Compounds in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi. Molecules 2023; 28:6106. [PMID: 37630361 PMCID: PMC10459633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th-13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl2·20Cu(OH)2·6H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Avranovich Clerici
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Steven de Meyer
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Paintings Laboratory, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Jubelpark 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Legrand
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Letizia Monico
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Scientific Methodologies Applied to Archaeology Centre of Excellence (SMAArt), Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-ISPC, Institute of Cultural Heritage Sciences, Via Card. G. Sanfelice 8, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Koen Janssens
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.d.M.); (F.V.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (K.J.)
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Non-Invasive Assessment of PVA-Borax Hydrogel Effectiveness in Removing Metal Corrosion Products on Stones by Portable NMR. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040265. [PMID: 34940325 PMCID: PMC8701805 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cleaning of buildings, statues, and artworks composed of stone materials from metal corrosion is an important topic in the cultural heritage field. In this work the cleaning effectiveness of a PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel in removing metal corrosion products from different porosity stones has been assessed by using a multidisciplinary and non-destructive approach based on relaxation times measurement by single-sided portable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman Spectroscopy. To this end, samples of two lithotypes, Travertine and Carrara marble, have been soiled by triggering acidic corrosion of some copper coins in contact with the stone surface. Then, a PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel was used to clean the stone surface. NMR data were collected in untreated, soiled with corrosion products, and hydrogel-cleaned samples. Raman spectroscopy was performed on PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel before and after cleaning of metal corrosion. Furthermore, the characterization of the dirty gel was obtained by SEM-EDS. The combination of NMR, SEM-EDS and Raman results suggests that the mechanism behind the hydrogel cleaning action is to trap heavy metal corrosion products, such as Cu2+ between adjacent boron ions cross-linked with PVA. Moreover, the PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel cleaning effectiveness depends on the stone porosity, being better in Carrara marble compared to Travertine.
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Inhibition effect and adsorption behavior of two pyrimidine derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for Q235 steel in CO2-saturated chloride solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Espinoza Vázquez A, Figueroa I, Gómez F, Vásquez A, Mata R, Ángeles Beltrán D, Miralrio A, Castro M. (–) – Epicatechin gallate as a corrosion inhibitor for bronze in a saline medium and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
In the last decades, the interest in the development of protective coatings for movable and immovable Cultural Heritage (CH) assets has decidedly increased. This has been mainly prompted by the raising consciousness on preservation requirements for cultural artefacts and monuments, which has consequently determined the development of new protective products. From acrylic resins used at the end of the last century to the up-to-date biomaterials and nanoparticles employed nowadays, the research has made a giant step forward. This article reviews the progresses, the technical challenges, and the most recent advances in protective coatings for archaeological metal, glass, and stone artefacts. It aims at offering a comprehensive and critical overview of the progressions in conservation science and displaying how research has optimized polymers in order to solve deterioration problems. Attention is given to recently developed materials, hybrid coatings, and corrosion inhibitors. This work seeks to provide a reference point for future research and to offer a wide-ranging introduction on the newly available material technologies to restorers and conservators.
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Smart Electrochemical Portable Tools for Cultural Heritage Analysis: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194303. [PMID: 31590251 PMCID: PMC6806333 DOI: 10.3390/s19194303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Protecting Cultural Heritage (CH) from corrosion and other environmental damages, mainly involving metallic or organic layers contained in artwork, represents a major challenge for conservation scientists. Electrochemical techniques provide useful information about the deterioration effects of metallic coatings and organic layers. Recently, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been successfully applied in the study of metallic corrosion. However, EIS has not succeeded in becoming a routine technique, due to problems regarding both instrumental apparatus (which is not ideal for in situ analysis, especially with previous cell configurations), and the difficulty with data processing. At the same time, new portable electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors have successfully made a scientific impact, mainly with in situ diagnosis of organic components contained in CH objects. For this purpose, this review presents two sections: the first describes the analytical optimization of impedance electrochemical cell geometries that are suitable for in situ metal-coating investigation; the second reports on the assembly of small electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors, which useful for in situ organic layer characterization. This overview summarizes the state of the art regarding the application of electrochemical techniques and small electrochemical devices as alternative tools for the understanding of CH.
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Ramírez Barat B, Cano E. In SituElectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and their Interpretation for the Diagnostic of Metallic Cultural Heritage: A Review. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Ramírez Barat
- National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8 28040 Madrid
| | - Emilio Cano
- National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8 28040 Madrid
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Di Turo F, De Vito C, Coletti F, Mazzei F, Antiochia R, Favero G. A multi-analytical approach for the validation of a jellified electrolyte: Application to the study of ancient bronze patina. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Di Turo F, Proietti C, Screpanti A, Fornasier MF, Cionni I, Favero G, De Marco A. Impacts of air pollution on cultural heritage corrosion at European level: What has been achieved and what are the future scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:586-594. [PMID: 27522406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pollutants with Cultural Heritage materials leads to artworks and materials degradation and loss, causing an unpriceless damage. This works aims to estimate the impacts of air pollution and meteorological conditions on limestone, copper and bronze and represents the European risk assessment for corrosion of Cultural Heritage materials. The measures and policies for atmospheric pollution reduction have cut off the SO2 concentration and consequently its impact on materials is drastically reduced. Indeed, in 1980 the number of UNESCO sites in danger was extremely high (94% for limestone, 54% for copper and 1% for bronze) while in 2010 these sites did not exceed the tolerable value of surface recession and corrosion. However, some problem related to air pollution persists. In particular, Random Forest Analysis (RFA), highlights PM10 as the main responsible for materials corrosion, in 2010. Two scenarios in 2030 have been tested, highlighting that the corrosion levels of limestone, copper and bronze exceed the tolerable limits only in the Balkan area and Turkey. Our results show the importance in the air quality modelling as a powerful tool for the UNESCO sites conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Irene Cionni
- ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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Giannossa LC, Loperfido S, Caggese M, De Benedetto GE, Laviano R, Sabbatini L, Mangone A. A systematic characterization of fibulae from Italy: from chemical composition to microstructure and corrosion processes. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Otmačić Ćurković H, Kosec T, Marušić K, Legat A. An electrochemical impedance study of the corrosion protection of artificially formed patinas on recent bronze. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Swartz NA, Clare TL. Understanding the differences in film formation mechanisms of two comparable solvent based and water-borne coatings on bronze substrates by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Idouli Y, Guédira F, Rghioui L, El Ammari L, El Hajjaji S, Zaydoun S. Synthesis and structure of a new copper(II) complex with 3,4'-bi-1,2,4-triazolate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:474-479. [PMID: 21163689 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The salt diaquo-diammine-bis(3,4'-bi-1,2,4-triazolate) copper(II) of the formula [Cu(bTA-)2(NH3)2(H2O)2] has been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. This complex adopts a monomeric structure. This monomer crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1 with a=5.9657 Å; b=6.8975 Å; c=9.9892 Å; α=106.181°; β=97.868°; γ=90.800° and Z=1. The Cu atom is coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of two monodentate bitriazolate ligands, two nitrogen atoms of NH3 and two water molecules in a distorted octahedral geometry. The complex has been also characterized by elemental analysis and studied by electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. The obtained results are in good agreement with the structure determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Idouli
- Laboratoire de spectroscopie Infrarouge, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
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Kosec T, Ćurković HO, Legat A. Investigation of the corrosion protection of chemically and electrochemically formed patinas on recent bronze. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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