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Ghaedamini H, Khalaf K, Kim DS, Tang Y. A novel ACE2-Based electrochemical biosensor for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. Anal Biochem 2024; 689:115504. [PMID: 38458306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread globally, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic disruptions. As of now, collaborative global efforts in vaccination and the advent of novel diagnostic tools have considerably curbed the spread and impact of the virus in many regions. Despite this progress, the demand remains for low-cost, accurate, rapid and scalable diagnostic tools to reduce the influence of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, was immobilized on two types of electrodes, a screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), to develop electrochemical biosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity and selectivity. This was achieved by using 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) and aryl diazonium salt serving as linkers for SPGEs and SPCEs, respectively. Once SARS-CoV-2 was anchored onto the ACE2, the interaction of the virus with the redox probe was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Aryl diazonium salt was observed as a superior linker compared to PFDT due to its consistent performance in the modification of the SPCEs and effective ACE2 enzyme immobilization. A distinct pair of redox peaks in the cyclic voltammogram of the biosensor modified with aryl diazonium salt highlighted the redox reaction between the functional groups of SARS-CoV-2 and the redox probe. The sensor presented a linear relationship between the redox response and the logarithm of SARS-CoV-2 concentration, with a detection limit of 1.02 × 106 TCID50/mL (50% tissue culture infectious dose). Furthermore, the biosensor showed remarkable selectivity towards SARS-CoV-2 over H1N1virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Khalaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, USA
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, USA
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, USA.
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2
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Brasiunas B, Popov A, Kraujelyte G, Ramanaviciene A. The effect of gold nanostructure morphology on label-free electrochemical immunosensor design. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 156:108638. [PMID: 38176325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this research, various electrodeposition techniques were used to form gold nanostructures (AuNSs) on the surface of graphite rod electrode (GE). Three distinct AuNS morphologies on GE have been achieved based on the composition of electrodeposition solution. The use of H2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte resulted in the formation of smaller but more numerous AuNSI with a modified electrode's electroactive surface area (EASA) of 0.213 cm2. Exchanging the supporting electrolyte to KNO3 and increasing HAuCl4 concentration facilitated the formation of bigger AuNSII particles with electrode EASA of 0.116 cm2. Finally, a partial coverage of GE by branched gold nanostructures (AuNSIII) was achieved with an estimated EASA of 0.110 cm2, when the HAuCl4 and KNO3 concentrations were increased further. Estimated values of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant did not depend on AuNS morphology. Electrode modified with AuNSI exhibited the highest bovine serum albumin (BSA) immobilization efficiency and the highest relative response for the detection of specific polyclonal antibodies against BSA (p-anti-BSA) compared to other modified electrodes. The limit of p-anti-BSA detection in PBS buffer was calculated as 0.63 nM, while in blood serum it was 0.71 nM. Linear ranges were from 1 to 7 nM and from 1 to 5 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benediktas Brasiunas
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anton Popov
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabija Kraujelyte
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Kumar N, Lin YJ, Huang YC, Liao YT, Lin SP. Detection of lactate in human sweat via surface-modified, screen-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 2023; 265:124888. [PMID: 37393714 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and continuous monitoring of lactate levels in sweat has been used as an indicator of physiological information to evaluate exercise outcomes and sports performance. We developed an optimal enzyme-based biosensor to detect the concentrations of lactate in different fluids (i.e., a buffer solution and human sweat). The surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was first treated with oxygen plasma and then surface-modified by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The optimal sensing surface of the LDH-modified SPCE was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. After connecting the LDH-modified SPCE to a benchtop E4980A precision LCR meter, our results showed that the measured response was dependent on the lactate concentration. The recorded data exhibited a broad dynamic range of 0.1-100 mM (R2 = 0.95) and a limit of detection of 0.1 mM, which was unachievable without the incorporation of redox species. A state-of-the-art electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) chip was developed to integrate the LDH-modified SPCE for a portable bioelectronic platform in the detection of lactate in human sweat. We believe the optimal sensing surface can improve the sensitivity of lactate sensing in a portable bioelectronic EIS platform for early diagnosis or real-time monitoring during different physical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jie Lin
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chiao Huang
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Te Liao
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ping Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Trachioti MG, Lazanas AC, Prodromidis MI. Shedding light on the calculation of electrode electroactive area and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants at graphite screen-printed electrodes. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:251. [PMID: 37280450 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present in detail the most known and commonly used methods for the calculation of electrode electroactive area ([Formula: see text]) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants ([Formula: see text]). The correct procedure for the calculation of these parameters is often disregarded due to either lack of a minimum theoretical background or oversimplification of each method's limitations and prerequisites. The aim of this work is to provide the theoretical background as well as a detailed guide for the implementation of these measurements by impressing upon the electrochemists the parameters that need to be considered so that the obtained results are safe and useful. Using graphite screen-printed electrodes, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] were calculated with different methods and techniques. Data are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Trachioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45 110, Ioannina, Greece.
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Cheunkar S, Oaew S, Parnsubsakul A, Asanithi P. Reactive argon-plasma activation of screen-printed carbon electrodes for highly selective dopamine determination. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4193-4201. [PMID: 36239194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) deficiency has been linked to several psychiatric disorders. Electrochemical determination of the level of DA suffers from abundant ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) in body fluids. In this work, a facile argon (Ar) plasma treatment was utilized to enhance the electrocatalytic reactivity of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for selective DA detection. Surface characterization of the Ar-treated SCPEs verified that the carbon paste binders were successfully removed and single-bonded oxygenated moieties (-OH and C-O-C) were generated. Interestingly, the sharper D* and D'' Raman interbands were new key evidence of a higher exposure of carbon defect sites. Electrochemical studies further revealed that the Ar-treated SPCEs possessed faster heterogeneous electron-transfer rates, larger electroactive surface areas, and much higher conductivity when compared with untreated electrodes. As a result, the oxidation potentials of AA, DA, and UA in the mixture could be well-resolved and the current responses were significantly increased. The selective determination of DA in the presence of AA and UA by differential pulse voltammetry gave two linear responses with the limit of detection of 0.27 μM (0.15-10 μM range). Moreover, this Ar-treated SPCE had high reproducibility and good storage stability. These results suggest that Ar-plasma treatment could be a promising method to enhance the electrocatalytic properties of SPCEs for the detection of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Cheunkar
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Sukunya Oaew
- Biochemical Engineering and Systems Biology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Attasith Parnsubsakul
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Road, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piyapong Asanithi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
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Pérez-Fernández B, Muñiz ADLE. Electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials for aflatoxins detection: A review (2015–2021). Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1212:339658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ivanov R, Czibula C, Teichert C, Bojinov M, Tsakova V. Carbon screen-printed electrodes for substrate-assisted electroless deposition of palladium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Disposable and portable gold nanoparticles modified - laser-scribed graphene sensing strips for electrochemical, non-enzymatic detection of glucose. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Kava AA, Henry CS. Exploring carbon particle type and plasma treatment to improve electrochemical properties of stencil-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 2021; 221:121553. [PMID: 33076109 PMCID: PMC7575823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stencil-printing conductive carbon inks has revolutionized the development of inexpensive, disposable and portable electrochemical sensors. However, stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) typically suffer from poor electrochemical properties. While many surface pretreatments and modifications have been tested to improve the electrochemical activity of SPCEs, the bulk composition of the inks used for printing has been largely ignored. Recent studies of other carbon composite electrode materials show significant evidence that the conductive carbon particle component is strongly related to electrochemical performance. However, such a study has not been carried out with SPCEs. In this work, we perform a systematic characterization of SPCEs made with different carbon particle types including graphite particles, glassy carbon microparticles and carbon black. The relationship between carbon particle characteristics including particle size, particle purity, and particle morphology as well as particle mass loading on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of SPCEs is studied. SPCEs were plasma treated for surface activation and the electrochemical properties of both untreated and plasma treated SPCEs are also compared. SPCEs displayed distinct analytical utilities characterized through solvent window and double layer capacitance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of several standard redox probes, FcTMA+, ferri/ferrocyanide, and pAP was used to establish the effects of carbon particle type and plasma treatment on electron transfer kinetics of SPCEs. CV of the biologically relevant molecules uric acid, NADH and dopamine was employed to further illustrate the differences in sensing and fouling characteristics of SPCEs fabricated with different carbon particle types. SEM imaging revealed significant differences in the SPCE surface microstructures. This systematic study demonstrates that the electrochemical properties of SPCEs can be tuned and significantly improved through careful selection of carbon particle type and plasma cleaning with a goal toward the development of better performing electrochemical point-of-need sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Kava
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
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Tasić N, Bezerra Martins A, Yifei X, Sousa Góes M, Martín-Yerga D, Mao L, Paixão TR, Moreira Gonçalves L. Insights into electrochemical behavior in laser-scribed electrochemical paper-based analytical devices. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Li X, Zhang M, Hu Y, Xu J, Sun D, Hu T, Ni Z. Developing a versatile electrochemical platform with optimized electrode configuration through screen-printing technology toward glucose detection. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:74. [PMID: 33037942 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid on-site detection of glucose has been attracting considerable attention nowadays. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were assessed as ideal detection platforms due to their advantages such as, disposability, portability, ease of miniaturization, and mass production. The topology and shape of electrodes have a crucial impact on their electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties. In this study, a versatile electrochemical platform with optimized three-electrode configuration was developed through screen-printing technology. Three types of SPEs were prepared, and their electrocatalytic properties toward glucose detection were investigated. Based on this platform, both enzyme-based (denoted as GOD/rGO) and non-enzymatic (denoted as Co@MoS2/rGO) bioactive compounds were deposited on the working electrode of the circular SPE through simply drop-casting, respectively. Their morphology was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cycle sweep voltammetry was used to study the electrocatalytic activity of these biosensors. The circular SPE exhibited satisfying electrochemical redox activity and much higher sensitivity towards glucose detection, which rendered it a promising candidate for point-of-care detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dongke Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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12
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Silva RR, Raymundo-Pereira PA, Campos AM, Wilson D, Otoni CG, Barud HS, Costa CA, Domeneguetti RR, Balogh DT, Ribeiro SJ, Oliveira Jr. ON. Microbial nanocellulose adherent to human skin used in electrochemical sensors to detect metal ions and biomarkers in sweat. Talanta 2020; 218:121153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Gomes NO, Carrilho E, Machado SAS, Sgobbi LF. Bacterial cellulose-based electrochemical sensing platform: A smart material for miniaturized biosensors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Ren Y, Ji J, Sun J, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella with screen printed carbon electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Li X, Zhang M, Hu Y, Xu J, Sun D, Hu T, Ni Z. Screen-printed electrochemical biosensor based on a ternary Co@MoS 2/rGO functionalized electrode for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:17. [PMID: 32076841 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-0472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cobalt oxides functionalized MoS2/reduced graphene oxide was synthesized via a facile one-pot hydrothermal approach. Morphology and crystal structure of this ternary nanoarchitecture were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An ultrasensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor was developed by decorating this ternary nanohybrid on the working electrode of a screen-printed electrochemical sensor. Cycle sweep voltammetry and amperometry were used to study the electro-catalytic activity of the modified working electrode, which demonstrated superior catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation with an extremely low detection limit of 30 nM. Meanwhile, this sensor showed an excellent selectivity in the presence of interfering species such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, etc. Based on the screen-printed technique, enzyme mimic nanomaterials could be easily introduced into portable devices, which opens the way to take non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing towards point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dongke Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Rocha P, Vilas‐Boas Â, Fontes N, Geraldo D, Bento F. Evaluation of Polyphenols in Wine by Voltammetric Techniques with Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rocha
- Centre of ChemistryUniversidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | | | | | - Dulce Geraldo
- Centre of ChemistryUniversidade do Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Fátima Bento
- Centre of ChemistryUniversidade do Minho Braga Portugal
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade do Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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Ogbu CI, Feng X, Dada SN, Bishop GW. Screen-Printed Soft-Nitrided Carbon Electrodes for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173741. [PMID: 31470610 PMCID: PMC6749274 DOI: 10.3390/s19173741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials have garnered much interest due to their electrocatalytic activity towards important reactions such as the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. N-doped carbon materials are typically prepared and deposited on solid conductive supports, which can sometimes involve time-consuming, complex, and/or costly procedures. Here, nitrogen-doped screen-printed carbon electrodes (N-SPCEs) were fabricated directly from a lab-formulated ink composed of graphite that was modified with surface nitrogen groups by a simple soft nitriding technique. N-SPCEs prepared from inexpensive starting materials (graphite powder and urea) demonstrated good electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction. Amperometric detection of H2O2 using N-SPCEs with an applied potential of −0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) exhibited good reproducibility and stability as well as a reasonable limit of detection (2.5 µM) and wide linear range (0.020 to 5.3 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidiebere I Ogbu
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Samson N Dada
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Gregory W Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Voltammetric Determination of Uric Acid in Clinical Serum Samples Using DMF Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6318515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) provide attractive opportunity for sensitive and selective determination target analytes in clinical samples. The aim of the current work was to develop SPCEs based sensor for the determination of uric acid in clinical serum samples. The electrodes were pretreated by soaking in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes followed by drying in an oven at 100°C for 20 mins. The effect of surface pretreatment was characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The current response of uric acid detection was improved by a factor of 3.5 in differential pulse voltammetric measurement compared to unmodified electrode. Under the optimized conditions, the sensor displayed two dynamic linear ranges 5-100 μM and 100-500 μM with correlation coefficient, R2, values of 0.98782 and 0.97876, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification calculated using the dynamic linear range 5-100 μM were 1.9 x 10−7 M and 6.33 x 10−7 M, respectively. The developed sensor displayed well separated and discerned peaks for UA in presence of the potential interferent (ascorbic acid and citric acid). The electrode was successfully applied for the detection of very low level of UA in clinical serum samples in a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7). The proposed sensor showed a very high reproducibility and repeatability with the relative standard deviation of 0.9%. In conclusion, a simple and low cost sensor based on SPCEs is developed for sensitive and selective detection of uric acid in clinical samples.
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Milano F, Giotta L, Chirizzi D, Papazoglou S, Kryou C, De Bartolomeo A, De Leo V, Guascito MR, Zergioti I. Phosphate Modified Screen Printed Electrodes by LIFT Treatment for Glucose Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040091. [PMID: 30332738 PMCID: PMC6316885 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of new materials as active layers is important for electrochemical sensor and biosensor development. Among the techniques for the modification and functionalization of electrodes, the laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) has emerged as a powerful physisorption method for the deposition of various materials (even labile materials like enzymes) that results in intimate and stable contact with target surface. In this work, Pt, Au, and glassy carbon screen printed electrodes (SPEs) treated by LIFT with phosphate buffer have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to reveal a flattening effect of all surfaces. The electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry shows significant differences depending on the electrode material. The electroactivity of Au is reduced while that of glassy carbon and Pt is greatly enhanced. In particular, the electrochemical behavior of a phosphate LIFT treated Pt showed a marked enrichment of hydrogen adsorbed layer, suggesting an elevated electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. When Pt electrodes modified in this way were used as an effective glucose sensor, a 1–10 mM linear response and a 10 µM detection limit were obtained. A possible role of phosphate that was securely immobilized on a Pt surface, as evidenced by XPS analysis, enhancing the glucose electrooxidation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milano
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, UOS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Livia Giotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Chirizzi
- IZS Puglia e Basilicata, U.O. Putignano. Via Chiancolla 1, C.da. S. Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano (BA), Italy.
| | - Simos Papazoglou
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytehneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina Kryou
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytehneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Annarita De Bartolomeo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo De Leo
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, UOS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Rachele Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- IZS Puglia e Basilicata, U.O. Putignano. Via Chiancolla 1, C.da. S. Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano (BA), Italy.
| | - Ioanna Zergioti
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytehneiou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Blanco E, Foster CW, Cumba LR, do Carmo DR, Banks CE. Can solvent induced surface modifications applied to screen-printed platforms enhance their electroanalytical performance? Analyst 2018; 141:2783-90. [PMID: 27064115 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the effect of solvent induced chemical surface enhancements upon graphitic screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is explored. Previous literature has indicated that treating the working electrode of a SPE with the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) offers improvements within the electroanalytical response, resulting in a 57-fold increment in the electrode surface area compared to their unmodified counterparts. The protocol involves two steps: (i) the SPE is placed into DMF for a selected time, and (ii) it is cured in an oven at a selected time and temperature. Beneficial electroanalytical outputs are reported to be due to the increased surface area attributed to the binder within the bulk surface of the SPEs dissolving out during the immersion step (step i). We revisit this exciting concept and explore these solvent induced chemical surface enhancements using edge- and basal-plane like SPEs and a new bespoke SPE, utilising the solvent DMF and explore, in detail, the parameters utilised in steps (i) and (ii). The electrochemical performance following steps (i) and (ii) is evaluated using the outer-sphere redox probe hexaammineruthenium(iii) chloride/0.1 M KCl, where it is found that the largest improvement is obtained using DMF with an immersion time of 10 minutes and a curing time of 30 minutes at 100 °C. Solvent induced chemical surface enhancement upon the electrochemical performance of SPEs is also benchmarked in terms of their electroanalytical sensing of NADH (dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form) and capsaicin both of which are compared to their unmodified SPE counterparts. In both cases, it is apparent that a marginal improvement in the electroanalytical sensitivity (i.e. gradient of calibration plots) of 1.08-fold and 1.38-fold are found respectively. Returning to the original exciting concept, interestingly it was found that when a poor experimental technique was employed, only then significant increases within the working electrode area are evident. In this case, the insulating layer that defines the working electrode surface, which was not protected from the solvent (step (i)) creates cracks within the insulating layer exposing the underlying carbon connections and thus increasing the electrode area by an unknown quantity. We infer that the origin of the response reported within the literature, where an extreme increase in the electrochemical surface area (57-fold) was reported, is unlikely to be solely due to the binder dissolving but rather poor experimental control over step (i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Blanco
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M15 GD, UK. and Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher W Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M15 GD, UK.
| | - Loanda R Cumba
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Física e Química, Av. Brasil Centro, 56 - CEP 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Devaney R do Carmo
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Física e Química, Av. Brasil Centro, 56 - CEP 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M15 GD, UK.
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21
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Pierini GD, Foster CW, Rowley-Neale SJ, Fernández H, Banks CE. A facile electrochemical intercalation and microwave assisted exfoliation methodology applied to screen-printed electrochemical-based sensing platforms to impart improved electroanalytical outputs. Analyst 2018; 143:3360-3365. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01982c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An Electrochemical Derived Intercalation process is explored as a modification for screen-printed electrodes to improve their electroanalytical outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón D. Pierini
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- 5800 Río Cuarto
| | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
- UK
| | | | - Héctor Fernández
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- 5800 Río Cuarto
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M1 5GD
- UK
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22
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Screen-Printed Graphite Electrodes as Low-Cost Devices for Oxygen Gas Detection in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122734. [PMID: 29186869 PMCID: PMC5751384 DOI: 10.3390/s17122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPGEs) have been used for the first time as platforms to detect oxygen gas in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Up until now, carbon-based SPEs have shown inferior behaviour compared to platinum and gold SPEs for gas sensing with RTIL solvents. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen (O₂) in a range of RTILs has therefore been explored on home-made SPGEs, and is compared to the behaviour on commercially-available carbon SPEs (C-SPEs). Six common RTILs are initially employed for O₂ detection using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and two RTILs ([C₂mim][NTf₂] and [C₄mim][PF₆]) chosen for further detailed analytical studies. Long-term chronoamperometry (LTCA) was also performed to test the ability of the sensor surface for real-time gas monitoring. Both CV and LTCA gave linear calibration graphs-for CV in the 10-100% vol. range, and for LTCA in the 0.1-20% vol. range-on the SPGE. The responses on the SPGE were far superior to the commercial C-SPEs; more instability in the electrochemical responses were observed on the C-SPEs, together with some breaking-up or dissolution of the electrode surface materials. This study highlights that not all screen-printed ink formulations are compatible with RTIL solvents for longer-term electrochemical experiments, and that the choice of RTIL is also important. Overall, the low-cost SPGEs appear to be promising platforms for the detection of O₂, particularly in [C₄mim][PF₆].
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DNA sensors to assess the effect of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirement in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2017; 40:249-258. [PMID: 28083852 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-016-0519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The optimal dose of warfarin depends on polymorphisms in the VKORC1 (the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit (1) and CYP2C9 (cytochrome P450 2C9) genes. To minimize the risk of adverse reactions, warfarin dosages should be adjusted according to results from rapid and simple monitoring methods. However, there are few pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithms that are based on large cohorts from the Chinese population, especially patients with atrial fibrillation. This study aimed to validate a pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithm based on results from a new rapid electrochemical detection method used in a multicenter study. Three SNPs (CYP2C9 *2, *3 and VKORC1 c.-1639G > A) were genotyped by electrochemical detection using a sandwich-type format that included a 3' short thiol capture probe and a 5' ferrocene-labeled signal probe. A total of 1285 samples from four clinical hospitals were evaluated. Concordance rates between the results from the electrochemical DNA biosensor and the sequencing test were 99.8%. The results for gene distribution showed that most Chinese patients had higher warfarin susceptibility because mutant-type and heterozygotes were present in the majority of subjects (99.4%) at locus c.-1639G > A. When the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium algorithm was used to estimate therapeutic dosages for 362 patients with AF and the values were compared with their actual dosages, the results revealed that 56.9% were similar to actual dosages (within the 20% range). A novel electrochemical detection method of CYP2C9 *2, *3and VKORC1 c.-1639G > A alleles was evaluated. The warfarin dosing algorithm based on data gathered from a large patient cohort can facilitate the reasonable and effective use of warfarin in Chinese patients with AF.
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Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Chlorogenic Acid Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111797. [PMID: 27801797 PMCID: PMC5134456 DOI: 10.3390/s16111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (MWCNTs/SPE) was prepared and the MWCNTs/SPE was employed for the electrochemical determination of the antioxidant substance chlorogenic acids (CGAs). A pair of well-defined redox peaks of CGA was observed at the MWCNTs/SPE in 0.10 mol/L acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.2) and the electrode process was adsorption-controlled. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods for the determination of CGA were proposed based on the MWCNTs/SPE. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method exhibited linear ranges from 0.17 to 15.8 µg/mL, and the linear regression equation was Ipa (µA) = 4.1993 C (×10−5 mol/L) + 1.1039 (r = 0.9976) and the detection limit for CGA could reach 0.12 µg/mL. The recovery of matrine was 94.74%–106.65% (RSD = 2.92%) in coffee beans. The proposed method is quick, sensitive, reliable, and can be used for the determination of CGA.
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Printable Electrochemical Biosensors: A Focus on Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Application. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101761. [PMID: 27775661 PMCID: PMC5087545 DOI: 10.3390/s16101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present electrochemical biosensor developments, focusing on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and their applications. In particular, we discuss how SPEs enable simple integration, and the portability needed for on-field applications. First, we briefly discuss the general concept of biosensors and quickly move on to electrochemical biosensors. Drawing from research undertaken in this area, we cover the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors in great detail. Through specific examples, we describe the fabrication and surface modification of printed electrodes for sensitive and selective detection of targeted DNA sequences, as well as integration with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For a more rounded approach, we also touch on electrochemical immunosensors and enzyme-based biosensors. Last, we present some electrochemical devices specifically developed for use with SPEs, including USB-powered compact mini potentiostat. The coupling demonstrates the practical use of printable electrode technologies for application at point-of-use. Although tremendous advances have indeed been made in this area, a few challenges remain. One of the main challenges is application of these technologies for on-field analysis, which involves complicated sample matrices.
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26
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Mechanical polishing as an improved surface treatment for platinum screen-printed electrodes. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Kamieniak J, Randviir EP, Banks CE. The latest developments in the analytical sensing of methane. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Wang D, Dou W, Chen Y, Zhao G. Enzyme-functionalized electrochemical immunosensor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and polyvinyl alcohol-polydimethylsiloxane for the detection of Salmonella pullorum & Salmonella gallinarum. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Correlations between the grafting conditions and the copper detection by diazonium functionalized carbon screen-printed electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Washe AP, Lozano P, Bejarano D, Katakis I. Eletrochemically actuated stop-go valves for capillary force-operated diagnostic microsystems. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2164-73. [PMID: 23592401 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lateral-flow immunosensing devices continue to be the most successful commercial realization of analytical microdevices. They owe their success to their simplicity, which significantly depends on the capillary-driven flow and versatile technological platform that lends itself to fast and low-cost product development. To compete with such a convenient product, microsystems can benefit from simple-to-operate fluid manipulation. We show that the capillary-driven flow in microchannels can be manipulated with electrochemically activated valves with no moving parts. These valves consist of screen-printed electrode pairs that are transversal to the flow. One of the electrodes is solvent-etched to produce a superhydrophobic surface that provides passive stopping and facilitates low-voltage (~1 V) actuation of the flow via electrowetting. The operation of such valves in the stop-go mode, with a response time between 2 and 45 sec depending on the type and concentration of salt, is demonstrated. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the response depends on at least three phenomena that contribute to electrocapillarity: the electrochemical double-layer capacitance, specific counterion adsorption, and possible electrohydrodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu P Washe
- Bioengineering and Bioelectrochemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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