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Deng J, Gao L, Liu W, Yin F, Chen C, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Wu W. Distributions and transformation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in environmental matrices contaminated by printing and dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124451. [PMID: 38942278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As emerging organic contaminants, Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have caused wide concerns due to their wide distribution in the environment and dioxin-like toxicity. Nevertheless, research on the distribution and formation mechanisms of PHCZs in polluted environment of printing and dyeing plants is lacking. Here, 11 PHCZs were detected in samples from the Cao'e River, China, a typical river heavily polluted by printing and dyeing. The PHCZs concentrations in the soil, sediment, and water samples were 8.3-134.5 ng/g (median: 26.3 ng/g), 17.7-348.8 ng/g (median: 64.2 ng/g), and 1.2-41.4 μg/L (median: 4.8 μg/L), respectively. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the dominant congener, proved by both analysis results and formation mechanisms. PHCZ migration patterns in water-sediment systems indicated that highly halogenated PHCZs tend to be transferred to sediment. Furthermore, PHCZs are persistent, can undergo long-range transport, and pose high risks to aquatic organisms by models. PHCZs released from dye production into environment can be form through halogenation of carbazole or PHCZs formed during the dye synthesis, heating of halogenated indigo dyes, and photolysis of highly halogenated PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the impact of printing and dyeing plant activities on PHCZs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Hu S, Jiang L, Jiang L, Tang L, Wickrama Arachchige AUK, Yu H, Deng Z, Li L, Wang C, Zhang D, Chen C, Lin S, Chen X, Zhang C. Spatial distribution characteristics of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in water column and sediments in the open Western Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133956. [PMID: 38460258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), an emerging persistent halogenated organic pollutant, have been detected in the environment. However, our understanding of PHCZs in the ocean remains limited. In this study, 47 seawater samples (covering 50 - 4000 m) and sediment samples (49 surface and 3 cores) were collected to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution patterns of carbazole and its halogenated derivants (CZDs) in the Western Pacific Ocean. In seawater, the detection frequencies of CZ (97.87%) and 3-CCZ (57.45%) were relatively high. In addition, the average concentration of ΣPHCZs in the upper water (< 150 m, 0.23 ± 0.21 ng/L) was significantly lower than that in the deep ocean (1000 - 4000 m, 0.65 ± 0.56 ng/L, P < 0.05), which may indicate the vertical transport of PHCZs in the marine environment. The concentration of ΣCZDs in surface sediment ranges from 0.46 to 6.48 ng/g (mean 1.54 ng/g), among which CZ and 36-CCZ were the predominant components. Results from sediment cores demonstrate a noteworthy negative correlation between the concentration of CZDs and depth, indicating the ongoing natural degradation process occurring in sediment cores over a long period. This study offers distinctive insights into the occurrence, composition, and vertical features of CZDs in oceanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Hu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Jiang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbo Jiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Tang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaochao Deng
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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Hou C, Huang M, Wang P, Zhang Q, Wang G, Gao S. Chronic exposure to 3,6-dichlorocarbazole exacerbates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in zebrafish by disrupting lipid metabolism and inducing special lipid biomarker accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141442. [PMID: 38346516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Most previous studies have focused primarily on the adverse effects of environmental chemicals on organisms of good healthy. Although global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached approximately 25%, the impact of environmentally persistent organic chemicals on organisms with NAFLD is substantially unknown. Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) as emerging contaminants have been frequently detected in the environment and organisms. In this study, we investigated the impact of the most frequently detected PHCZs, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), on zebrafish with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. After 4 weeks exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of 36-CCZ (0.16-0.45 μg/L), the accumulation of lipid in zebrafish liver dramatically increased, and the transcription of genes involved in lipid synthesis, transport and oxidation was significantly upregulated, demonstrating that 36-CCZ had exacerbated the NAFLD in zebrafish. Lipidomic analysis indicated that 36-CCZ had significantly affected liver lipid metabolic pathways, mainly including glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. Additionally, fifteen lipids were identified as potential lipid biomarkers for 36-CCZ exacerbation of NAFLD, including diacylglycerols (DGs), triglycerides (TGs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidic acid (PA), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). These findings demonstrate that long-term exposure to 36-CCZ can promote the progression of NAFLD, which will contribute to raising awareness of the health risks of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunchuang Hou
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Mengyao Huang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Human Microbiome & Implantology & Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Tu J, Wu Y, Gao S, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Daya Bay and Pearl River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116131. [PMID: 38335637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a group of emerging organic pollutants attracting increasing concern. In this study, 32 sediment samples were collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and adjacent Daya Bay (DYB) in China and were investigated for the occurrence and distribution of PHCZs. Total concentration of sedimentary PHCZs (∑PHCZs) ranged from 0.79 to 3.08 ng/g in PRE and 0.89 to 1.95 ng/g in DYB, both containing 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the main component. Higher concentrations of ∑PHCZs were found in the rivers-mouth and inner part of the PRE indicating their main origins from anthropogenic activities. Notably, concentrations of brominated carbazoles (BCZs) gradually increased offshore, which suggests the potential bio-transformation of BCZs under a saline environment. The toxic equivalent of PHCZs was estimated at 0.13-0.34 pg TEQ/g suggesting limited dioxin-like effects on local organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bai Y, Zhang J, Meng H, Shi B, Wu J, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Du Z. Enrichment and distribution of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and its hepatotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168732. [PMID: 38007114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of organohalogen compounds where the hydrogen atom on the carbazole ring is replaced by a halogen atom. In recent years, PHCZs have drawn increasing concern due to their persistence, dioxin-like toxicity, bioaccumulation, potential ecological hazards and widespread occurrence in the environment. Current research on the enrichment and depuration of PHCZs in biological tissues and organs is insufficient, and the liver toxicity is unclear. Herein, to understand the enrichment and elimination of 3,6-DCCZ in fish tissues and organs as well as the hepatotoxicity, we exposed the red crucian carp to 20 and 100 μg/L of 3,6-DCCZ for 20 days followed by a depuration period of 10 days. The 3,6-DCCZ enrichment in each organ tissue was classified from high to low: brain > liver, intestine, gill > muscle. For depuration, 3,6-DCCZ was quickly excreted in the various organs of the red crucian carp; however, the liver depuration was slow, with the concentration of 3,6-DCCZ was maintained at 0.25-0.35 μg/g. 3,6-DCCZ exposure at both tested concentrations induced oxidative stress in red crucian carp, causing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, as well as some histopathological changes in the liver, such as cell vacuolization, nucleus pyknosis, nucleus pleomorphism, no nucleus areas. Additionally, the 3,6-DCCZ exposure at higher concentration (100 μg/L) caused more serious damage and abnormal lipid metabolism in the red crucian carp liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Haoran Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Xu T, Jiang Y, Fu H, Yang G, Hu X, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xie HQ, Han F, Xu L, Zhao B. Exploring the adverse effects of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9H-carbazole in atherosclerotic model mice by metabolomic profiling integrated with mechanism studies in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140767. [PMID: 37992903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Given its wide distribution in the environment and latent toxic effects, 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9H-carbazole (1368-BCZ) is an emerging concern that has gained increasing attention globally. 1368-BCZ exposure is reported to have potential cardiovascular toxicity. Although atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease and remains a primary cause of mortality worldwide, no evidence has been found regarding the impact of 1368-BCZ on atherosclerosis. Therefore, we aimed to explore the deleterious effects of 1368-BCZ on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms. Serum samples from 1368-BCZ-treated atherosclerotic model mice were subjected to metabolomic profiling to investigate the adverse influence of the pollutant. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism associated with the metabolic pathway of atherosclerotic mice that was identified following 1368-BCZ exposure was validated in vitro. Serum metabolomics analysis revealed that 1368-BCZ significantly altered the tricarboxylic acid cycle, causing a disturbance in energy metabolism. In vitro, we further validated general markers of energy metabolism based on metabolome data: 1368-BCZ dampened adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, blocking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reversed the high production of ROS induced by 1368-BCZ. It is concluded that 1368-BCZ decreased the ATP synthesis by disturbing the energy metabolism, thereby stimulating the AhR-mediated ROS production and presumably causing aggravated atherosclerosis. This is the first comprehensive study on the cardiovascular toxicity and mechanism of 1368-BCZ based on rodent models of atherosclerosis and integrated with in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Hualing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yilan Wang
- PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Han
- PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang X, Hu M, Li M, Huan F, Gao R, Wang J. Effects of exposure to 3,6-DBCZ on neurotoxicity and AhR pathway during early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115892. [PMID: 38157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental pollutants, yet limited information is available on their embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the current work was performed to investigate the adverse effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), a typical PHCZs homolog, on the early life stages of zebrafish larvae. It revealed that the 96-hour post-fertilization (hpf) median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae was determined to be 0.7988 mg/L. Besides, 3,6-DBCZ reduced survival rates at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L and decreased hatching rates at ≥ 0.25 mg/L at 48 hpf. In behavior tests, it inhibited locomotor activities and reduced the frequency of recorded acceleration states in response to optesthesia (a sudden bright light stimulus) at concentrations ≥ 160 μg/L. Meanwhile, 3,6-DBCZ exposure decreased the frequency of recorded acceleration states in the startle response (tapping mode) at concentrations ≥ 6.4 μg/L. Pathologically, with the transgenic zebrafish model (hb9-eGFP), we observed a strikingly decreased axon length and number in motor neurons after 3,6-DBCZ treatment, which may be ascribed to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the molecular docking analysis and Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay suggested that 3,6-DBCZ binding to AhR-ARNT2 compound proteins. Through interaction with AhR-ARNT, a striking reduction of the anti-oxidative stress (sod1/2, nqo1, nrf2) and neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gfap, mbp, syn2a) were observed after 3,6-DBCZ challenge, accompanied by a marked increased inflammatory genes (TNFβ, IL1β, IL6). Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized adverse effect of 3,6-DBCZ on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behaviors, potentially mediated through the activation of the AhR pathway. Furthermore, it provides direct evidence for the toxic concentrations of 3,6-DBCZ and the potential target signaling in zebrafish larvae, which may be beneficial for the risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Huan
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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8
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Shi B, Hou K, Cheng C, Bai Y, Liu C, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li B, Zhu L. Effects of the polyhalogenated carbazoles 3-bromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole on soil microbial communities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117379. [PMID: 37832772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecosystems are being more contaminated with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which raising much attention about their impact on soil microorganisms. 3-Bromocarbazole (3-BCZ) and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1,3,6,8-TBCZ) are two typical PHCZs with high detection rates in the soil environment. However, ecological risk research on these two PHCZs in soil is still lacking. In the present study, after 80 days of exposure, the ecological influence of 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ was investigated based on 16S rDNA sequencing, ITS sequencing, gene (16S rDNA, ITS, amoA, nifH, narG and cbbL) abundance and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that the bacterial 16S rDNA gene abundance significantly decreased under 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ exposure after 80 days of incubation. The fungal ITS gene abundance significantly decreased under 1,3,6,8-TBCZ (10 mg/kg) exposure. PHCZs contributed to the alteration of bacteria and fungi community abundance. Bacteria Sphingomonas, RB41 and fungus Mortierella, Cercophora were identified as the most dominant genera. The two PHCZs consistently decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Dokdonella, Mortierella and Cercophora etc at 80th day. These keystone taxa are related to the degradation of organic compounds, carbon metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism and may thus have influence on soil ecological functions. Bacterial and fungal functions were estimated using functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) and fungi functional guild (FUNGuild), respectively. The nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathway were affected by 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ. The soil nitrogen-related functions of aerobic ammonia oxidation were decreased but the soil carbon-related functions of methanol oxidation, fermentation, and hydrocarbon degradation were increased at 80th day. The effects of 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ on the abundances of the amoA, nifH, narG, and cbbL genes showed a negative trend. These results elucidate the ecological effects of PHCZs and extend our knowledge on the structure and function of soil microorganisms in PHCZ-contaminated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, PR China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Changrui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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9
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Zou H, Yu J, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang T, Li T, Lv C, Zhang J. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico evaluation of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist activity of 3,6-dibromocarbazole. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114048. [PMID: 37734465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
3,6-Dibromocarbazole is a novel environmental contaminant which is currently detected in several environmental media worldwide. This work aims to investigate the anti-glucocorticoid potency and endocrine disrupting effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole. In vitro experiments indicated that 3,6-dibromocarbazole possessed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonistic activity and inhibited dexamethasone-induced GR nuclear translocation. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole reduced the expression levels of glucocorticoid responsive genes including glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and further disrupted the protein expression of two key enzymes PEPCK and FAS in gluconeogenesis. In vivo experiments showed that 3,6-dibromocarbazole induced abnormal development of zebrafish embryos and disrupted the major neurohormones involved in activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in zebrafish larvae. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation contributed to explain the antagonistic effect of 3,6-dibromocarbazole. Taken together, this work identified 3,6-dibromocarbazole as a GR antagonist, which might exert endocrine disrupting effects by interfering the pathway of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jia Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhuolin Li
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Tuoyi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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10
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Ma L, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Pollution characteristics, distribution, and source analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122103. [PMID: 37356794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of emerging environmental contaminants formed by the substitution of hydrogen on carbazole (CZ) benzene rings with halogens (Cl, Br, I) with potential dioxin-like toxicity, and they have been frequently detected in various environmental media and organisms recently. Nevertheless, co-research of CZ/PHCZs with PAHs is very limited. In addition, I-PHCZs, which are believed to be much more toxic than CZ, Cl-PHCZs and Br-PHCZs, have a few data in sediments previously. The concentration and distribution of CZ/PHCZs and PAHs were analyzed in 18 surface sediments of Bohai Bay, China. There is a significant correlation (R = 0.64, P<0.05) between PHCZs and PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) also indicating that they may have a certain similarity in origin. Additionally, total CZ and PHCZs was up to 230.57 ng/g dw in the studied samples, which was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs and other common persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compositions of the CZ/PHCZs in our study were dominated by CZ (2.74-18.28, median 2.92 ng/g dw), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (n.d-6.78, median 0.97 ng/g dw) and 3,6-iodocarbazole (n.d-12.68, median 1.65 ng/g dw). Results of this study discovered the varying origins of CZ and PHCZs and/or a complexity of anthropogenic influences and natural sources processes, and revealed a wide distribution of CZ/PHCZs across the studied. Moreover, more attention should be paid by comparing CZ/PHCZs with other widely distributed POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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11
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Sun Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Weber R, Falandysz J, Lammel G, Zhao C, Chen C, Yang Q, Liu G. Industrial source identification of polyhalogenated carbazoles and preliminary assessment of their global emissions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3740. [PMID: 37349341 PMCID: PMC10287696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60177, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Kang X, Zhao X, Song X. Analysis of a novel strain Brevundimonas KX-1 capable of degrading 3-chlorocarbazole based on the whole genome sequence. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:577-593. [PMID: 37186067 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strain was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Jiangsu Province, China. The strain was identified as Brevundimonas sp. KX-1. After 5 days, 50.2% 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) was degraded under the optimum condition as follows: 1 g/L starch, 30 °C, pH 6.5 and 50 mg/L 3-CCZ. The degradation of 3-CCZ by KX-1 conformed to the first-order kinetic model under different initial concentrations in this experiment. The intermediate product of 3-CCZ degradation was identified as (2E,4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoic acid. The activities of the meta-cleavage enzymes for biphenyl-2,3-diol (the analogs of intermediate product 2'-amino-5'-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,3-diol) were measured with the crude extracts of cells grown in the presence of 3-CCZ. The complete genome of KX-1 was sequenced and compared with the Brevundimonas diminuta BZC3. BZC3 and KX-1 belonged to the same species, displaying the genetic similarity of 99%. But BZC3 could efficiently degrade gentamicin for the potential microbial function analysis. Compared with BZC3, KX-1 possessed the primary function annotations about transportation and metabolism of amino acids (6.65%) and the transportation and metabolism of carbohydrates (5.96%). In addition, KX-1 was rich in sucrose and starch metabolism pathways (ko00500) compared with the genome of BZC3, indicating the high efficiency of KX-1 for starch utilization during degradation. This article reveals the difference between strain KX-1 and bacteria of the same genus in terms of the whole genome sequence, demonstrating that KX-1 is a novel strain Brevundimonas with the ability to degrade 3-CCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- , Bldg. 4, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinshan Song
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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13
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Sun Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Jin R, Lin B, Li C, Liu G. Progress of congener specific analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Du Z, Hou K, Zhou T, Shi B, Zhang C, Zhu L, Li B, Wang J, Wang J. Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) induce cardiotoxicity and behavioral changes in zebrafish at early developmental stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156738. [PMID: 35716752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are widely present in the environment, and their health risks are of increasing concern. Available studies primarily confirm their dioxin-like toxicity mechanism based on biomarkers, such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and CYP1A1, while few studies have investigated their actual toxic effects at the level of individual organisms. In the present study, the developmental toxicity of two typical PHCZs with a high detection rate and high concentration in the environment (3,6-dichlorocarbazol (3,6-DCCZ) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ)) was investigated based on a fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET, zebrafish) and transcriptomics analysis. The 96 h LC50 values of 3,6-DCCZ and 3,6-DBCZ were 0.636 mg/L and 1.167 mg/L, respectively. Both tested PHCZs reduced the zebrafish heart rate and blocked heart looping at concentrations of 0.5 mg/L or higher. The swimming/escaping behavior of zebrafish larvae was more vulnerable to 3,6-DBCZ than 3,6-DCCZ. Transcriptomics assays showed that multiple pathways linked to organ development, immunization, metabolism and protein synthesis were disturbed in PHCZ-exposed fish, which might be the internal mechanism of the adverse effects. The present study provides evidence that PHCZs cause cardiac developmental toxicity and behavioral changes and improves our understanding of their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Tongtong Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China.
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15
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An Insight into the Polymerization Process of the Selected Carbazole Derivatives - Why does It not always Lead to a Polymer Formation? Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Hu H, Zhao M, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Li T, Zhu W, Jin H. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of polyhalogenated carbazoles in marine organisms from the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150643. [PMID: 34597545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As well-known emergent environmental contaminants, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have recently received increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of carbazole (CZ) and PHCZs in 70 marine organisms from the East China Sea (ECS). CZ and 9-11 PHCZs were detected in organisms from the ECS, with concentrations in the range of 0.75-33 ng/g lipid weight, lw and 4.3-113 ng/g lw, respectively. Among the PHCZs, there were 3-4 major components in zooplankton, fish, shrimp, crabs, snails and shellfish, and the sum of these major components accounted for 59% to 67% of ∑PHCZs. The bioaccumulation potentials of 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole (1368-CCZ) and 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) from water were observed. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factor (logBAF) values of the CZ and PHCZs increased significantly with increasing logKOW values (R = 0.449-0.784, p < 0.01). The trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of the CZ, 9 PHCZs and ∑PHCZs were calculated to be 3.32, 1.87-4.06 and 2.36, respectively, indicating the potential biomagnification of the CZ and PHCZs in the zooplankton-shrimp-fish food web. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PHCZs in organisms from the ECS were in the range of 0.78-36 pg TEQ/g lw. Overall, for the first time, this study systematically examined the occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of PHCZs in the marine food web of the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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17
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Duda E, Hall D, Bagnich S, Carpenter-Warren CL, Saxena R, Wong MY, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Zysman-Colman E, Köhler A. Enhancing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence by Fine-Tuning the Dendron Donor Strength. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:552-562. [PMID: 34995068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) relies on a small energy gap between the emissive singlet and the nonemissive triplet state, obtained by reducing the wave function overlap between donor and acceptor moieties. Efficient emission, however, requires maintaining a good oscillator strength, which is itself based on sufficient overlap of the wave functions between donor and acceptor moieties. We demonstrate an approach to subtly fine-tune the required wave function overlap by employing donor dendrons of changing functionality. We use a carbazolyl-phthalonitrile based donor-acceptor core (2CzPN) as a reference emitter and progressively localize the hole density through substitution at the 3,6-positions of the carbazole donors (Cz) with further carbazole, (4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (tBuDPA), and phenoxazine (PXZ). Using detailed photoluminescence studies, complemented with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that this approach permits a gradual decrease of the singlet-triplet gap, ΔEST, from 300 to around 10 meV in toluene, yet we also demonstrate why a small ΔEST alone is not enough. While sufficient oscillator strength is maintained with the Cz- and tBuDPA-based donor dendrons, this is not the case for the PXZ-based donor dendron, where the wave function overlap is reduced too strongly. Overall, we find the donor dendron extension approach allows successful fine-tuning of the emitter photoluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimantas Duda
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Cameron L Carpenter-Warren
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Rishabh Saxena
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Y Wong
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - David B Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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18
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Jin H, Zhao N, Hu H, Liu W, Zhao M. Occurrence and partitioning of polyhalogenated carbazoles in seawater and sediment from East China Sea. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116717. [PMID: 33333435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have received great concern due to their environmental persistence and potential dioxin-like toxicities. Their presence in the marine sediment had been well characterized, but limited studies had investigated their environmental behaviors in the marine environment. In this study, we collected paired seawater (n = 48) and surface sediment samples (n = 48) from East China Sea and analyzed for carbazole (CZ) and 11 PHCZs to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution of CZ and PHCZs in seawater and sediment, as well as to explore the partitioning behaviors of CZ and PHCZs between seawater and sediment. In seawater samples, CZ and nine PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranging from 0.21 to 11 ng/L (mean 2.7 ng/L). CZ (94%), 3-CCZ (89%), 1368-CCZ (65%), and 36-CCZ (57%) had relatively higher detection frequencies. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ (mean 1.1 ng/L) had the highest mean seawater concentration, followed by 3-CCZ (0.51 ng/L) and 1368-CCZ (0.19 ng/L). In sediment, CZ and 11 PHCZs were detected, with the concentrations of ∑PHCZs ranged from 0.34 to 2.0 ng/g (mean 1.0 ng/g). CZ, 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ, 36-CCZ, 27-BCZ, and 36-BCZ were measurable in all sediment samples, and 36-CCZ was the predominant PHCZ (0.47 ng/g, 0.025-1.1 ng/g), followed by 1368-BCZ (0.16 ng/g, <LOD-0.29 ng/g) and 3-BCZ (0.11 ng/g, 0.016-0.33 ng/g). This study first calculated the field-based log Koc values for CZ and PHCZs in marine environment. CZ (mean 2.8, range 1.4-3.6) had the highest log Koc value, followed by 36-CCZ (2.7, 1.7-3.8), 1-B-36-CCZ (2.7, 2.3-3.1), and 36-BCZ (2.5, 2.2-2.9). The results of study may contribute to the better understanding of the environmental occurrence and behaviors of these chemicals in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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19
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Fradin C, Guittard F, Darmanin T. A soft template approach to various porous nanostructures from conjugated carbazole-based monomers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Ji C, Chen D, Zhao M. Environmental behavior and safety of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115717. [PMID: 33120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are well-known as emergent environmental contaminants. Given their wide distribution in the environment and structural similarity with dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the environmental behavior and ecological risks of these chemicals have become the major issue concerned by the governments and scientists. Since the initial report of PHCZ residues in the environment in the 1980s, over 20 PHCZ congeners with different residual levels had been identified in various environmental media all over the world. Nevertheless, researches concerning the toxicological effects of PHCZs are of an urgent need for the relatively lagging study of their ecological risks. Currently, only limited evidence has indicated that PHCZs would pose dioxin-like toxicity, including developmental toxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc; and their toxicological effects were partially consistent with AhR activation. And yet, much remains to be done to fill in the knowledge gaps of their toxicological effects. In this review, the research progresses in environmental behavior and toxicology study of PHCZs were remarked; and the lack of current research, as well as future research prospects, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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21
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Wang G, Jiang T, Li S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B, Yang J. Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141615. [PMID: 32858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) can be generated and detected in drinking water, their occurrence and potential health risks to humans via drinking water ingestion are not well known. In this study, 11 PHCZs were screened in drinking water samples from Wuhan, the most populous city in central China. The total concentration of PHCZs could be up to 53.48 ng/L with a median level of 8.19 ng/L, which was comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances reported in the literatures for drinking water. Composition profiles revealed that 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were the predominant PHCZ congeners in the tested samples. Regional differences in the levels and patterns of PHCZs suggested that anthropogenic releases should be the dominant source compared to natural generation. Boiling of the water samples caused no significant change in PHCZs concentrations after correcting the volume change due to evaporation. Potential health risks associated to the levels of PHCZs in drinking water were assessed using the toxic equivalent (TEQs) method. The estimated daily intake of PHCZs via drinking water ingestion is up to 0.38 pg-TEQ/kg body weight/day for infants, nearly 4.5 times higher than that for adults, and appears to reach the maximum permissible concentration set by certain authority agencies. Overall, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study on the abundance and health risks of PHCZs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Timing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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22
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Ji C, Yue S, Gu J, Kong Y, Chen H, Yu C, Sun Z, Zhao M. 2,7-Dibromocarbazole interferes with tube formation in HUVECs by altering Ang2 promoter DNA methylation status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134156. [PMID: 32380619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,7-Dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCZ) is one of the most frequently detected polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in the environmental media. 2,7-DBCZ has attracted public attention for its potential for dioxin-like toxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. However, researches on the potential mechanism of angiogenesis inhibition by 2,7-DBCZ is still insufficient. Herein, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were applied to explore the angiogenic effect of 2,7-DBCZ and the potential underlying mechanisms. 2,7-DBCZ significantly inhibited tube formation in HUVECs in the non-toxic concentration range. PCR array showed that 2,7-DBCZ reduced the expression proportion between VEGFs and Ang2, thereby inhibiting tube formation in HUVECs. Then, small RNA interference and DNA methylation assays were adopted to explore the potential mechanisms. It has been found that angiopoietin2 (Ang2)-silencing recovered the tube formation inhibited by 2,7-DBCZ. The DNA methylation status of Ang2 promoter also showed a demethylation tendency after exposure. In conclusion, 2,7-DBCZ could demethylate the Ang2 promoter to potentiate Ang2 expression, thus altering angiogenic phenotype of HUVECs by reducing the proportion between Ang2 and VEGFs. The data presented here can help to guide safety measures on the use of dioxin-like PHCZs for their potential adverse effects and provide a method for identifying the relevant biomarkers to assess their cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Haofeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chang Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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23
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Drewniak A, Tomczyk MD, Knop K, Walczak KZ, Ledwon P. Multiple Redox States and Multielectrochromism of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers with Aromatic Diimide Pendant Groups. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drewniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz D. Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Knop
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z. Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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24
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Zhou Y, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J, Li Z, Sun J, Gong H, Wang L, Wu C, Zhou X, Yin G. Method development for analyzing ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil and sediment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109470. [PMID: 31352212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been of increasing concern because their structure is similar to that of legacy POPs. In the present study, an analytical method, including intensive cleanup and fractionation procedures in combination with instrumental parameters, was developed to determine ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in soil and sediment. The eluting sorbents, volume and packing of the column were optimized. Our results showed that 5 g of florisil and 4 g of silica gel under 150 mL of hexane/DCM = 3:1 presented good performance in terms of recovery and repeatability. GC-HRMS, GC-MS/MS (EI-MRM) and GC-MS (EI-SIM) were applied to compare the performance of PHCZ analysis. For sensitivity, EI-MRM presents method detection limits comparable to those of GC-HRMS and much lower than those of EI-SIM. Regarding selectivity, GC-HRMS performed better than the other two techniques since GC-HRMS can reduce interference from perfluorokerosene (PFK) and DDX (DDT, DDE, and DDD) due to its high resolution. GC-HRMS was then further optimized by shortening the run time and modifying the SIM ion. The final method was successfully applied to determine PHCZs in soil and sediment, and the target compounds had almost 100% detection frequency in the samples. The ubiquitous presence of PHCZ in soil and sediment calls for a further investigation of its source, distribution and degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Junjun Sun
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hongping Gong
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenwang Wu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD. Shanghai, 200233, China
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25
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Wang L, Wu X, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhu M, Fan S, Wang Z, Xue J, Hua R, Wang Y, Li QX. Multi-spectroscopic measurements, molecular modeling and density functional theory calculations for interactions of 2,7-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole with serum albumin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1039-1048. [PMID: 31200302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2,7-Dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCB) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCB) are emerging environmental pollutants, being potentially high risks to human health. In this study, interactions of the two compounds with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated by molecular modeling, density functional theory calculations (DFT) and multispectral techniques. The static quenching interaction deduced in the fluorescence quenching experiment is confirmed by the time-resolved analyses. The interactions of the two compounds with HSA/BSA induce molecular microenvironment and conformation changes, as assessed by synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectra, together with a destruction of polypeptide carbonyl hydrogen bond network by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the spontaneous interaction was hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. The binding constant Ka at 298 K was 3.54 × 105 M-1 in HSA-2,7-DBCB, 6.63 × 105 M-1 in HSA-3,6-DBCB, 1.32 × 105 M-1 in BSA-2,7-DBCB and 2.17 × 105 M-1 in BSA-3,6-DBCB. These results indicates that 3,6-DBCB binds HSA/BSA more strongly than 2,7-DBCB, which was estimated with DFT calculations. Site marker competition experiments coupled with molecular modeling studies confirmed that both compounds bind HSA/BSA at site I (subdomain IIA). The results suggest that interactions between 2,7-DBCB and 3,6-DBCB with HSA and BSA may affect the normal physiological activities in human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meiqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shisuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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26
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Zhu H, Zheng M, Zheng L, Wang L, Lou Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Distribution and ecotoxicological effects of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Jiaozhou Bay wetland. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:393-398. [PMID: 31426173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A suite of eight polyhalogenated carbazole (PHCZ) congeners were detected in sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay wetland. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ) were detected in all samples. The concentrations of ΣPHCZs ranged from 6.9 to 33.4 ng/g dry weight (dw). The recovery of surrogate standard ranged from 85 to 109%. Significant relationships were found between the concentrations of 36-CCZ and those of the other three detected compounds (36-BCZ, 36-ICZ, and 1368-BCZ). However, with regard to the other chemicals, only 1368-BCZ was related to 36-ICZ. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) was used to assess the relative toxicity of PHCZs, which ranged within 0.1-3.9 pg TEQ/g dw in sediment. The inventory of ΣPHCZs was 58.9 kg. These results indicate that PHCZs are widely distributed in the Jiaozhou wetland and the dyeing and finishing industries may be important contamination sources of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Key laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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27
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Ji C, Yan L, Chen Y, Yue S, Dong Q, Chen J, Zhao M. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2,7-dibromocarbazole to zebrafish based on transcriptomics assay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:514-522. [PMID: 30710780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which have the similar structure of dioxin, have been reported ubiquitous in the environments and drawn wide concerns. However, their potential ecological and health risks are still poorly understood. Here, wildtype zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the environmental risks of 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ). 2,7-DBCZ was the most toxic compound with the 96-h LC50 value of 581.8 ± 29.3 μg·L-1 and the EC50 value of 201.5 ± 6.5 μg·L-1 for pericardial edema. The teratogenic effects of 2,7-DBCZ were tested using transgenic zebrafish larvae. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that 90 genes in zebrafish expressed differently after exposure to 2,7-DBCZ, and many pathways were related to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. The qRT-PCR also showed that expression levels of AhR1 and CYP1 A in zebrafish were significantly up-regulated after exposure to 2,7-DBCZ. In conclusion, 2,7-DBCZ exhibited more potent toxicity and cardiac teratogenic effects, and presented developmental toxicity partially consistent with AhR activation. Our results will be of great help to the risk assessment and regulation-making of PHCZs. Meanwhile, further studies should be promoted to illustrate the potential mechanism between PHCZs and AhR in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lu Yan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Wenzhou Medcine University, Institution Environmental Safety & Human Health, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiangfei Chen
- Wenzhou Medcine University, Institution Environmental Safety & Human Health, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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28
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Strahan J, Popere BC, Khomein P, Pointer CA, Martin SM, Oldacre AN, Thayumanavan S, Young ER. Modulating absorption and charge transfer in bodipy-carbazole donor–acceptor dyads through molecular design. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8488-8501. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bodipy-based donor–acceptor dyads were evaluated using transient absorption spectroscopy to reveal the influence of beta vs. meso substitution on excited-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Strahan
- Department of Chemistry
- Amherst College
- Amherst
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
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29
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Pander P, Swist A, Zassowski P, Soloducho J, Lapkowski M, Data P. Electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of polymers based on D-A-D and D-D-D bis(N-carbazolyl) monomers, effect of the donor/acceptor core on their properties. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Lin K, Chen S, Lu B, Xu J. Hybrid π-conjugated polymers from dibenzo pentacyclic centers: precursor design, electrosynthesis and electrochromics. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Mumbo J, Pandelova M, Mertes F, Henkelmann B, Bussian BM, Schramm KW. The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:64-72. [PMID: 27479457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles was studied in 86 forest soil samples from different regions in Germany. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were qualitatively detected in the humic layer of 59 soil samples with bromocarbazoles reported here for the first time in soil. Furthermore, the halogenated carbazoles, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were detected in the humic and mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) of a subset of 11 soil samples subjected to quantitative analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 267.6 ng/g (carbazole); 0.2-7.2 ng/g (3-bromocarbazole); 0.0-9.1 ng/g (3-chlorocarbazole); 0.2-19.8 ng/g (3,6-dibromocarbazole); 0.4-67.6 ng/g (3,6-dichlorocarbazole); 0.0-0.7 ng/g (PCDDs); 0.0-0.3 ng/g (PCDFs) and 0.0-33.7 ng/g (PCBs). Concentrations decreased with depth and correlated positively to total organic carbon (TOC). When it was based on TOC%, an increase in concentration with depth was observed in most soil samples. With respect to dioxin-like toxicity, 3-bromocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles caused induction of CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity in HII4E rat hepatoma cell line. Their relative effect potency after 72 h exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00013 and was directly related to the degree of halogenation with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as reference. Furthermore, their contribution to overall soil dioxin-like toxicity was not significant in comparison to PCDD/Fs and PCBs though the sum toxic equivalency was limited to three halogenated carbazole congeners. Bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles are emerging dioxin-like toxic environmental contaminants with potential for wide distribution occurring simultaneously with PCDD/Fs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mumbo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; National Environment Management Authority, P.O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Mertes
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency, Section Soil Quality and Soil Monitoring, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Fang M, Guo J, Chen D, Li A, Hinton DE, Dong W. Halogenated carbazoles induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2523-2529. [PMID: 26932193 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated carbazoles are increasingly identified as a novel class of environmental contaminants. However, no in vivo acute toxicity information on those compounds was available. In the present study, an in vivo zebrafish embryonic model (Danio rerio) was used to investigate the developmental toxicity of those halogenated carbazoles. The results suggested that acute toxicity was structure-dependent. Two of the 6 tested carbazoles, 2,7-dibromocarbazole (27-DBCZ) and 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole, showed obvious developmental toxicity at nanomolar levels. The typical phenotypes were similar to dioxin-induced cardiotoxicity, including swollen yolk sac, pericardial sac edema, elongated and unlooped heart, and lower jaw shortening. During embryonic development 27-DBCZ also induced a unique pigmentation decrease. Gene expression and protein staining of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) showed that both halogenated carbazoles could induce CYP1A expression at the micromolar level and primarily in the heart area, which was similar to dioxin activity. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-(AhR)2 gene knockdown with morpholino confirmed that the acute cardiotoxicity is AhR-dependent. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that halogenated carbazoles represent yet another class of persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like activity in an in vivo animal model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2523-2529. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Ates M, Uludag N. Carbazole derivative synthesis and their electropolymerization. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kumar A, Tiwari M, Prakash R. Electrochemical Study of Interfacially Synthesized Polycarbazole with Different Oxidants. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Madhu Tiwari
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Rajiv Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); Varanasi 221005 India
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Riddell N, Jin UH, Safe S, Cheng Y, Chittim B, Konstantinov A, Parette R, Pena-Abaurrea M, Reiner EJ, Poirier D, Stefanac T, McAlees AJ, McCrindle R. Characterization and Biological Potency of Mono- to Tetra-Halogenated Carbazoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10658-10666. [PMID: 26226543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the characterization and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activities of a series of chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromo/chlorocarbazoles, some of which have been identified in various environmental samples. Attention is directed here to the possibility that halogenated carbazoles may currently be emitted into the environment as a result of the production of carbazole-containing polymers present in a wide variety of electronic devices. We have found that any carbazole that is not substituted in the 1,3,6,8 positions may be lost during cleanup of environmental extracts if a multilayer column is utilized, as is common practice for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) and related compounds. In the present study, (1)H NMR spectral shift data for 11 relevant halogenated carbazoles are reported, along with their gas chromatographic separation and analysis by mass spectrometry. These characterization data allow for confident structural assignments and the derivation of possible correlations between structure and toxicity based on the halogenation patterns of the isomers investigated. Some halogenated carbazoles exhibit characteristics of persistent organic pollutants and their potential dioxin-like activity was further investigated. The structure-dependent induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression in Ah-responsive MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells by these carbazoles was similar to that observed for other dioxin-like compounds, and the magnitude of the fold induction responses for the most active halogenated carbazoles was similar to that observed for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). 2,3,6,7-Tetrachlorocarbazole was one of the most active halogenated carbazoles and, like TCDD, contains 4 lateral substituents; however, the estimated relative effect potency for this compound (compared to TCDD) was 0.0001 and 0.0032, based on induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Yating Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Brock Chittim
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Alex Konstantinov
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert Parette
- Matson & Associates, Inc. , 331 East Foster Avenue, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - David Poirier
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Tomislav Stefanac
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Alan J McAlees
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Laba K, Data P, Zassowski P, Karon K, Lapkowski M, Wagner P, Officer DL, Wallace GG. Electrochemically Induced Synthesis of Poly(2,6-carbazole). Macromol Rapid Commun 2015. [PMID: 26218573 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a poly(2,6-carbazole) derivative during an electrochemical polymerization process is shown. Comparison of 3,5-bis(9-octyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)pyridine and 3,5-bis(9-octyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)pyridine by electrochemical and UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical measurements and DFT (density functional theory) calculation prove the formation of a poly(2,6-carbazole) derivative. Both of the compounds form stable and electroactive conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Laba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Science, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Data
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Science, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland.,Physics Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Pawel Zassowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Science, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - David L Officer
- ARC Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Coghi P, Papagni A, Po R, Calabrese A, Tacca A, Savoini A, Stuknyte M. Reactivity of decafluorobenzophenone and decafluoroazobenzene towards aromatic diamines: a practical entry to donor–acceptor systems. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02359e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Donor–Accepting–Donor (D–A–D) and Accepting–Donor–Accepting (A–D–A) compounds have been prepared and employed in the synthesis of oligomers potentially useful in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- Department of Material Science
- University of Milan Bicocca
- 53 Milano
- Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Department of Material Science
- University of Milan Bicocca
- 53 Milano
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- “Istituto Eni Donegani”
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Anna Calabrese
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- “Istituto Eni Donegani”
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Tacca
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- “Istituto Eni Donegani”
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Alberto Savoini
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- “Istituto Eni Donegani”
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Milda Stuknyte
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)
- Packaging Division
- University of Milan
- 2 - 20133 Milano
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