Electrodeposition of iridium onto glassy carbon and platinum electrodes

Anodic Electrodeposition of IrO x Nanoparticles from Aqueous Nanodroplets

Electrodeposition has been used for centuries to create new materials. However, synthetic platforms are still necessary to enrich a variety of nanomaterials that can be electrodeposited. For instance, IrO x is a popular material for the water oxidation reaction, but electrodeposition strategies for the controlled growth of IrO x nanoparticles are lacking. Here, we demonstrate the anodic electrodeposition of IrO x nanoparticles from aqueous nanodroplets. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images confirm the macro- and microstructure of the resulting nanoparticles. IrO x nanoparticles of 43 ± 10 nm in diameter were achieved. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of Ir(III) and Ir(IV) hydrated oxyhydroxide species. The synthesis of IrO x nanoparticles under anodic conditions using water nanodroplets expands the capabilities of our technique and provides a tunable platform for IrO x nanoparticle electrodeposition.

High crystallinity design of Ir-based catalysts drives catalytic reversibility for water electrolysis and fuel cells

The voltage reversal of water electrolyzers and fuel cells induces a large positive potential on the hydrogen electrodes, followed by severe system degradation. Applying a reversible multifunctional electrocatalyst to the hydrogen electrode is a practical solution. Ir exhibits excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR), yet irreversibly converts to amorphous IrO_x at potentials > 0.8 V/RHE, which is an excellent catalyst for oxygen evolution reactions (OER), yet a poor HER and HOR catalyst. Harnessing the multifunctional catalytic characteristics of Ir, here we design a unique Ir-based electrocatalyst with high crystallinity for OER, HER, and HOR. Under OER operation, the crystalline nanoparticle generates an atomically-thin IrO_x layer, which reversibly transforms into a metallic Ir at more cathodic potentials, restoring high activity for HER and HOR. Our analysis reveals that a metallic Ir subsurface under thin IrO_x layer can act as a catalytic substrate for the reduction of Ir ions, creating reversibility. Our work not only uncovers fundamental, uniquely reversible catalytic properties of nanoparticle catalysts, but also offers insights into nanocatalyst design.

Reversible multifunctionality in electrocatalysts can allow voltage reversal during device operation. Here, authors design a crystalline Ir-based electrocatalyst with a thin reversible metallic-Ir/IrO_x layer that shows activity for O₂ evolution, H₂ evolution, and H₂ oxidation.

Low-Loading and Highly Stable Membrane Electrode Based on an Ir@WOxNR Ordered Array for PEM Water Electrolysis

Developing cheap and stable membrane electrode assembly for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) plays critical roles in renewable energy revolution. Iridium is the commonly efficient oxygen evolution reaction catalyst. But the reserve in earth is a shortage. Herein, an ordered array electrode in feature of the defective Ir film decorated on external WO_x nanorods (WO_xNRs) is designed. Electrodeposition is carried out to prepare an iridium coating (∼68 nm in thickness) to guarantee the ordered morphology. This novel electrode obtained brilliant I-V performances (2.2 A cm^-2@2.0 V) and 1030 h stability (0.5 mA cm^-2) with a reduced loading of 0.14 mg_Ir cm^-2. The uniform dispersion Ir catalyst on the WO_x substrate benefits to enhance Ir mass activity and improve the poor conductivity originating from WO_x. Compared with that of sprayed electrode, the threshold current density of mass transport polarization region can be expande to at least 3.0 A cm^-2 for ordered structure electrode attributed to the abundant water storage bulk. This novel Ir@WO_xNRs electrode occupies a huge potential to defuse the cost and durability issues confronting with the PEMWE.

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Iridium-Modified Nickel Foam Surfaces

This work reports on cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), studied on Ir-activated nickel foam materials, prepared through spontaneous and electrodeposition methods (examined in 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte). Both Ir modifications of Ni foam caused substantial improvement of the HER kinetics, as compared with those recorded for as-received and surface-activated nickel foam materials. Electrochemical examinations were conducted through AC impedance spectroscopy and quasi-steady-state cathodic polarization experiments. Significance of catalytic nature of Ir deposit and employed deposition methodology on the HER behavior of such-obtained Ni foam/Ir composites were discussed in detail by means of SEM/EDX spectroscopy analysis.

Electrochemical preparation system for unique mesoporous hemisphere gold nanoparticles using block copolymer micelles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used in various applications, such as biological delivery, catalysis, and others. In this report, we present a novel synthetic method to prepare mesoporous hemisphere gold nanoparticles (MHAuNPs) via electrochemical reduction reaction with the aid of polymeric micelle assembly as a pore-directing agent.

Mesoporous hemisphere Au nanoparticles using self-assembled micelles, for the first time, are demonstrated by using electrochemical reduction on a Ti substrate.

Pt Monolayers on Electrodeposited Nanoparticles of Different Compositions for Ammonia Electro-Oxidation

Pt monolayers (PtML) supported on nanoparticles with different compositions (i.e., Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Au) were synthesized by the surface–limited redox replacement of underpotentially deposited Cu monolayers on nanoparticle supports. Nanoparticle supports with different compositions were directly deposited on the conducting substrate by a clean and one-step electrodeposition method with controlled deposition potential and time. The whole synthesis process of the electrode was free of surfactants, binders, capping agents and reductants, and without an additional coating process of electrocatalysts. The results show that the specific activity (SA) of PtML electrocatalysts depended strongly on the composition of the nanoparticle support. For example, the PtML supported on the Au nanoparticle exhibited 8.3 times higher SA than that supported on the Ru and Pd nanoparticles. The change in the SA of the PtML supported on different nanoparticles was related to the substrate–induced strain in the PtML resulting from the lattice mismatch between the PtML and the nanoparticle support. As the strain in the PtML changed from the tensile strain to the compressive strain, the SA of the PtML electrocatalysts decreased remarkably.

Polymeric Ruthenium Porphyrin-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Levulinic Ester Transformations into γ-Valerolactone and Pyrrolidone Derivatives

Polymeric ruthenium porphyrin-functionalized carbon nanotubes (Ru-PP/CNTs) were prepared by the metallation of polymeric porphyrin-functionalized carbon nanotubes (PP/CNTs) with Ru₃(CO)₁₂, whereas PP/CNTs were obtained by the condensation of terephthaldehyde and pyrrole in the presence of CNTs. The Ru-PP/CNTs have a thin layer of highly cross-linked polymeric ruthenium porphyrin coating over the CNT surface via strong π-π stacking interactions, thus showing a bilayered structure with an amorphous polymeric outer surface and an internal CNT core. Polymeric ruthenium porphyrin-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (Ru-PP/RGO) was prepared with a synthetic procedure similar to Ru-PP/CNTs, with RGO as the internal core. Both Ru-PP/CNTs and Ru-PP/RGO showed excellent catalytic performance toward hydrogenation of biomass-related ethyl levulinate (EL) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) with Ru-centered porphyrin units as the catalytic active species. Under optimized reaction conditions, a GVL yield higher than 99% with a complete conversion of EL was observed over both Ru-PP/CNTs and Ru-PP/RGO. In addition to GVL preparation, the versatile Ru-PP/CNTs can efficiently promote reductive amination of EL with various amines for the synthesis of pyrrolidone derivatives, with the corresponding yields ranging from 96.3 to 88.7%. Moreover, the composite materials of both Ru-PP/CNTs and Ru-PP/RGO behave as heterogeneous catalysts in the reaction system and can be easily reused.

Early stages of catalyst aging in the iridium mediated water oxidation reaction

The structure of an iridium Cp* water oxidation catalyst was evaluated as a function of time and applied potential.