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Wilson I, Padamati SK, Bobitan AD, Porter MJ, Holt KB. Room-Temperature One-Pot Synthesis of pH-Responsive Pyridine-Functionalized Carbon Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10796-10805. [PMID: 37008109 PMCID: PMC10061597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon surfaces (glassy carbon, graphite, and boron-doped diamond) were functionalized with layers composed of linked pyridinium and pyridine moieties using simple electrochemical reduction of trifluoroacetylpyridinium. The pyridinium species was generated in situ in solution by the reaction of trifluoroacetic anhydride and pyridine precursors and underwent electrochemical reduction at -1.97 V vs Fc/Fc+, as determined by cyclic voltammetry. The pyridine/pyridinium films were electrodeposited at room temperature, on a timescale of minutes, and were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared films have a net positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 9 and below due to the pyridinium content, confirmed by the electrochemical response of differently charged redox molecules at the functionalized surfaces. The positive charge can be enhanced further through protonation of the neutral pyridine component by controlling the solution pH. Moreover, the nitrogen-acetyl bond can be cleaved through base treatment to purposefully increase the neutral pyridine proportion of the film. This results in a surface that can be "switched" from functionally near neutral to a positive charge by treatment in basic and acidic solutions, respectively, through manipulation of the protonation state of the pyridine. The functionalization process demonstrated here is readily achievable at a fast timescale at room temperature and hence can allow for rapid screening of surface properties. Such functionalized surfaces present a means to test in isolation the specific catalytic performance of pyridinic groups toward key processes such as oxygen and CO2 reduction.
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An Au(111)-dominant polycrystalline gold/gold nanoparticles/1,8-naphthyridine/glassy carbon electrode for anodic stripping voltammetry determination of As(III). Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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van der Ham CJM, Zwagerman DNH, Wu L, Hofmann JP, Hetterscheid D. A heterogenized copper phenanthroline system to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction. ChemElectroChem 2022; 9:e202101365. [PMID: 35911790 PMCID: PMC9305121 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upon the electrochemical reduction of an in situ generated 5‐diazo‐1,10‐phenanthroline ion, phenanthroline was covalently attached to a gold electrode. The grafted molecules act as a ligand when brought in contact with a copper‐containing electrolyte solution. As the ligands are limited in spatial movement, the exclusive formation of the active species with only one phenanthroline ligand coordinated was expected. The in situ generated complexes have been investigated for activity in the oxygen reduction reaction, for which an overpotential of 800 mV is observed. During catalysis, initially a thick copper layer is formed on top of an organic layer that is still present on the gold surface. Upon deterioration of the organic layer underneath the copper over time, the amount of copper on the electrode and thereby the electrocatalytic activity decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damy N. H. Zwagerman
- Leiden University: Universiteit Leiden Leiden Institute of Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Longfei Wu
- University of Technology Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven department of chemical engineering and chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Technische Universitat Darmstadt FG Oberflachenforschung GERMANY
| | - Dennis Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55Room number EE4.19 2333 CC Leiden NETHERLANDS
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Yuan Y, Xian Y, Long Y, Zhang Y, Rahman NU, Zhang Y, Fan J, Li W. Terpyridine-derived perovskite single crystals with tunable structures and electronic dimensionality. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24816-24821. [PMID: 35481024 PMCID: PMC9036889 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimensionality engineering has proved to be a reliable strategy for addressing the issue of perovskite stability. In this study, a series of previously unreported low-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite single crystals were designed and grown by following a simple hydrothermal approach involving solution processing. The as-prepared terpyridine-derived perovskite single crystals displayed tunable structures and electronic dimensionality, which was closely associated with the crystal growth conditions. The performed DFT calculations suggested that the fluctuating conduction band edge demonstrates obvious charge delocalization associated with the π-conjugation effect, a feature promoting efficient charge transport by means of coupling structural dimensionality and electronic dimensionality. This study has provided new ideas for the design of new materials to be used in fields involving photovoltaic devices. Terpyridine-derived perovskite single crystals displaying tunable low-dimensional structures and outstanding optoelectronic performances suitable for device applications have been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Yuan
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yeming Xian
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Long
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yangyi Zhang
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Naveed Ur Rahman
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China,
| | - Jiandong Fan
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Institute of New Energy Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sowa M, Wala M, Blacha-Grzechnik A, Maciej A, Kazek-Kęsik A, Stolarczyk A, Simka W. Corrosion Inhibitor-Modified Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on 6061 Aluminum Alloy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030619. [PMID: 33572836 PMCID: PMC7866277 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are many methods for incorporating organic corrosion inhibitors to oxide coatings formed on aluminum alloys. However, typically they require relatively concentrated solutions of inhibitors, possibly generating a problematic waste and/or are time-/energy-consuming (elevated temperature is usually needed). The authors propose a three-step method of oxide layer formation on 6061-T651 aluminum alloy (AAs) via alternating current (AC) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), impregnation with an 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) solution, and final sealing by an additional direct current (DC) polarization in the original PEO electrolyte. The obtained coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, roughness tests, contact angle measurements, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, corrosion resistance was assessed by potentiodynamic polarization in a NaCl solution. Two types of the coating were formed (A—thicker, more porous at 440 mA cm−2; B—thinner, more compact at 220 mA cm−2) on the AA substrate. The 8-HQ impregnation was successful as evidenced by XPS. It increased the contact angle only for the B coatings and improved the corrosion resistance of both coating systems. Additional DC treatment destroyed superficially adsorbed 8-HQ. However, it served to block the coating pores (contact angle ≈ 80°) which improved the corrosion resistance of the coating systems. DC sealing alone did not bring about the same anti-corrosion properties as the combined 8-HQ impregnation and DC treatment which dispels the notion that the provision of the inhibitor was a needless step in the procedure. The proposed method of AA surface treatment suffered from unsatisfactory uniformity of the sealing for the thicker coatings, which needs to be amended in future efforts for optimization of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Sowa
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (W.S.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2091 (M.S.); +48-32-237-2605 (W.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wojciech Simka
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (W.S.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2091 (M.S.); +48-32-237-2605 (W.S.)
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Pyridine-2-sulfonic (or carboxylic) acid modified glassy carbon electrode for anodic stripping voltammetry analysis of Cd2+ and Pb2+. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Amiri M, Martinez Perez O, Endean RT, Rasu L, Nepal P, Xu S, Bergens SH. Solid-phase synthesis and photoactivity of Ru-polypyridyl visible light chromophores bonded through carbon to semiconductor surfaces. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10173-10184. [PMID: 32666974 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01776k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) was grafted to either indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors (SC's) by electrochemical reduction of 5-diazo-phen. The phen ligand is bonded to the semiconductor at C5, and it can be handled in air. The semiconductor-phen (SC-phen) complexes displace both CH3CN ligands from either cis-[Ru(Mebipy)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (Mebipy = 4,4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine), cis-[Ru(tBubipy)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (tBubipy = 4,4'-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine), or cis-[Ru(pheno)(bipy)(CH3CN)2]2+ (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine; pheno = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) dissolved in DCM/THF (4 h, 70 °C) to form the corresponding surface-bound SC-[(phen)Ru(bipyridyl)2]2+ chromophores. The identities of the SC-[(phen)Ru(Mebipy)2]2+, SC-[(phen)Ru(tBubipy)2]2+, and SC-[(phen)Ru(pheno)(bipy)]2+ (SC = ITO, FTO or TiO2) chromophores were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); UV-vis and reflectance infrared spectroscopies; and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The data were compared to analogous Ru-polypyridyl control compounds dissolved in solution. A facile ketone-amine condensation solid-phase synthesis reaction between SC-[(phen)Ru(pheno)(bipy)]2+ and [Ru(1,10-phenthroline-5,6-diamine)(bipy)2]2+ in ethanol (80 °C, 1 h) formed the dinuclear, bound chromophore SC-[(phen)(bipy)Ru(tpphz)Ru(bipy)2]4+ (tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]phenazine). Photoelectrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone and triethylamine under acidic, neutral, or basic conditions showed that the SC-chromophore photoanodes are active, and that TiO2-[(phen)Ru(Mebipy)2]2+ is the most active and stable under basic- and neutral conditions. The dinuclear chromophore SC-[(phen)(bipy)Ru(tpphz)Ru(bipy)2]4+ was most active and stable under potentiostatic conditions in acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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9
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Kudas Z, Atmaca U, Saruhan T, Celik M, Ekinci D. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Coated with Diazonium‐derived Porphyrin/Metalloporphyrin Films. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuleyha Kudas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesAtatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ufuk Atmaca
- Department of Food Processing, Oltu Vocational CollegeAtatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Tuba Saruhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesAtatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Murat Celik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesAtatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Duygu Ekinci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesAtatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
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10
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Ünal ÖF, Yeşildağ A, Ekinci D. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles on diazonium-generated heteroaryl films and their electrocatalytic activities. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Wang C, Amiri M, Endean RT, Martinez Perez O, Varley S, Rennie B, Rasu L, Bergens SH. Modular Construction of Photoanodes with Covalently Bonded Ru- and Ir-Polypyridyl Visible Light Chromophores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24533-24542. [PMID: 29969554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
1,10-phenanthroline is grafted to indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2) semiconductors by electroreduction of 5-diazo-1,10-phenanthroline in 0.1 M H2SO4. The lower and upper potential limits (-0.20 and 0.15 VSCE, respectively) were set to avoid reduction and oxidation of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) covalently grafted at C5 to the semiconductor. The resulting semiconductor-phen ligand (ITO-phen or TiO2-phen) was air stable, and was bonded to Ru- or Ir- by reaction with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) or cis-[Ir(ppy)2(CH3CN)2]+ (ppy = ortho-Cphenyl metalated 2-phenylpyridine) in CH2Cl2 and THF solvent at 50 °C. Cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state UV-vis, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry all confirmed that the chromophores SC-[(phen)Ru(bpy)2]2+ and SC-[(phen)Ir(ppy)2]+ (SC = ITO or TiO2) formed in near quantitative yields by these reactions. The resulting photoanodes were active and relatively stable to photoelectrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone and triethylamine under neutral and basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Mona Amiri
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Riley T Endean
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Octavio Martinez Perez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Samuel Varley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Ben Rennie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Loorthuraja Rasu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Steven H Bergens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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13
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Smida H, Lebègue E, Bergamini JF, Barrière F, Lagrost C. Reductive electrografting of in situ produced diazopyridinium cations: Tailoring the interface between carbon electrodes and electroactive bacterial films. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Birdja YY, Shen J, Koper MT. Influence of the metal center of metalloprotoporphyrins on the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formic acid. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ghasemi E, Alimardani E, Shams E, Koohmareh GA. Modification of glassy carbon electrode with iron-terpyridine complex and iron-terpyridine complex covalently bonded to ordered mesoporous carbon substrate: Preparation, electrochemistry and application to H 2 O 2 determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shul G, Weissmann M, Bélanger D. Electrochemical characterization of glassy carbon electrode modified with 1,10-phenanthroline groups by two pathways: reduction of the corresponding diazonium ions and reduction of phenanthroline. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Elgrishi N, Griveau S, Chambers MB, Bedioui F, Fontecave M. Versatile functionalization of carbon electrodes with a polypyridine ligand: metallation and electrocatalytic H+ and CO2 reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2995-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carbon electrode is functionalized with a polypyridine ligand and subsequently metallated to catalyze the electroreduction of H+ and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Elgrishi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques
- UMR 8229 CNRS
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Sophie Griveau
- PSL Research University
- Chimie ParisTech
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Matthew B. Chambers
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques
- UMR 8229 CNRS
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- PSL Research University
- Chimie ParisTech
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques
- UMR 8229 CNRS
- 75231 Paris Cedex 05
- France
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Shul G, Weissmann M, Bélanger D. Electrochemical formation of an ultrathin electroactive film from 1,10-phenanthroline on a glassy carbon electrode in acidic electrolyte. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6612-6621. [PMID: 24811121 DOI: 10.1021/la500349t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of 1,10-phenanthroline in aqueous acidic electrolyte at a glassy carbon electrode led to the covalent modification of the electrode. Thereafter, the deposited film can be switched to an electroactive form by electrochemical oxidation. An electroactive film can be also generated by alternate reductive and oxidative voltammetric cycling in a 1,10-phenanthroline/aqueous sulfuric acid solution. First, the electrochemical procedure for the formation of a film is presented. Second, the morphology and chemical structure of 1,10-phenanthroline coatings were investigated by atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. The ultrathin (<15 nm) electrodeposited films consist of oligomeric species. The coatings deposited in alternate and/or continuous reductive and oxidative steps contain oxygen atoms incorporated into the oligomer backbone. The preliminary results point out the formation of a dione derivative that is responsible for the electroactivity of the grafted layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna Shul
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal , CP8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec Canada H3C 3P8
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Photoelectrochemical properties of electrostatically self-assembled multilayer films formed by a cobalt complex and graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 402:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Agullo J, Canesi S, Schaper F, Morin M, Bélanger D. Formation and reactivity of 3-diazopyridinium cations and influence on their reductive electrografting on glassy carbon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4889-4895. [PMID: 22324405 DOI: 10.1021/la2048757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The in situ generation of 3-diazonium cations from 3-aminopyridine and their subsequent stability under experimental conditions used for electrografting of pyridine groups were investigated by spectroscopy and electrochemistry. UV spectroscopy revealed the rapid kinetics for the reaction of 3-aminopyridine with sodium nitrite in HCl to form the 3-diazopyridinium cation with a second-order rate constant of 550 ± 20 L mol(-1) s(-1) at 22 °C. UV spectroscopy showed that the 3-diazopyridinium ion was relatively unstable and its transformation into 3-hydroxypyridine was proven by (1)H NMR. Its hydrolytic decomposition was investigated by NMR and followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of (53 ± 5) × 10(-3) s(-1) at 22 °C. These results enable us to establish the appropriate conditions for the electrografting of pyridine from the corresponding diazonium cations generated in situ. The electrochemical modification of glassy carbon electrodes with pyridine was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and the resulting grafted layer by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the presence of Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) as redox probes. The effect of diazotization time before electrochemical reduction on the blocking effect of the grafted layer was investigated and showed that an increase of the diazotization time led to less efficient grafting. The presence of immobilized pyridine on the electrode surface was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and a surface coverage of 8.8 × 10(-10) mol cm(-2) was estimated for the grafted pyridine groups. The significance of these results for researchers using the in situ generation approach for electrochemical and chemical grafting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Agullo
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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