1
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Microfluidic Flow-By Reactors Minimize Energy Requirements of Electrochemical Water Treatment Without Adding Supporting Electrolytes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Pokhrel T, B K B, Giri R, Adhikari A, Ahmed N. C-H Bond Functionalization under Electrochemical Flow Conditions. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100338. [PMID: 35315954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalization is a rapidly growing area of interest in organic synthesis. To achieve maximum atom economy, the flow electrolysis process is more sustainable. This allows shorter reaction times, safer working environments, and better selectivities. Using this technology, the problem of overoxidation can be reduced and less emergence of side products or no side products are possible. Flow electro-reactors provide high surface-to-volume ratios and contain electrodes that are closely spaced where the diffusion layers overlap to give the desired product, electrochemical processes can now be managed without the need for a deliberately added supporting electrolyte. Considering the importance of flow electrochemical C-H functionalization, a comprehensive review is presented. Herein, we summarize flow electrolysis for the construction of C-C and C-X (X=O, N, S, and I) bonds formation. Also, benzylic oxidation and access to biologically active molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlal Pokhrel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya B K
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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3
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Jud W, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Development and Assembly of a Flow Cell for Single‐Pass Continuous Electroorganic Synthesis Using Laser‐Cut Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cmtd.202000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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5
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Translating batch electrochemistry to single-pass continuous flow conditions: an organic chemist’s guide. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe recent renaissance of electrochemical methods for organic synthesis has also attracted increased interest towards flow electrochemistry as the most suitable scale-up strategy. Many electrochemical methods using flow cells are based on recirculation of the electrolyte solution. However, single-pass processing is very attractive as it permits integration of the electrochemical reaction with other synthetic or purification steps in a continuous stream. Translation of batch electrochemical procedures to single-pass continuous flow cells can be challenging to beginners in the field. Using the electrochemical methoxylation of 4-methylanisole as model, this paper provides newcomers to the field with an overview of the factors that need to be considered to develop a flow electrochemical process, including advantages and disadvantages of operating in galvanostatic and potentiostatic mode in small scale reactions, and the effect of the interelectrode gap, supporting electrolyte concentration and pressure on the reaction performance. A comparison of the reaction efficiency in batch and flow is also presented.
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6
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Fransen S, Ballet S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Overcoming diffusion limitations in electrochemical microreactors using acoustic streaming. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Despite the long history of electroorganic synthesis, it did not participate in the mainstream of chemical research for a long time. This is probably due to the lack of equipment and standardized protocols. However, nowadays organic electrochemistry is witnessing a renaissance, and a wide range of interesting electrochemical transformations and methodologies have been developed, not only for academic purposes but also for large scale industrial production. Depending on the source of electricity, electrochemical methods can be inherently green and environmentally benign and can be easily controlled to achieve high levels of selectivity. In addition, the generation and consumption of reactive or unstable intermediates and hazardous reagents can be achieved in a safe way. Limitations of traditional batch-type electrochemical methods such as the restricted electrode surface, the necessity of supporting electrolytes, and the difficulties in scaling up can be alleviated using electrochemical flow cells. Microreactors offer high surface-to-volume ratios and enable precise control over temperature, residence time, flow rate, and pressure. In addition, efficient mixing, enhanced mass and heat transfer, and handling of small volumes lead to simpler scaling-up protocols and minimize safety concerns. Electrolysis under flow conditions reduces the possibility of overoxidation as the reaction mixture is flown continuously out of the reactor in contrast to traditional batch-type electrolysis cells. In this Account, we highlight our contributions in the area of electroorganic synthesis under flow conditions over the past decade. We have designed and manufactured different generations of electrochemical flow cells. The first-generation reactor was effectively used in developing a simple one-step synthesis of diaryliodonium salts and used in proof-of-concept reactions such as the trifluoromethylation of electron-deficient alkenes via Kolbe electrolysis of trifluoroacetic acid in addition to the selective deprotection of the isonicotinyloxycarbonyl (iNoc) group from carbonates and thiocarbonates. The improved second-generation flow cell enabled the development of efficient synthesis of isoindolinones, benzothiazoles, and thiazolopyridines, achieving gram-scale for some of the products easily without changing the reactor design or reoptimizing the reaction parameters. In addition, the same reactor was used in the development of an efficient continuous flow electrochemical synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents. The generated unstable hypervalent iodine reagents were easily used without isolation in various oxidative transformations in a coupled flow/flow manner and could be easily transformed into bench-stable reagents via quantitative ligand exchange with the appropriate acids. Our second-generation reactor was further improved and commercialized by Vapourtec Ltd. We have demonstrated the power of online analysis in accelerating optimizations and methodology development. Online mass spectrometry enabled fast screening of the charge needed for the cyclization of amides to isoindolinones. The power of online 2D-HPLC combined with a Design of Experiments approach empowered the rapid optimization of stereoselective electrochemical alkoxylations of amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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8
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Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Martins GM, Shirinfar B, Hardwick T, Ahmed N. A Green Approach: Vicinal Oxidative Electrochemical Alkene Difunctionalization. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. Martins
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria RS 97105–900 Brazil
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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10
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Fransen S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Current and concentration distributions in electrochemical microreactors: Numerical calculations and asymptotic approximations for self-supported paired synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Advances in electro- and sono-microreactors for chemical synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22233-22249. [PMID: 35541743 PMCID: PMC9081238 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of electrochemical flow microreactors is important to safely perform chemical reactions in order to obtain pure and high yielding substances in a controlled and precise way that excludes the use of supporting electrolytes. Flow microreactors are advantageous in handling unstable intermediates compared to batch techniques and have efficient heat/mass transfer. Electrode nature (cathode and anode) and their available exposed surface area to the reaction mixture, parameters of the spacer, flow rate and direction greatly affects the efficiency of the electrochemical reactor. Solid formation during reactions may result in a blockage and consequently decrease the overall yield, thus limiting the use of microreactors in the field of electrosynthesis. This problem could certainly be overcome by application of ultrasound to break the solids for consistent flow. In this review, we discuss in detail the aforementioned issues, the advances in microreactor technology for chemical synthesis, with possible application of sonochemistry to deal with solid formations. Various examples of flow methods for electrosynthesis through microreactors have been explained in this review, which would definitely help to meet future demands for efficient synthesis and production of various pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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13
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Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. An Easy-to-Machine Electrochemical Flow Microreactor: Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolinone and Flow Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15446-15450. [PMID: 29045019 PMCID: PMC5708274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrochemistry is an efficient methodology to generate radical intermediates. An electrochemical flow microreactor has been designed and manufactured to improve the efficiency of electrochemical flow reactions. With this device only little or no supporting electrolytes are needed, making processes less costly and enabling easier purification. This is demonstrated by the facile synthesis of amidyl radicals used in intramolecular hydroaminations to produce isoindolinones. The combination with inline mass spectrometry facilitates a much easier combination of chemical steps in a single flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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14
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. Ein einfach herzustellender elektrochemischer Flussmikroreaktor: effiziente Isoindolinon-Synthese und Funktionalisierung im Fluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Folgueiras-Amador
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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15
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Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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16
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Atobe M, Tateno H, Matsumura Y. Applications of Flow Microreactors in Electrosynthetic Processes. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4541-4572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahito Atobe
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tateno
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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17
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Cardoso DSP, Šljukić B, Santos DMF, Sequeira CAC. Organic Electrosynthesis: From Laboratorial Practice to Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. P. Cardoso
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - César A. C. Sequeira
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Highly Modular Flow Cell for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Green RA, Jolley KE, Al-Hadedi AAM, Pletcher D, Harrowven DC, De Frutos O, Mateos C, Klauber DJ, Rincón JA, Brown RCD. Electrochemical Deprotection of para-Methoxybenzyl Ethers in a Flow Electrolysis Cell. Org Lett 2017; 19:2050-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Katherine E. Jolley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Azzam A. M. Al-Hadedi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - David C. Harrowven
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Oscar De Frutos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - David J. Klauber
- Early Chemical Development,
AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
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21
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Green RA, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Harji B. An extended channel length microflow electrolysis cell for convenient laboratory synthesis. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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Applicability of a Polymerized Ionic Liquid/Carbon Nanoparticle Composite Electrolyte to Reductive Cyclization and Dimerization Reactions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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24
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Green RA, Brown RCD, Pletcher D, Harji B. A Microflow Electrolysis Cell for Laboratory Synthesis on the Multigram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Bashir Harji
- Cambridge Reactor Design Ltd., Unit D2, Brookfield Business Centre, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire CB24 8PS, U.K
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Green RA, Pletcher D, Leach SG, Brown RCD. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Oxidative Electrosynthesis of Esters in a Microflow Cell. Org Lett 2015; 17:3290-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Pletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K
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26
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27
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Mira D, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in a Microfluidic Stack and in a Series of Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Kabeshov MA, Musio B, Murray PRD, Browne DL, Ley SV. Expedient preparation of nazlinine and a small library of indole alkaloids using flow electrochemistry as an enabling technology. Org Lett 2014; 16:4618-21. [PMID: 25147957 DOI: 10.1021/ol502201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An expedient synthesis of the indole alkaloid nazlinine is reported. Judicious choice of flow electrochemistry as an enabling technology has permitted the rapid generation of a small library of unnatural relatives of this biologically active molecule. Furthermore, by conducting the key electrochemical Shono oxidation in a flow cell, the loading of electrolyte can be significantly reduced to 20 mol % while maintaining a stable, broadly applicable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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29
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Arai K, Watts K, Wirth T. Difluoro-and Trifluoromethylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes in an Electrochemical Microreactor. ChemistryOpen 2014; 3:23-8. [PMID: 24688891 PMCID: PMC3943609 DOI: 10.1002/open.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical microreactors, which have electrodes integrated into the flow path, can afford rapid and efficient electrochemical reactions without redox reagents due to the intrinsic properties of short diffusion distances. Taking advantage of electrochemical microreactors, Kolbe electrolysis of di-and trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of various electron-deficient alkenes was performed under constant current at continuous flow at room temperature. As a result, di-and trifluoromethylated compounds were effectively produced in either equal or higher yields than identical reactions under batch conditions previously reported by Uneyamas group. The strategy of using electrochemical microreactor technology is useful for an effective fluoromethylation of alkenes based on Kolbe electrolysis in significantly shortened reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
| | - Kevin Watts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
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30
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Vaiana GM, Agro D, Busacca A, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in Conventional Cell and in Two Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Green RA, Hill-Cousins JT, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Leach SG. A voltammetric study of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol in tert-butanol/water. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Kuleshova J, Hill-Cousins JT, Birkin PR, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ. The methoxylation of N-formylpyrrolidine in a microfluidic electrolysis cell for routine synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Hill-Cousins JT, Kuleshova J, Green RA, Birkin PR, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ, Leach SG, Brown RCD. TEMPO-mediated electrooxidation of primary and secondary alcohols in a microfluidic electrolytic cell. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:326-331. [PMID: 22337651 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A general procedure for the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated electrooxidation of primary and secondary alcohols modified for application in a microfluidic electrolytic cell is described. The electrocatalytic system utilises a buffered aqueous tert-butanol reaction medium, which operates effectively without the requirement for additional electrolyte, providing a mild protocol for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones at ambient temperature on a laboratory scale. Optimisation of the process is discussed along with the oxidation of 15 representative alcohols.
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