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Nussbaum R, Jeanneret S, Bakker E. Increasing the Sensitivity of pH Glass Electrodes with Constant Potential Coulometry at Zero Current. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6436-6443. [PMID: 38593052 PMCID: PMC11044110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
It has recently become possible to increase the sensitivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) by imposing a constant cell potential, allowing one to record current spikes with a capacitor placed in series in the circuit. The approach requires a transient current to pass through the measurement cell, which unfortunately may introduce measurement errors and additionally excludes the use of high-impedance indicator electrodes, such as pH glass electrodes. We present here an electronic circuit that overcomes these limitations, where the cell is measured at zero current in combination with a voltage follower, and the current spike and capacitor charging occur entirely within the instrument. The approach avoids the need for a counter electrode, and one may use any electrode useful in potentiometry regardless of its impedance. The characteristics of the circuit were found to approach ideality when evaluated with either an external potential source or an Ag/AgCl electrode. The current may be linearized and extrapolated to further reduce the measurement time. The circuit is further tested with the most common yet very challenging electrode, the pH glass electrode. A precision of 64 μpH was obtained for 0.01 pH change up to 0.05 from a reference solution. Similar pH changes were also measured reliably further away from the reference solution (0.5-0.55) and resulted in a precision of 377 μpH. The limitations of this experimental setup were explored by performing pH calibrations within the measuring range of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nussbaum
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Jeanneret
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Xie Y, Xu M, Wang L, Liang H, Wang L, Song Y. Iron-porphyrin-based covalent-organic frameworks for electrochemical sensing H 2O 2 and pH. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110864. [PMID: 32409033 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, a novel iron-porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (COFp-Fepor NH2-BTA) was synthesized and applied for electrochemical sensing H2O2 and pH which involved in many biological processes. The COFp-Fepor NH2-BTA was obtained by post-modification of porphyrin-based COF (COFp-por NH2-BTA) which was firstly synthesized by aldehyde-ammonia condensation reaction between 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxaldehyde and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-21H,23H- porphine. The COFp-por NH2-BTA was proved to be regular and uniform spherical particles with diameter about 1 μm, as well as possessed good crystalline structure and abundant micropores of about 1.4 nm. The resulted COFp-Fepor NH2-BTA after post-modification with Fe2+ maintained the original shape and crystalline structure of COFp-por NH2-BTA, while the micropores decreased to be about 0.89 nm. Electrochemical results indicated that the synthesized COFp-Fepor NH2-BTA had good electrochemical redox and proton activity owing to iron-porphyrin, enabling to simultaneously be used as mimic peroxidase to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and evaluate pH using current and potential as signal, respectively. The prepared sensor showed good performance for H2O2 detection from 6.85 nM to 7 μM with the detection limit of 2.06 nM (S/N = 3), and pH test from 3.0 to 9.0. This work demonstrated that the iron-porphyrin-based COF could be used as a mimic peroxidase to apply in biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Mengli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Huihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Linyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yonghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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Ding Y, Liu J, Guo M, Lin Y. 3D Co-Ni Nanocone Array Shielded with Conducting Amorphous Carbon Used as Fused, Separable, and Stable Mimicking Peroxidases for RGB-Color Intensiometric pH Indication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40382-40392. [PMID: 31592634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an in situ synthesis for preparing a carbon-shielded three-dimensional Co-Ni nanocone array on Ni foam (CoNi NCs/NF@C) via the solvothermal and thermal annealing processes. It is found that the easily separable CoNi NCs/NF@C possesses high peroxidase/catalase dual-mimic activity and good catalytic stability. The fusion of the amorphous carbon sheath with the Co-Ni nanocones (1) effectively improves interfacial electron transfer and catalytic stability of the Co-Ni nanocone array because of the excellent conductivity of amorphous carbon and (2) protects the Co-Ni nanocone array in the catalysis process from exposing to the harsh chemical environment, dramatically escaping the catalytic activity loss of Co-Ni (hydro)oxide. Interestingly, when CoNi NCs/NF@C mimics peroxidase using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate, the color of the TMB-H2O2-CoNi NC/NF@C system changes at different pH values. Based on this property, a facile strategy was developed for semiquantitative and qualitative determination of pH using the Eyedropper function in Microsoft's PowerPoint software, where the RGB (red, green, and blue) value of the sample can be conveniently measured by using a standard colorimetric card without the requirement of complicated instrumentation. Moreover, the relationship between the color of the reaction system and the pH was investigated, which was demonstrated by the total Euclidean distance (ED), that is, the square root of the sum of the squares of the ΔRGB values. The ED change of the reaction system is reversible and occurs in the pH range from 0.64 to 8.4, which is useful for indicating the pH of strongly acidic environments. The colorimetric system exhibits a linear range from 0.64 to 2.38 and 2.5 to 6.5. A colorimetric card was designed based on the color changes of this system as a function of pH values. This work provides a colorimetric assay method for the simple, rapid, and visual indication of pH which can be used to understand the biological processes in physiology and pathology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Ding
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Minghui Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , China
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Zhou Y, Mur LA, Edwards A, Davies J, Han J, Qin H, Ye Y. A novel chemical sensor with multiple all-solid-state electrodes and its application in freshwater environmental monitoring. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:432-440. [PMID: 30101778 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater quality detection is important for pollution control. Three important components of water quality are pH, ammonia and dissolved H2S and there is an urgent need for a high-precision sensor for simultaneous and continuous measurement. In this study, all-solid-state electrodes of Eh, pH, NH4 + and S2- were manufactured and mounted to a wireless chemical sensor with multiple parameters. Calibration indicated that the pH electrode had a Nernst response with slope of 53.174 mV; the NH4 + electrode had a detection limit of 10-5 mol/L (Nernst response slope of 53.56 mV between 10-1 to 10-4 mol/L). Ag/Ag2S has a detection limit of 10-7 mol/L (Nernst response slope of 28.439 mV). The sensor was cylindrical and small with low power consumption and low storage demand to achieve continuous in-situ monitoring for long periods. The sensor was tested for 10 days in streams at Trawsgoed Dairy farm in Aberystwyth, UK. At the intensively farmed Trawsgoed, the concentration of NH4 + in the stream rose sharply after the application of slurry to adjacent fields. Further, the stream was overhung with extensive vegetation and exhibited changes in pH, which correlated with photosynthetic activity. Measurements of S2- were stable throughout the week. Our data demonstrate the applicability of our multiple electrode sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Arwyn Edwards
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, UK
| | - John Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Jiwan Han
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Huawei Qin
- Hangzhou Dianzi University: Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China E-mail:
| | - Ying Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, China
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Integrated multi-ISE arrays with improved sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44771. [PMID: 28303939 PMCID: PMC5356001 DOI: 10.1038/srep44771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing use of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) in the biological and environmental fields has generated demand for high-sensitivity ISEs. However, improving the sensitivities of ISEs remains a challenge because of the limit of the Nernstian slope (59.2/n mV). Here, we present a universal ion detection method using an electronic integrated multi-electrode system (EIMES) that bypasses the Nernstian slope limit of 59.2/n mV, thereby enabling substantial enhancement of the sensitivity of ISEs. The results reveal that the response slope is greatly increased from 57.2 to 1711.3 mV, 57.3 to 564.7 mV and 57.7 to 576.2 mV by electronic integrated 30 Cl− electrodes, 10 F− electrodes and 10 glass pH electrodes, respectively. Thus, a tiny change in the ion concentration can be monitored, and correspondingly, the accuracy and precision are substantially improved. The EIMES is suited for all types of potentiometric sensors and may pave the way for monitoring of various ions with high accuracy and precision because of its high sensitivity.
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Ayres ZJ, Borrill AJ, Newland JC, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Controlled sp2 Functionalization of Boron Doped Diamond as a Route for the Fabrication of Robust and Nernstian pH Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 88:974-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Ayres
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Borrill
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Newland
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie. V. Macpherson
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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